This document summarizes a study that examined factors associated with intentions to quit smoking among adult smokers in six Chinese cities. The study found that past quit attempts, duration of past attempts, level of nicotine dependence, beliefs about the outcomes of quitting, worry about future health effects, and overall opinion of smoking were independently associated with intentions to quit. Demographic characteristics were not associated with quit intentions. The determinants of quit intentions among Chinese smokers are similar to those found in Western countries, despite lower interest in quitting smoking among Chinese smokers overall.
Tobacco Cessation and Addiction Recovery - June 2011Dawn Farm
"Tobacco Cessation and Addiction Recovery" is presented by Anna Byberg, Dawn Farm Project Manager. This program describes the prevalence of tobacco addiction among alcoholics and drug addicts, the relationship between tobacco use and recovery, and basic information about how to quit using tobacco. This program is part of the Dawn Farm Education Series, a FREE, annual workshop series developed to provide accurate, helpful, hopeful, practical, current information about chemical dependency, recovery, family and related issues. The Education Series is organized by Dawn Farm, a non-profit community of programs providing a continuum of chemical dependency services. For information, please see http://www.dawnfarm.org/programs/education-series.
This study examined smoking cessation behavior and use of cessation assistance among Chinese smokers. The key findings were:
1) Approximately 26% of smokers attempted to quit between waves of the survey (18 months apart), while 6% were abstinent at follow-up.
2) Only 5.8% of those attempting to quit reported using nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) and NRT was associated with lower odds of abstinence.
3) Visiting a doctor/health professional was associated with greater attempts to quit smoking and higher abstinence rates compared to those who did not visit a professional.
4) The use of formal cessation assistance remains low in China despite some evidence that
The use of cessation assistance among smokers from china findings from the ...Julia Purpera
This study examined smoking cessation behavior and use of cessation assistance among Chinese smokers. The key findings were:
1) Approximately 26% of smokers reported attempting to quit smoking between the first and second waves of the survey, while only 6% were abstinent at 18-month follow-up.
2) Visiting a doctor or health professional was associated with greater attempts to quit smoking and higher abstinence rates compared to those who did not visit.
3) Only 5.8% of smokers who attempted to quit reported using nicotine replacement therapy (NRT). Contrary to findings in other countries, NRT use in China was associated with lower abstinence rates.
4) The
Smoking: An Islamic Perspective
An Islamic centre of Qatar
Language: English | Format: PDF | Pages: 12 | Size: 1 MB
Smoking is a modern day catastrophe. It is harmful in all aspects, for it is a waste of money, an unnecessary destruction of health and it can disturb the social balance of the family. The smoker breathes harm with every cigarette he lights, because both nicotine and tar mix with his blood which ultimately poisons his health and life. Smoking is the quickest way to contract various diseases, some of which include cardiac disease, respiratory problems, and lung cancer.
Historical Notes:
Tobacco derived from Tubago, which is an island in the Gulf of Mexico where this plant was found. It was carried to Spain then to Europe.It was introduced to the Muslim world intentionally by tobacco companies, who encouraged its spread together with all types of in toxic ants. Nowadays smoking is decreasing in the industrial countries while it is highly increasing in the poor developing countries.
Modern Statistics:
It is reported by the World Health Organization that: At least a million people die annually prematurely‘ all over the world of the 50% adults in the developing countries smoke tobacco. Smoking and chewing tobacco lead to 90% of lung cancer cases 75% of atherosclerosis and 25% of heart diseases. In America approximately 84% of laryngeal cancer patients were smokers Mouth cancers were 13 times more common in smokers Researchers proved that smokers might have 65 times the chance of contracting lung cancer than non-smokers Cancer of the esophagus was 11.5 times more common in smokers than others The newborn babies of smoking mothers are weaker and weighed 200 grams less in weight.
The view upon smoking within Islam:
«Tobacco is a foul thing. » Dr. Yusuf Al Qaradawi in his book «The Lawful and Prohibited In Islam.»
A general rule of the Islamic Shari’ah is that it is haram for the Muslim to eat or drink any thing which may cause his death, either quickly or gradually, such as poisons or substances which are injurious to health or harmful to his body. It is also haram to eat or drink large quantities of a substance if large quantities of it cause illness For the Muslim is not entirely his own master; he is also an asset to his religion and his community, and his life,health wealth and all that Allah has bestowed upon him are a trust with him which he is not permitted to diminish Allah says:
«And do not kill yourselves; indeed, Allah is ever Merciful to you.» (4,29)
He also says:
«And do not be cast into ruin by your own hands …» (2, 195)
And His Messenger (peace be on him) said:
« Do not harm yourself or others.»
As an application of this principle, we may say that if it is proved that the use of tobacco is in injurious to health it is prohibited especially for a person whose physician has advised him to stop smoking....
Islam prohibits smoking cigarettes due to the serious health risks. Cigarettes contain over 4,000 chemicals, including at least 50 that cause cancer. When burned, cigarettes release toxic chemicals like formaldehyde, ammonia, arsenic, and hydrogen cyanide. While electronic cigarettes may contain fewer harmful chemicals, their long term effects are still unknown and they remain unregulated. Islam teaches preserving one's health and avoiding intoxicants, so Muslims should refrain from both traditional and electronic cigarettes.
Prevalence and Pattern of Tobacco Use among Adults in an Urban Community iosrjce
Tobacco use is a global pandemic and is the leading cause of preventable death. Most of the deaths
are occurring in the low and middle income countries.
Objectives: To determine the prevalence and pattern of tobacco use among adults in an urban community.
Materials and methods: A cross sectional study was conducted using face to face interviews on 403 individuals
aged 18 years and above residing in an urban community of Imphal West, Manipur. Descriptive statistics and
Chi –square test was used for analysis.
Results: The prevalence of ever use of tobacco use was 66.3% and of which 95.5% were current users. Tobacco
was used predominantly in smokeless form (zarda pan, khaini, gutkha) by 85% of the users. Smoked tobacco
was used only by 15% of the users. The commonest influencing factor for tobacco use was peer pressure.
Conclusion: Prevalence of tobacco use in this community was high. There is a need to develop effective health
education and multifactorial tobacco quitting strategies with focus on help and support for those who wish to
quit tobacco.
This document provides information about tobacco cessation and the harms of smoking. It discusses how smoking harms smokers' health, causing various cancers and respiratory diseases. It also outlines the negative health effects of secondhand smoke exposure. The document covers nicotine addiction and reasons for tobacco use, as well as the significant health and economic costs of smoking. Finally, it discusses strategies and health benefits for quitting smoking.
Tobacco Cessation and Addiction Recovery - June 2011Dawn Farm
"Tobacco Cessation and Addiction Recovery" is presented by Anna Byberg, Dawn Farm Project Manager. This program describes the prevalence of tobacco addiction among alcoholics and drug addicts, the relationship between tobacco use and recovery, and basic information about how to quit using tobacco. This program is part of the Dawn Farm Education Series, a FREE, annual workshop series developed to provide accurate, helpful, hopeful, practical, current information about chemical dependency, recovery, family and related issues. The Education Series is organized by Dawn Farm, a non-profit community of programs providing a continuum of chemical dependency services. For information, please see http://www.dawnfarm.org/programs/education-series.
This study examined smoking cessation behavior and use of cessation assistance among Chinese smokers. The key findings were:
1) Approximately 26% of smokers attempted to quit between waves of the survey (18 months apart), while 6% were abstinent at follow-up.
2) Only 5.8% of those attempting to quit reported using nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) and NRT was associated with lower odds of abstinence.
3) Visiting a doctor/health professional was associated with greater attempts to quit smoking and higher abstinence rates compared to those who did not visit a professional.
4) The use of formal cessation assistance remains low in China despite some evidence that
The use of cessation assistance among smokers from china findings from the ...Julia Purpera
This study examined smoking cessation behavior and use of cessation assistance among Chinese smokers. The key findings were:
1) Approximately 26% of smokers reported attempting to quit smoking between the first and second waves of the survey, while only 6% were abstinent at 18-month follow-up.
2) Visiting a doctor or health professional was associated with greater attempts to quit smoking and higher abstinence rates compared to those who did not visit.
3) Only 5.8% of smokers who attempted to quit reported using nicotine replacement therapy (NRT). Contrary to findings in other countries, NRT use in China was associated with lower abstinence rates.
4) The
Smoking: An Islamic Perspective
An Islamic centre of Qatar
Language: English | Format: PDF | Pages: 12 | Size: 1 MB
Smoking is a modern day catastrophe. It is harmful in all aspects, for it is a waste of money, an unnecessary destruction of health and it can disturb the social balance of the family. The smoker breathes harm with every cigarette he lights, because both nicotine and tar mix with his blood which ultimately poisons his health and life. Smoking is the quickest way to contract various diseases, some of which include cardiac disease, respiratory problems, and lung cancer.
Historical Notes:
Tobacco derived from Tubago, which is an island in the Gulf of Mexico where this plant was found. It was carried to Spain then to Europe.It was introduced to the Muslim world intentionally by tobacco companies, who encouraged its spread together with all types of in toxic ants. Nowadays smoking is decreasing in the industrial countries while it is highly increasing in the poor developing countries.
Modern Statistics:
It is reported by the World Health Organization that: At least a million people die annually prematurely‘ all over the world of the 50% adults in the developing countries smoke tobacco. Smoking and chewing tobacco lead to 90% of lung cancer cases 75% of atherosclerosis and 25% of heart diseases. In America approximately 84% of laryngeal cancer patients were smokers Mouth cancers were 13 times more common in smokers Researchers proved that smokers might have 65 times the chance of contracting lung cancer than non-smokers Cancer of the esophagus was 11.5 times more common in smokers than others The newborn babies of smoking mothers are weaker and weighed 200 grams less in weight.
The view upon smoking within Islam:
«Tobacco is a foul thing. » Dr. Yusuf Al Qaradawi in his book «The Lawful and Prohibited In Islam.»
A general rule of the Islamic Shari’ah is that it is haram for the Muslim to eat or drink any thing which may cause his death, either quickly or gradually, such as poisons or substances which are injurious to health or harmful to his body. It is also haram to eat or drink large quantities of a substance if large quantities of it cause illness For the Muslim is not entirely his own master; he is also an asset to his religion and his community, and his life,health wealth and all that Allah has bestowed upon him are a trust with him which he is not permitted to diminish Allah says:
«And do not kill yourselves; indeed, Allah is ever Merciful to you.» (4,29)
He also says:
«And do not be cast into ruin by your own hands …» (2, 195)
And His Messenger (peace be on him) said:
« Do not harm yourself or others.»
As an application of this principle, we may say that if it is proved that the use of tobacco is in injurious to health it is prohibited especially for a person whose physician has advised him to stop smoking....
Islam prohibits smoking cigarettes due to the serious health risks. Cigarettes contain over 4,000 chemicals, including at least 50 that cause cancer. When burned, cigarettes release toxic chemicals like formaldehyde, ammonia, arsenic, and hydrogen cyanide. While electronic cigarettes may contain fewer harmful chemicals, their long term effects are still unknown and they remain unregulated. Islam teaches preserving one's health and avoiding intoxicants, so Muslims should refrain from both traditional and electronic cigarettes.
Prevalence and Pattern of Tobacco Use among Adults in an Urban Community iosrjce
Tobacco use is a global pandemic and is the leading cause of preventable death. Most of the deaths
are occurring in the low and middle income countries.
Objectives: To determine the prevalence and pattern of tobacco use among adults in an urban community.
Materials and methods: A cross sectional study was conducted using face to face interviews on 403 individuals
aged 18 years and above residing in an urban community of Imphal West, Manipur. Descriptive statistics and
Chi –square test was used for analysis.
Results: The prevalence of ever use of tobacco use was 66.3% and of which 95.5% were current users. Tobacco
was used predominantly in smokeless form (zarda pan, khaini, gutkha) by 85% of the users. Smoked tobacco
was used only by 15% of the users. The commonest influencing factor for tobacco use was peer pressure.
Conclusion: Prevalence of tobacco use in this community was high. There is a need to develop effective health
education and multifactorial tobacco quitting strategies with focus on help and support for those who wish to
quit tobacco.
This document provides information about tobacco cessation and the harms of smoking. It discusses how smoking harms smokers' health, causing various cancers and respiratory diseases. It also outlines the negative health effects of secondhand smoke exposure. The document covers nicotine addiction and reasons for tobacco use, as well as the significant health and economic costs of smoking. Finally, it discusses strategies and health benefits for quitting smoking.
This document summarizes a study that investigated motivations for smoking cessation, reasons for relapse, and methods of quitting smoking. The study involved focus groups and interviews with current and former smokers in Poland. Key findings included: (1) the main motivations for quitting were smoking bans and high cigarette costs, (2) the most common reason for relapse was stress, and (3) the most frequent method of quitting was a spontaneous decision triggered by a specific event. The study provided insights into factors that influence smoking behaviors and cessation attempts.
This document discusses tobacco control and prevention policies recommended by the American College of Physicians. It provides background on the health and economic impacts of tobacco use. Key points include:
- Tobacco use is the leading preventable cause of death in the US. Comprehensive tobacco control programs are needed to reduce smoking rates.
- The FDA was given authority in 2009 to regulate tobacco, but regulation alone is not enough. States must fund tobacco control efforts and increase tobacco taxes.
- Smokeless tobacco and cigars also harm health. Secondhand smoke exposure causes illness and death in nonsmokers.
1. The document discusses smoking habits in India, including the types of tobacco smoked as well as health risks. It provides statistics on smoking prevalence and related deaths in India.
2. Smoking is responsible for several diseases and premature death in India, killing over 900,000 people per year according to one study. Certain forms of smoking like bidis are associated with greater health risks than others.
3. The study found high smoking rates among Indian men, with over 60% of male smokers expected to die between ages 30-69, compared to 41% of non-smoking men. Female smoking rates were also linked to over 60% mortality for smokers versus 38% for non-smokers between ages 30-
This document discusses drug addiction, particularly among students in Pakistan. It notes that drug use is a global problem, with over 1 billion regular smokers worldwide. In Pakistan, an estimated 7 million people are drug addicts, and surveys found smoking rates of 11% among male students and 6% among female students. Common causes of drug addiction include stress relief, peer pressure, and family problems. Effects include poverty, unemployment, health issues, and criminal behavior. The document recommends increasing drug education in schools, strengthening law enforcement against drug trafficking, and raising public awareness through campaigns.
Tobacco use is a major public health problem that kills over 5 million people worldwide each year. In Sudan, smoking prevalence among males is around 24% compared to only 2% among females. There are effective tobacco control strategies available through the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) including tax increases, advertising bans, smoke-free laws, health warnings on packages, and cessation support. Quitting tobacco has significant health, economic, and social benefits for individuals and their families.
The document describes a study that aims to evaluate the effectiveness of a structured teaching program on knowledge of nicotine consumption and prevention among pre-university students in Bengaluru, India. The study will use a pre-experimental pre-test post-test design with 60 students. The structured teaching program will be delivered and knowledge assessed using a questionnaire before and after the intervention. The study aims to increase knowledge and identify factors associated with baseline knowledge. Findings could help design interventions to educate youth on risks of nicotine use.
This document discusses methods of tobacco cessation. It begins with an introduction to tobacco use as the leading preventable cause of death globally. It then covers the history of tobacco, forms of tobacco used in India, and the health effects of tobacco use. Barriers to cessation like nicotine addiction and lack of support are examined. The document outlines goals of cessation programs like long term abstinence. It discusses behavioral management, pharmacotherapies, and counseling approaches. India's tobacco control laws aiming to restrict advertising and smoking in public are also summarized.
Tobacco advertising in china compared to thailand australia usaAlexander Li
1) The study compared awareness of tobacco advertising and promotion among smokers in China, Thailand, Australia, and the US - countries with different tobacco control policies.
2) In China, over a third of smokers reported noticing tobacco advertisements on television, billboards, and in stores - the highest levels of any country. A quarter noticed tobacco sponsorships.
3) Overall awareness of tobacco marketing was significantly higher in China than in Thailand and Australia, but lower than in the US, indicating a gap between China and countries with stronger tobacco control policies.
4) China needs to do more to restrict tobacco promotion, including enhancing policies and enforcement, to reduce high levels of marketing awareness among smokers.
In the current write up, Supervisor Support has been used as one o.docxbradburgess22840
In the current write up, Supervisor Support has been used as one of the independent variable to explain OCB. But now Supervisor Support is used as mediator to explain OCB. The write up has captured almost everything and need to add few more paragraphs only how two independent variables (Leaders Moderation Orientation and People Orientation) lead to Supervisor Support that lead to OCB. Hence, the following changes are required as mentioned below:
1. Arguments to be developed for supervisor support as mediating variable under introduction, background, problem statement, objectives and research questions with relevant referencing. I have developed the research question and is highlighted in green for your reference in the attached document.
2. Under conceptual framework, it is required to write up the arguments showing the relationship between each independent variables (Leaders Moderation Orientation & People Orientation) with Supervisor Support with relevant referencing. The new diagram is attached and need to follow the diagram while making arguments.
3. Need to make changes in Methodology (chapter 3) as corrected.
I have attached the lists of tables and articles to help for the write up. Whatever corrections are made please highlight with green and no plagiarism
405
The Use and Abuse
of Tobacco
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
After completing the study of this concept, you will be able to:
▶ Identify the most widely used forms of tobacco and the contents of tobacco
products that contribute to negative health outcomes.
▶ Describe the negative health and economic costs of cigarette and cigar smoking
and smokeless tobacco use.
▶ Describe secondhand smoke and identify the negative health consequences of
secondhand smoke exposure.
▶ Understand trends in the prevalence of tobacco use.
▶ Identify important factors contributing to recent reductions in tobacco use in the
United States.
▶ Describe efforts by the tobacco industry to maintain higher rates of smoking.
▶ Identify effective prevention and intervention approaches designed to reduce rates
of tobacco use.
C
o
n
c
e
p
t 1
8
Avoiding Destructive Behaviors ▶ Section VII
Tobacco use is the number one
cause of preventable disease and is
associated with the leading causes of
death in our culture.
cor22568_ch18_405-416.indd 405 9/21/12 7:32 PM
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6
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406 Section 7 ▶ Avoiding Destructive Behaviors
Smokeless chewing tobacco is as addictive (and
maybe more so) as smoking and produces the
same kind of withdrawal symptoms. Chewing
tobacco comes in a variety of forms, including loose leaf,
twist, and plug forms. Rather than being smoked, the
dip, chew, or chaw stays in the mouth for several hours,
where it mixes well with saliva and is absorbed into the
bloodstream. Smokeless tobacco contains about seven
times more nicotine than cigarettes, and more of it is
absorbed because of the length .
Tobacco Harm Reduction by Somchai Bovornkitti* in Crimson Publishers: Telemedicine and e-Health open access journals
Cigarette smoke contain approximately 250 different chemicals known to be harmful to human health. Thousands of harmful chemical substances produce by the combustion of tobacco. The health impacts such as cancer and chronic lung disease are not only associated with smokers but also people who are exposed to secondhand smoke. Tobacco Harm Reduction is a concept to minimize the impacts of tobacco on the individual and on society at large. A key component of this strategy is using alternative source of nicotine as a substitute to tobacco cigarettes. Electronic cigarette and heated tobacco are alternatives that might have potential in reduce harm from smokes. This paper elaborates on available research associated with electronic cigarette and heated tobacco with harm reduction and risk perspective.
https://crimsonpublishers.com/tteh/fulltext/TTEH.000522.php
For more Open access journals in Crimson Publishers
Please click on: https://crimsonpublishers.com/
For more Articles on Telemedicine and e-Health open access journals
please click on link: https://crimsonpublishers.com/tteh/index.php
Please follow the below link for our LinkedIn page
https://www.linkedin.com/company/crimsonpublishers
Liu rl et al second hand smoke in restaurants and barsAlexander Li
This study measured levels of particulate matter (PM2.5) in 404 restaurants and bars across 5 cities in China to assess exposure to second-hand smoke (SHS). They found that venues where smoking was observed had significantly higher indoor PM2.5 levels (geometric mean of 208 μg/m3) than venues without smoking (99 μg/m3). Indoor PM2.5 levels were positively correlated with both outdoor PM2.5 levels and the density of active smokers. The results document high levels of SHS in hospitality venues in China and highlight the need for comprehensive smoke-free laws to protect the public, as called for in the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control.
cancer in india, cancer trends, trends in cancer in india, economics of tobacco, tobacco economics in india, cancer demographics, cancer demographics in india, tobacco consumption in india, tobacco related cancer deaths, tobacco related cancers, population based cancer registry statistics, comparison of cancer trends in india 1994 vs 2004 vs 2011,
This document discusses tobacco control strategies according to the WHO MPOWER framework. It summarizes the six policies of MPOWER: Monitor tobacco use and prevention policies; Protect people from tobacco smoke; Offer help to quit tobacco use; Warn about the dangers of tobacco; Enforce bans on tobacco advertising, promotion and sponsorship; and Raise taxes on tobacco. For each policy, it provides details on effective implementation strategies, such as establishing comprehensive smoke-free laws and public education campaigns about the health risks of tobacco use and secondhand smoke exposure.
This document discusses tobacco harm reduction strategies for engaging healthcare professionals in Nigeria. It defines harm reduction as improving lives without focusing solely on abstinence. Tobacco harm reduction aims to provide safer nicotine delivery alternatives to cigarettes like e-cigarettes and smokeless tobacco. Healthcare professionals can advocate for harm reduction, educate about reduced risk products, and support spiritual and physical wellbeing to help people quit smoking. Embracing harm reduction strategies is key to achieving global smoke-free goals.
William Allan Kritsonis, Editor-in-Chief, NATIONAL FORUM JOURNALS (Founded 1982). Dr. LaVelle Henricks, Texas A&M University-Commerce and colleagues published in national refereed journal.
Dr. William Allan Kritsonis, Distinguished Alumnus, Central Washington University, College of Education and Professional Studies, Ellensburg, Washington; Invited Guest Lecturer, Oxford Round Table, University of Oxford, United Kingdom; Hall of Honor, Prairie View A&M University/Member of the Texas A&M University System.
Borland li etal effects of a fact sheet harm reduction journal2012Alexander Li
This document summarizes a study that explored how providing information in a fact sheet could help correct misperceptions about the relative harmfulness of nicotine replacement products and smokeless tobacco compared to cigarettes. The study surveyed convenience samples in 4 countries about their beliefs, provided a fact sheet explaining nicotine is less harmful than thought and why, then resurveyed them. The fact sheet increased knowledge and belief that smokeless tobacco is less harmful, but misconceptions remained. Interest in using smokeless tobacco increased in all samples, and interest in nicotine replacement products increased only in the US sample. A single fact sheet can help address misperceptions but is not enough to overcome ingrained beliefs about relative product harms.
Rb ll etal cessation assistance in 15 countriesAlexander Li
There was wide variation across 15 countries in rates of recent quit attempts by smokers, ranging from under 20% to over 50%. There was also variability in the percentage of smokers who visited healthcare professionals, ranging from under 20% to over 70%. Among those who visited professionals, the percentage who received advice to quit ranged greatly, from under 20% to over 65%. Reported use of cessation medications among recent quitters was generally higher in high-income countries than middle-income countries, ranging from over 40% to negligible. Use of behavioral supports like quitlines was typically lower than medication use.
Ll etal itc 4 pos warnings and quitting-addiction_publishedAlexander Li
This study examined the association between exposure to point-of-sale anti-smoking warnings and smokers' interest in quitting and quit attempts. It analyzed data from 2002-2008 from over 21,000 smokers in Australia, Canada, the UK, and the US. It found that Australian smokers reported higher awareness of POS warnings compared to the other countries. In Australia, exposure to POS warnings was significantly associated with greater interest in quitting and more prospective quit attempts, after controlling for other factors. This association was not found in the other countries where POS warnings were less prominent. The results suggest that prominent POS warnings can prompt quitting behavior in smokers.
Kasza li etal the effectiveness of tobacco marketing regulations int j enviro...Alexander Li
This document summarizes a study that examined the effectiveness of tobacco marketing regulations in reducing smokers' awareness of tobacco advertising and promotions in 4 countries between 2002-2008. The study found:
1) Tobacco marketing regulations were associated with significant reductions in reported awareness of tobacco marketing, especially immediately after regulations were implemented.
2) Reductions in awareness were generally consistent across socioeconomic groups, though some exceptions were noted.
3) While regulations reduced awareness through many channels, some gaps remain - particularly for in-store marketing and price promotions. More regulation is still needed in some countries and channels.
The acceptibility of nicotine products two pilot studiesAlexander Li
This document summarizes two pilot studies that explored smokers' acceptability of using nicotine-containing products as alternatives to cigarettes. The studies found that nicotine lozenges were the most popular products tested. A significant minority preferred smokeless tobacco products. Use of the alternative products stimulated interest in quitting smoking for many participants. While some failed to use all the products provided, most were interested in future use, primarily to help quit rather than as long-term substitutes. The studies indicate an untapped interest in using less harmful substitutes to reduce harm from smoking.
More Related Content
Similar to Factors associated with intentions to quit itc china
This document summarizes a study that investigated motivations for smoking cessation, reasons for relapse, and methods of quitting smoking. The study involved focus groups and interviews with current and former smokers in Poland. Key findings included: (1) the main motivations for quitting were smoking bans and high cigarette costs, (2) the most common reason for relapse was stress, and (3) the most frequent method of quitting was a spontaneous decision triggered by a specific event. The study provided insights into factors that influence smoking behaviors and cessation attempts.
This document discusses tobacco control and prevention policies recommended by the American College of Physicians. It provides background on the health and economic impacts of tobacco use. Key points include:
- Tobacco use is the leading preventable cause of death in the US. Comprehensive tobacco control programs are needed to reduce smoking rates.
- The FDA was given authority in 2009 to regulate tobacco, but regulation alone is not enough. States must fund tobacco control efforts and increase tobacco taxes.
- Smokeless tobacco and cigars also harm health. Secondhand smoke exposure causes illness and death in nonsmokers.
1. The document discusses smoking habits in India, including the types of tobacco smoked as well as health risks. It provides statistics on smoking prevalence and related deaths in India.
2. Smoking is responsible for several diseases and premature death in India, killing over 900,000 people per year according to one study. Certain forms of smoking like bidis are associated with greater health risks than others.
3. The study found high smoking rates among Indian men, with over 60% of male smokers expected to die between ages 30-69, compared to 41% of non-smoking men. Female smoking rates were also linked to over 60% mortality for smokers versus 38% for non-smokers between ages 30-
This document discusses drug addiction, particularly among students in Pakistan. It notes that drug use is a global problem, with over 1 billion regular smokers worldwide. In Pakistan, an estimated 7 million people are drug addicts, and surveys found smoking rates of 11% among male students and 6% among female students. Common causes of drug addiction include stress relief, peer pressure, and family problems. Effects include poverty, unemployment, health issues, and criminal behavior. The document recommends increasing drug education in schools, strengthening law enforcement against drug trafficking, and raising public awareness through campaigns.
Tobacco use is a major public health problem that kills over 5 million people worldwide each year. In Sudan, smoking prevalence among males is around 24% compared to only 2% among females. There are effective tobacco control strategies available through the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) including tax increases, advertising bans, smoke-free laws, health warnings on packages, and cessation support. Quitting tobacco has significant health, economic, and social benefits for individuals and their families.
The document describes a study that aims to evaluate the effectiveness of a structured teaching program on knowledge of nicotine consumption and prevention among pre-university students in Bengaluru, India. The study will use a pre-experimental pre-test post-test design with 60 students. The structured teaching program will be delivered and knowledge assessed using a questionnaire before and after the intervention. The study aims to increase knowledge and identify factors associated with baseline knowledge. Findings could help design interventions to educate youth on risks of nicotine use.
This document discusses methods of tobacco cessation. It begins with an introduction to tobacco use as the leading preventable cause of death globally. It then covers the history of tobacco, forms of tobacco used in India, and the health effects of tobacco use. Barriers to cessation like nicotine addiction and lack of support are examined. The document outlines goals of cessation programs like long term abstinence. It discusses behavioral management, pharmacotherapies, and counseling approaches. India's tobacco control laws aiming to restrict advertising and smoking in public are also summarized.
Tobacco advertising in china compared to thailand australia usaAlexander Li
1) The study compared awareness of tobacco advertising and promotion among smokers in China, Thailand, Australia, and the US - countries with different tobacco control policies.
2) In China, over a third of smokers reported noticing tobacco advertisements on television, billboards, and in stores - the highest levels of any country. A quarter noticed tobacco sponsorships.
3) Overall awareness of tobacco marketing was significantly higher in China than in Thailand and Australia, but lower than in the US, indicating a gap between China and countries with stronger tobacco control policies.
4) China needs to do more to restrict tobacco promotion, including enhancing policies and enforcement, to reduce high levels of marketing awareness among smokers.
In the current write up, Supervisor Support has been used as one o.docxbradburgess22840
In the current write up, Supervisor Support has been used as one of the independent variable to explain OCB. But now Supervisor Support is used as mediator to explain OCB. The write up has captured almost everything and need to add few more paragraphs only how two independent variables (Leaders Moderation Orientation and People Orientation) lead to Supervisor Support that lead to OCB. Hence, the following changes are required as mentioned below:
1. Arguments to be developed for supervisor support as mediating variable under introduction, background, problem statement, objectives and research questions with relevant referencing. I have developed the research question and is highlighted in green for your reference in the attached document.
2. Under conceptual framework, it is required to write up the arguments showing the relationship between each independent variables (Leaders Moderation Orientation & People Orientation) with Supervisor Support with relevant referencing. The new diagram is attached and need to follow the diagram while making arguments.
3. Need to make changes in Methodology (chapter 3) as corrected.
I have attached the lists of tables and articles to help for the write up. Whatever corrections are made please highlight with green and no plagiarism
405
The Use and Abuse
of Tobacco
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
After completing the study of this concept, you will be able to:
▶ Identify the most widely used forms of tobacco and the contents of tobacco
products that contribute to negative health outcomes.
▶ Describe the negative health and economic costs of cigarette and cigar smoking
and smokeless tobacco use.
▶ Describe secondhand smoke and identify the negative health consequences of
secondhand smoke exposure.
▶ Understand trends in the prevalence of tobacco use.
▶ Identify important factors contributing to recent reductions in tobacco use in the
United States.
▶ Describe efforts by the tobacco industry to maintain higher rates of smoking.
▶ Identify effective prevention and intervention approaches designed to reduce rates
of tobacco use.
C
o
n
c
e
p
t 1
8
Avoiding Destructive Behaviors ▶ Section VII
Tobacco use is the number one
cause of preventable disease and is
associated with the leading causes of
death in our culture.
cor22568_ch18_405-416.indd 405 9/21/12 7:32 PM
F
O
S
T
E
R
,
C
E
D
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I
C
1
6
9
2
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S
406 Section 7 ▶ Avoiding Destructive Behaviors
Smokeless chewing tobacco is as addictive (and
maybe more so) as smoking and produces the
same kind of withdrawal symptoms. Chewing
tobacco comes in a variety of forms, including loose leaf,
twist, and plug forms. Rather than being smoked, the
dip, chew, or chaw stays in the mouth for several hours,
where it mixes well with saliva and is absorbed into the
bloodstream. Smokeless tobacco contains about seven
times more nicotine than cigarettes, and more of it is
absorbed because of the length .
Tobacco Harm Reduction by Somchai Bovornkitti* in Crimson Publishers: Telemedicine and e-Health open access journals
Cigarette smoke contain approximately 250 different chemicals known to be harmful to human health. Thousands of harmful chemical substances produce by the combustion of tobacco. The health impacts such as cancer and chronic lung disease are not only associated with smokers but also people who are exposed to secondhand smoke. Tobacco Harm Reduction is a concept to minimize the impacts of tobacco on the individual and on society at large. A key component of this strategy is using alternative source of nicotine as a substitute to tobacco cigarettes. Electronic cigarette and heated tobacco are alternatives that might have potential in reduce harm from smokes. This paper elaborates on available research associated with electronic cigarette and heated tobacco with harm reduction and risk perspective.
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Factors associated with intentions to quit itc china
1. Downloaded from tobaccocontrol.bmj.com on October 11, 2010 - Published by group.bmj.com
Individual-level factors associated with
intentions to quit smoking among adult
smokers in six cities of China: findings from the
ITC China Survey
Guoze Feng, Yuan Jiang, Qiang Li, et al.
Tob Control 2010 19: i6-i11
doi: 10.1136/tc.2010.037093
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Research paper
Individual-level factors associated with intentions
to quit smoking among adult smokers in six cities
of China: findings from the ITC China Survey
Guoze Feng,1 Yuan Jiang,1 Qiang Li,1 Hua-Hie Yong,2 Tara Elton-Marshall,3
Jilan Yang,4 Lin Li,2 Natalie Sansone,3 Geoffrey T Fong3
1
Tobacco Control Office, ABSTRACT a total of about 350 million. At present, an esti-
Chinese Center for Disease Background Over 350 million smokers live in China, and mated 1 million deaths from smoking occur in
Control and Prevention, Beijing,
this represents nearly one-third of the smoking China each year,4 and if current smoking rates
China
2
VicHealth Centre for Tobacco population of the world. Smoking cessation is critically continue, as many as 100 million people currently
Control, The Cancer Council needed to help reduce the harms and burden caused by under the age of 30 in China will die from tobacco
Victoria, Melbourne, Australia
3
smoking-related diseases. It is therefore important to use. Thus, it is clear that tobacco control in China
Department of Psychology, identify the determinants of quitting and of quit plays a critical role in global tobacco control efforts.
University of Waterloo,
Waterloo, Canada intentions among smokers in China. Such knowledge Smoking cessation is a priority for preventing
4
Department of Health Studies would have potential to guide future tobacco control smoking-attributable disease and reducing its
and Gerontology, University of policies and programs that could increase quit rates in burden.5 6 Quitting smoking at any age confers
Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada China. substantial and immediate health benefits,
Objective To identify the correlates of intentions to quit including reduced risks of stroke, cardiovascular
Correspondence to
Guoze Feng, Tobacco Control smoking among a representative sample of adult disease and smoking-related cancers,6e9 and quit-
Office, Chinese Center for smokers in six cities in China. ting smoking by the age of 30 reduces the risk of
Disease Control and Prevention, Methods Data from wave 1 (2006) of the International dying from tobacco-related diseases by almost
27 Nanwei Road, Beijing Tobacco Control (ITC) Policy Evaluation Project China 90%.10 The World Bank suggests that if adult
100050, P R China;
fengguoze@hotmail.com
Survey, a face-to-face survey of adult Chinese smokers cigarette consumption were to decrease by half in
in six cities: Beijing, Shenyang, Shanghai, Changsha, the year 2020, approximately 180 million tobacco-
Received 31 March 2010 Guangzhou and Yinchuan, was analysed. Households attributable deaths could be avoided.2 Therefore,
Accepted 12 July 2010 were sampled using a stratified multistage design. About promotion of smoking cessation has been proposed
800 smokers were surveyed in each selected city as a primary focus of tobacco control efforts,
(total n¼4815). especially in developing countries where smoking
Results Past quit attempts, duration of past attempts, prevalence and cigarette consumption are both still
Heaviness of Smoking Index (HSI), outcome expectancy relatively high.
of quitting, worry about future health and overall opinion According to stage-based models of behaviour
of smoking were found to be independently associated change,11 individual smokers must progress
with intentions to quit smoking, but demographic through several stages of behaviour change in order
characteristics were not. to quit smoking. They begin with no plan to stop
Conclusions The determinants of quit intentions among smoking, then form an intention to quit, prepare
smokers in China are fairly similar to those found among themselves to quit, enact the new behaviour of
smokers in Western countries, despite the fact that quitting and finally maintain this behaviour.
interest in quitting is considerably lower among Chinese Having a quit intention is thus a prerequisite for
smokers. Identifying the determinants of quit intentions preparing and taking action.12 13 Although having
provides possibilities for shaping effective policies and an intention to quit is not the only determinant of
programs for increasing quitting among smokers in successful smoking cessation, it is strongly associ-
China. ated with making quit attempts and smoking
cessation.14 15 In Western countries making quit
attempts has been found to be associated with the
following sociodemographics: being male,16
INTRODUCTION younger,14 17e19 well educated,19 and of white race.20
Currently, approximately 1.3 billion people smoke The other reported correlates of quit attempts
worldwide and, consequently, 5.4 million people die include level of nicotine dependence,14 18 21e24
from tobacco use each year. Tobacco is now ranked measures of motivation,14 24 25 self-efficacy,26 27 and
as the world’s leading killer, as it is a risk factor for past quit attempts.14 17 25 China, as with many
six of the eight leading causes of death worldwide.1 other developing countries, has little data on levels
Though tobacco use is steadily declining in devel- and correlates of smokers’ intentions to quit. A
oped countries, smoking prevalence and cigarette national study on smoking behaviour conducted in
consumption are increasing in developing coun- 1996 found that smokers’ self-reported health
tries.2 3 It is projected that tobacco use will kill up status, health concern, family opinions, as well as
This paper is freely available to 1 billion people during this century, of which education and financial status were associated with
online under the BMJ Journals
unlocked scheme, see http://
80% will be in developing countries.1 their quitting behaviour.28 29 These are similar to
tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/site/ As one of the largest developing countries, China the recent findings from the National Health
about/unlocked.xhtml is home to nearly one-third of the world’s smokers: Service Surveys.30 Two studies conducted among
i6 Tobacco Control 2010;19(Suppl 2):i6ei11. doi:10.1136/tc.2010.037093
3. Downloaded from tobaccocontrol.bmj.com on October 11, 2010 - Published by group.bmj.com
Research paper
medical workers, teachers, factory workers and secondary Dependent variable
students in Hong Kong and mainland China found that being Intentions to quit were based on responses to the question: ‘Do
male, married and having high quitting self-efficacy were asso- you plan to quit smoking?’. Subjects who selected ‘in the next
ciated with the intention to quit smoking.31 32 However, to our month’, ‘in the next 6 months’ or ‘sometime in the future after
knowledge, there are no population-based studies of intentions 6 months’ were defined as having an intention to quit, and those
to quit smoking in China. who responded ‘not at all’ were defined as having no intention to
The purpose of this study was to examine the associations quit. This measure was dichotomised for two reasons. First, our
between intentions to quit smoking and a range of individual- primary interest was not on the strength of the intention but
level predictors, including measures of demographics, quitting rather whether people had an interest in quitting or not. Second,
history, nicotine dependence and motivation to quit. the frequency distribution of this measure was highly skewed
with the majority being in the no intention category.
METHODS
Data source Independent variables
The International Tobacco Control (ITC)30 Policy Evaluation Sociodemographic variables were gender (female, male), age at
Project China Survey is a prospective cohort survey conducted survey (18e24¼1, 25e39¼2, 40e54¼3, 55 and older¼4), income
in six cities in China: Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Shenyang, (those with monthly household income less than U1000 were
Changsha and Yinchuan. (A seventh city (Zhengzhou) was coded as ‘low income’, those between U1000e3000 were coded
dropped because of poor data quality.) These cities were selected as ‘medium income’ and those equal or greater than U3000 were
based on geographical representations and levels of economic coded as ‘high income’, those who did not provide an answer to
development. The target population of the ITC China Survey this question were coded as ‘don’t know’), education (‘low
consists of smokers and non-smokers who are 18 years or older education’ levels were based on those who reported as either
and are permanent residents who live in residential buildings in illiterate or having only primary school education, ‘medium
each of the six cities. Smokers are defined as those who have education’ levels were those with high school or technical
smoked at least 100 cigarettes in their lifetime and are currently secondary school education and ‘high education’ levels were
smoking at least once a week. Within each city there was those with university or junior college education).
a random sample selected using a stratified multistage design, Motivational variables assessed were outcome expectancy of
with inclusion probabilities proportional to size at the first few quitting, worries about health in the future, favourable attitudes
stages in each stratum. In each of the 6 cities, 10 Jie Dao (street towards smoking and overall opinion about smoking. Outcome
districts) were randomly selected at the first stage, with prob- expectancy of quitting was measured using the question: ‘How
ability of selection proportional to the population size of the Jie much do you think you would benefit from health and other
Dao. Within each selected Jie Dao, two Ju Wei Hui (residential gains if you were to quit smoking permanently in the next
blocks) were selected, again using probability proportional to 6 months?’. Response categories included: ‘not at all’, ‘a little’,
the population size of the Ju Wei Hui. Within each selected Ju ‘very much’ and ‘don’t know’. Worries about health in the future
Wei Hui, a complete list of addresses of the dwelling units were measured by asking: ‘How worried are you, if at all, that
(households) was first compiled, and then a sample of 300 smoking will damage your health in the future?’. Response
households was drawn from the list by simple random sampling categories included: ‘not at all’, ‘a little’, ‘very much’ and ‘don’t
without replacement. In the enumeration process, information know’. Favourable attitude towards smoking was measured by
on age, gender and smoking status for all adults living in these asking for rating of agreement with the statement: ‘You enjoy
300 households was collected. The enumerated 300 households smoking too much to give it up’. The variable was coded into
were then randomly ordered, and adult smokers and non- a three-category variable because of small numbers for some
smokers were then approached following the randomised order categories: disagree (strongly disagree, disagree), neither disagree
until 40 adult smokers and 10 non-smokers were surveyed. In nor agree and agree (agree, strongly agree). Overall opinion about
each city, 800 smokers and 200 non-smokers were selected, so smoking was measured by asking: ‘What is your overall opinion
that the overall sample size of the survey is 4815 adult smokers of smoking?’. This variable was also coded as a three-category
and 1200 adult non-smokers. However, only smokers were variable because of small numbers for some categories: good
included in the analyses for this paper. The wave 1 survey was (very good, good), neither good nor bad and bad (bad, very bad).
conducted from February to April of 2006. The cooperation Quitting history variables assessed were: tried to quit smoking
rates ranged from approximately 80.0% in Beijing and within last year (yes, no) and longest time off smoking (never,
Guangzhou to 95.0% in Changsha, and the response rates less than 1 month, between 1e6 months, 6 months or more,
ranged from 39.4% in Yinchuan to 66.0% in Guangzhou. don’t know).
Additional information about the ITC China survey method- Nicotine dependence was measured using the Heaviness of
ology and sampling is provided by Wu et al33 and available at Smoking Index (HSI), which was based on the sum of two
http://www.itcproject.org. categorical variables: number of cigarettes smoked per day
The survey was conducted in Mandarin through face-to-face (scored as 0: 0e10 cigarettes per day (CPD), 1: 11e20 CPD, 2:
interviews. After providing the potential respondent with 21e30 CPD, 3: >31 CPD) and time to first cigarette (scored as 0:
information about the survey and completion of the consent >61 min, 1: 31e60 min, 2: 6e30 min, 3: 5 min or less).
form, the average time to complete the survey was 31.4 min for
smokers. A small gift worth about U10 was given to each Statistical analysis
participant as compensation. All materials and procedures used For wave 1 data, the weights were simply calculated as the
in the ITC China Survey were reviewed and cleared for ethics by reciprocal of the inclusion probabilities, the final weight for
the Research Ethics Boards at the University of Waterloo and a sampled individual was the number of people in the city
The Cancer Council Victoria, and by the Institutional Review population and the sampling category represented by that
Boards at the China National Centers for Disease Control and individual.33 Unless otherwise indicated, data analyses were
Prevention. conducted on weighted data using SPSS V.17.0 Complex Survey
Tobacco Control 2010;19(Suppl 2):i6ei11. doi:10.1136/tc.2010.037093 i7
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Research paper
procedures (SPSS, Chicago, Illinois, USA). Logistic regression CI 1.00 to 1.92), or a high education level (OR 1.60, 95% CI 1.10
models were employed to determine the correlates of intentions to 2.32) had significantly greater intentions to quit smoking, but
to quit, first bivariately just between the dependent variable and the differences were no longer significant once we controlled for
each of the independent variables of interest, and then multi- other covariates in the multivariate analysis. Smokers who had
variately where the association between each independent made a quit attempt within the last year and also those who had
variable and the dependent variable was adjusted for all other longer time off smoking were more likely to have an intention to
variables in the models. For multivariate analysis, all indepen- quit smoking (significant in the univariate and multivariate
dent variables were entered into the multivariate logistic analyses). However, smokers who scored higher on the HSI were
regression model to determine their independent effects. An less likely to have an intention to quit smoking in the univariate
a level of p<0.05 was used to determine the level of statistical and multivariate analyses. Motivational variables, including
significance. greater perceived benefits from quitting, worry about the health
effects of smoking, negative attitudes towards smoking and low
RESULTS overall opinion of smoking were found to be significantly asso-
Table 1 shows the sample characteristics by city. Of the 4815 ciated with having an intention to quit in the univariate and
smokers interviewed, 4574 were men (95.0%) and 241 women multivariate analyses.
(5.0%), with an average age of 50.1 years (SD¼12.67). The
18e24 years age group was under-represented in our sample. DISCUSSION
The majority (95.0%) of the respondents were Han Chinese, One key finding from this study is that the level of interest in
with other ethnic groups accounting for the rest. Most of the quitting among Chinese smokers from the six cities studied was
subjects had a medium level of education (high school and found to be generally low (ranging from 15% to 31%) and
technical secondary school, 65.5%). Almost half of the sample certainly considerably lower than that reported by Hyland et al
had an average family monthly income of U1000e3000 in four developed countries in the West that ranged from 65% to
(48.4%), while those making more than U3000 or less than 81%.34 This finding underscores the need for greater effort to be
U1000 accounted for 30.5% and 21.1%, respectively. More than made to stimulate interest in quitting among Chinese smokers
half of the smokers surveyed (53.1%) had attempted to quit in order to help China make significant inroad in reducing the
smoking before, and almost one-quarter (23.6%) planned to health burden due to tobacco-related diseases.
quit. Despite the low level of interest in quitting, consistent with
Table 2 shows the results for univariate and multivariate the findings from Western countries,14 35 36 intentions to quit
analyses. The proportion of smokers with an intention to quit smoking among smokers from the six cities in China were found
smoking was not significantly different across gender, age groups to be influenced by similar individual-level factors such as the
and income levels. Compared to smokers with a low education HSI, a behavioural measure of nicotine dependence, past quit-
level, those with either a medium education level (OR 1.39, 95% ting behaviour and motivational variables.
Table 1 Sample characteristics by city
Total, Beijing, Shenyang, Shanghai, Changsha, Guangzhou, Yinchuan,
Variables n[4815 n[804 n[801 n[801 n[803 n[804 n[802
Ethnicity
Han 95.0 94.5 94.9 98.6 98.6 99.3 84.2
Other 5.0 5.5 5.1 1.4 1.4 0.7 15.8
Gender
Male 95.0 94.5 97.6 91.5 94.4 97.4 94.5
Female 5.0 5.5 2.4 8.5 5.6 2.6 5.5
Age
18e24 1.4 2.0 1.6 1.0 1.7 0.9 1.1
25e39 17.6 13.6 12.6 10.5 23.4 14.0 31.5
40e54 49.4 47.4 57.9 57.8 45.3 44.4 43.4
$55 31.6 37.0 27.9 30.7 29.6 40.7 24.0
Household income per month*
Low (<U1000) 19.6 9.3 31.5 14.3 28.3 12.1 22.1
Medium 44.9 40.8 55.5 44.0 41.8 37.1 49.9
(U1000e3000)
High ($U3000) 28.3 41.6 10.0 37.8 24.7 36.2 19.5
Don’t know 7.3 8.2 3.0 4.0 5.2 14.7 8.5
Education
Low 13.1 9.6 7.9 6.0 17.7 23.8 13.6
Medium 65.5 62.9 73.1 74.4 60.8 59.9 61.7
High 21.5 27.5 19.0 19.6 21.5 16.4 24.7
Ever tried to quit smoking
No 46.9 48.6 48.8 59.8 40.8 44.4 38.8
Yes 53.1 51.4 51.2 40.3 59.2 55.6 61.2
Intention to quit
No 76.4 75.3 69.2 83.6 74.4 85.1 71.1
Yes 23.6 24.7 30.8 16.4 25.6 14.9 28.9
*U1¼US$0.1464 (as of 30 May 2010). Equivalents are low income: <US$146, medium income: US$146e439,
high income: $US$439.
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Table 2 Individual-level factors associated with intentions to quit smoking
Univariate analysis Multivariate analysis
n Intention to quit(%) OR 95% CI OR 95% CI
Gender
Female 232 25.3 Reference Reference
Male 4481 24.3 0.95 0.56 to 1.61 0.81 0.43 to 1.54
Age
18e24 66 29.6 Reference Reference
25e39 828 25.4 0.81 0.41 to 1.61 0.95 0.43 to 2.11
40e54 2330 24.6 0.77 0.35 to 1.69 1.08 0.44 to 2.64
$55 1489 23.2 0.72 0.35 to 1.46 0.94 0.40 to 2.23
Household income per month
Low (<U1000) 923 22.8 Reference Reference
Medium (U1000e3000) 2125 25.6 1.17 0.92 to 1.47 1.13 0.87 to 1.47
High ($U3000) 1323 25.5 1.16 0.87 to 1.54 1.29 0.94 to 1.77
Don’t know 339 16.6 0.67 0.46 to 0.99 0.92 0.55 to 1.57
Education
Low 619 19.1 Reference Reference
Medium 3085 24.7 1.39 1.00 to 1.92 1.21 0.84 to 1.74
High 1004 27.3 1.60 1.10 to 2.32 1.29 0.83 to 1.98
Tried to quit within last year
No 3939 18.7 Reference Reference
Yes 777 51.0 4.52 3.74 to 5.45 2.29 1.81 to 2.89
Longest time quit smoking
Never quit 2211 13.2 Reference Reference
Less than 1 month 1027 32.7 3.19 2.70 to 3.78 1.34 1.04 to 1.71
1e6 months 893 36.8 3.84 2.66 to 5.53 1.91 1.39 to 2.61
6 months or more 548 34.5 3.46 2.67 to 4.49 2.19 1.64 to 2.92
Don’t know 30 22.3 1.89 0.78 to 4.56 1.90 0.66 to 5.49
HSI
0e6 4381 0.83 0.79 to 0.88 0.87 0.82 to 0.93
Outcome expectancy of quitting (benefit from quitting in the next 6 months)
Not at all 942 7.3 Reference Reference
A little 1523 21.0 3.37 2.25 to 5.05 2.14 1.41 to 3.25
Very much 1608 43.3 9.71 6.33 to 14.87 3.84 2.44 to 6.04
Don’t know 638 7.7 1.06 0.65 to 1.73 1.01 0.60 to 1.70
Worried about health in the future
Not at all 1634 8.5 Reference Reference
A little 1976 27.3 4.05 3.04 to 5.40 2.04 1.58 to 2.62
Very much 853 49.5 10.59 7.96 to 14.09 3.36 2.32 to 4.88
Don’t know 249 13.6 1.70 0.99 to 2.92 1.54 0.85 to 2.76
Favourable attitudes about smoking
Neither disagree nor agree 456 14.2 Reference Reference
Agree 2591 23.0 1.81 1.19 to 2.75 2.01 1.08 to 3.74
Disagree 1584 30.0 2.60 1.77 to 3.81 2.09 1.18 to 3.71
Overall opinion of smoking
Neither good nor bad 1800 13.6 Reference Reference
Bad 2480 34.9 3.42 2.87 to 4.07 1.70 1.33 to 2.16
Good 315 6.4 0.44 0.27 to 0.72 0.66 0.40 to 1.09
Bold values indicate a significant difference at p<0.05.
HSI, Heaviness of Smoking Index.
The majority of previous studies have shown that demo- published study which used data from China National Health
graphic characteristics such as gender, age, income and education Service Surveys conducted in 1993, 1998 and 2003 found that
are associated with making serious quit attempts and smoking quitting increased with age among Chinese smokers, and
cessation,15 17e19 37e39 but the relation between demographic a considerable proportion of former smokers (40.6%) quit
characteristics and intentions to quit smoking are not always because of illness.30 As mentioned earlier, a cross-sectional study
consistent.29 36 40 41 In our study, quitting intention was not among Hong Kong Chinese smokers conducted by Abdullah and
independently associated with age, income and education levels. Yam found that being male was associated with intention to
The lack of an independent effect for education might be quit,31 but this was not found in our study. One possible reason
because it was confounded with other variables in the model, for this difference is the small sample size of our study, especially
such as the HSI, which has been shown previously to be asso- for women smokers (Abdullah and Yam’s study had a much
ciated with socioeconomic status.42 The lack of demographic bigger sample size; 11 700 persons were included). Another
differences in quit intentions might also reflect cultural differ- possible explanation for the difference in predictors of intention
ences,41 a possibility that awaits further research. A recently to quit between the Hong Kong and mainland Chinese smokers
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Research paper
could be the difference in tobacco control culture in Hong Kong
versus mainland China. Compared to mainland China, Hong What this paper adds
Kong has a much longer history in tobacco control. It has had
well implemented smoke-free policies in workplaces and public < Interest in quitting is considerably lower among Chinese
venues, and much more substantial anti-smoking campaigns and smokers.
cessation services. Compared to smokers in this study, the Hong < Individual-level factors such as past quit attempts, duration of
Kong Chinese smokers had a much higher rate of intention to past attempts, Heaviness of Smoking Index (HSI), outcome
quit; of the daily smokers, 52% intended to quit.31 expectancy of quitting, worry about future health and overall
Previous research in the West has found that nicotine depen- opinion of smoking were found to be independently associated
dence is a significant barrier to making quit attempts and with intentions to quit smoking.
smoking cessation.14 15 36 Using intentions to quit as an < Demographic characteristics were not associated with
outcome variable, we found a similar negative relation, that is, intentions to quit smoking.
the higher the level of nicotine dependence, the lower the will-
ingness to quit. This finding suggests that cessation strategies
should be tailored to the smoker’s level of nicotine dependence. response rates in the first wave were moderate to low, therefore,
Smokers with low dependence should be encouraged to make the findings are limited by potential non-response differentials.
quit attempt. Smokers with higher nicotine dependence should Socioeconomic variables were relatively difficult to measure (as
be treated with interventions that help to reduce consumption a construct and its relationship to health and disease factors),
in order to increase their chances of being able to quit success- and certain measures in our data (ie, income) had a large
fully in the future.43e45 proportion of ‘unknown’ responses, which potentially limited
Consistent with the findings from Western countries showing the findings. In addition, our survey was limited to urban areas
that past quitting experiences are associated with subsequent (ie, six selected cities) that are inhabited mainly by the Han
quitting attempts,14 35 we found the same factor predicted ethnic Chinese. In reality, the vast majority of the Chinese
intentions to quit smoking. This suggests that smokers without smoking population still live in rural areas, where they have
a quit history may have no intention to quit, and thus brief a higher smoking prevalence.30 49 Therefore, caution needs to be
interventions can be designed to stimulate motivation to quit exercised to generalise the findings to rural areas and/or minority
smoking among this group. Brief interventions involve oppor- ethnic groups.
tunistic advice, discussion, negotiation or encouragement. They Data analysed in this paper are from the first wave of the ITC
are often delivered by a range of primary and community care China survey, and so causal directionality is somewhat unclear.
professionals. For smoking cessation, brief interventions typi- With the subsequent waves of the data, we will be able to
cally take between 5e10 min.46 Given that successful quitting examine prospectively the predictors of making quit attempts.
requires repeated interventions and multiple attempts to quit,47 In addition to individual factors, social environmental factors
professional counselling and medical treatments should also be may also be important drivers of quitting and these will be
provided to increase the chances of successful quitting. However, examined in future papers. It is reassuring that the findings from
cessation services and quitting medications (eg, nicotine this study are generally consistent with those from the Western
replacement therapy medications) are not generally available in countries despite the linguistic and/or cultural differences which
China, especially in rural areas. Efforts need to be made to train could potentially affect the interpretation of survey questions,
doctors and health professionals in providing brief cessation including factors associated with intentions to quit.
interventions or making referrals to cessation services.30 48 In summary, like their Western counterparts, interest in
Our finding of an independent effect of motivational variables quitting among smokers from six cities in China is influenced by
on quit intentions is consistent with the evidence from other similar individual-level factors such as past quitting experiences,
studies including national surveys in China, which show that nicotine dependence, health concerns and their attitudes
major reasons for quitting include present illness29 49 and future towards smoking, underscoring the need to consider these
health concerns.50 51 Misconceptions and lack of awareness of factors when designing cessation intervention programs to
health risks are common among Chinese smokers,52 so public ensure that they are effective.
education campaigns are needed to increase smokers’ awareness
of the health harms of smoking, which in turn can increase their Acknowledgements The authors would like to acknowledge the Chinese Center
interest in quitting. for Disease Control and Prevention and local CDC representatives in each city for
their role in data collection.
Smokers’ intentions to quit smoking are also clearly influ-
enced by their attitudes towards smoking. Smoking is common Funding The ITC China Project was supported by grants from the US National Cancer
in China, especially among men. Many regard smoking and Institute (R01 CA125116 and the Roswell Park Transdisciplinary Tobacco Use
Research Center (P50 CA111236)), Canadian Institutes of Health Research (79551),
exchanging cigarettes as a normal part of life.53 Consequently, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, and the Ontario Institute for
there is a critical need to change the social acceptability of Cancer Research. The funding sources had no role in the study design, in collection,
smoking in order to change the attitudes of smokers towards analysis, and interpretation of data, in the writing of the report, or in the decision to
smoking. Health warnings on cigarette packaging are one of the submit the paper for publication.
most cost-effective approaches in communicating the harms of Competing interests None.
smoking to smokers, and where pictorial warnings are used, they Patient consent Obtained.
will have even stronger effects, especially among those with low
Ethics approval This study was conducted with the approval of the Ethics approval
literacy.1 However, China currently uses only text-based warn-
was obtained from the Office of Research Ethics at the University of Waterloo
ings that have been proven to be ineffective, so the imple- (Waterloo, Canada) and the internal review boards at: Roswell Park Cancer Institute
mentation of pictorial warnings should be advocated. (Buffalo, USA), the Cancer Council Victoria (Melbourne, Australia) and the Chinese
This study has some limitations. One limitation is the use of Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Beijing, China).
respondent reports to provide information, which may be Contributors All authors made significant contributions to different versions of the
subject to recall bias and social desirability. Furthermore, survey manuscript.
i10 Tobacco Control 2010;19(Suppl 2):i6ei11. doi:10.1136/tc.2010.037093
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Research paper
Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed. 27. Woodruff SI, Conway TL, Edwards CC. Sociodemographic and smoking-related
psychosocial predictors of smoking behavior change among high school smokers.
Addict Behav 2008;33:354e8.
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