This document introduces factorial experiments through two examples. The first example is a 2x2 between-subjects design that examines the effects of violent video exposure and gender on feelings of aggression. It finds main effects for both video and gender, but no interaction. The second example is also a 2x2 between-subjects design examining the interactive effects of alcohol consumption and sleep deprivation on driving performance. It finds main effects for both variables and a significant interaction. The document further discusses more complex factorial designs with additional factors and levels. Factorial designs allow examination of multiple variables and their interactions simultaneously in a single experiment.
The document discusses tablet coating defects and remedies. It begins by introducing tablet coating as the final step in tablet production where a coating is applied to provide benefits like masking taste or protecting the tablet. It then lists and describes 18 common coating defects like blistering, blooming, chipping and provides the likely causes and remedies for each. The defects cover issues with the coating appearance, adhesion, and protection. The document aims to help formulation scientists identify and address coating problems to successfully complete tablet production.
Regulatory bodies are driving the automotive refinishing industry to develop lower VOC coatings to improve air quality. Waterborne paints and clears may replace solvent-based coatings that contain xylene, toluene, and MEK. These new coatings cost less, have longer pot lives, and cause less reaction with substrates. Regulations will reduce VOC levels in primers and topcoats by 2009 and in single-stage coatings by 2010. The automotive refinishing industry is expected to develop more products to meet needs under new regulations, and shops may need to upgrade equipment for faster production with new coatings.
This document summarizes key aspects of waterborne coating film formation, including:
1) Idealized views of latex film formation involving water loss, particle close-packing, deformation and coalescence, and optical clarity development.
2) Factors that affect the minimum film formation temperature (MFFT) such as particle size, with smaller particles lowering the MFFT.
3) Experimental evidence that films form first in thinner regions due to lateral water transport, controlled by the reduced capillary pressure.
4) Simulations showing competition between Brownian diffusion and evaporation-driven accumulation can cause non-uniform vertical drying, characterized by the Peclet number.
This document discusses replacing harmful organic solvents with solubilizing solids. It begins by outlining various organic solvents and their adverse health effects. It then introduces Dr. Maheshwari's concept of "mixed solvency" where solids, liquids, and gases can have solubilizing properties when in liquid form. The document proposes enhancing the solubilizing power of safer class III solvents by dissolving solids in them to replace more toxic class I and II solvents. Examples are given of solids like urea and menthol that show good solubilizing abilities when melted.
This document describes the development of the Pharmacists' Patient Care Process by the Joint Commission of Pharmacy Practitioners. The process was created to standardize how pharmacists deliver patient-centered care across different practice settings. It consists of five elements: collect, assess, plan, implement, and follow-up/monitor & evaluate. Various pharmacy organizations have endorsed the process, which is being promoted through education, quality measures, and implementation projects. The goal is for the process to facilitate consistency and quality in pharmacists' patient care services.
Presentation of college for all activities.pptxDrVivekChauhan1
Metro College of Health Sciences and Research has several upcoming placement activities including a career guidance training session, entrepreneurship talk by alumni, an industrial visit, industrial training, and a placement drive/job fair to help students with career guidance and job opportunities.
The document discusses tablet coating defects and remedies. It begins by introducing tablet coating as the final step in tablet production where a coating is applied to provide benefits like masking taste or protecting the tablet. It then lists and describes 18 common coating defects like blistering, blooming, chipping and provides the likely causes and remedies for each. The defects cover issues with the coating appearance, adhesion, and protection. The document aims to help formulation scientists identify and address coating problems to successfully complete tablet production.
Regulatory bodies are driving the automotive refinishing industry to develop lower VOC coatings to improve air quality. Waterborne paints and clears may replace solvent-based coatings that contain xylene, toluene, and MEK. These new coatings cost less, have longer pot lives, and cause less reaction with substrates. Regulations will reduce VOC levels in primers and topcoats by 2009 and in single-stage coatings by 2010. The automotive refinishing industry is expected to develop more products to meet needs under new regulations, and shops may need to upgrade equipment for faster production with new coatings.
This document summarizes key aspects of waterborne coating film formation, including:
1) Idealized views of latex film formation involving water loss, particle close-packing, deformation and coalescence, and optical clarity development.
2) Factors that affect the minimum film formation temperature (MFFT) such as particle size, with smaller particles lowering the MFFT.
3) Experimental evidence that films form first in thinner regions due to lateral water transport, controlled by the reduced capillary pressure.
4) Simulations showing competition between Brownian diffusion and evaporation-driven accumulation can cause non-uniform vertical drying, characterized by the Peclet number.
This document discusses replacing harmful organic solvents with solubilizing solids. It begins by outlining various organic solvents and their adverse health effects. It then introduces Dr. Maheshwari's concept of "mixed solvency" where solids, liquids, and gases can have solubilizing properties when in liquid form. The document proposes enhancing the solubilizing power of safer class III solvents by dissolving solids in them to replace more toxic class I and II solvents. Examples are given of solids like urea and menthol that show good solubilizing abilities when melted.
This document describes the development of the Pharmacists' Patient Care Process by the Joint Commission of Pharmacy Practitioners. The process was created to standardize how pharmacists deliver patient-centered care across different practice settings. It consists of five elements: collect, assess, plan, implement, and follow-up/monitor & evaluate. Various pharmacy organizations have endorsed the process, which is being promoted through education, quality measures, and implementation projects. The goal is for the process to facilitate consistency and quality in pharmacists' patient care services.
Presentation of college for all activities.pptxDrVivekChauhan1
Metro College of Health Sciences and Research has several upcoming placement activities including a career guidance training session, entrepreneurship talk by alumni, an industrial visit, industrial training, and a placement drive/job fair to help students with career guidance and job opportunities.
Pharmacophore Modeling and Docking Techniques.pptDrVivekChauhan1
Pharmacophore modeling and molecular docking techniques are important computational methods used in drug design and discovery. Pharmacophore models identify the essential molecular features responsible for biological activity. Molecular docking predicts how drug molecules bind to protein targets. The document discusses key concepts like pharmacophores, bioisosterism, and molecular docking workflows. It also covers common docking software and factors that influence docking results like intramolecular forces and target preparation. Overall, the document provides an overview of pharmacophore modeling and molecular docking techniques that are widely applied in rational drug design.
ppt application chromatography in pharmacy.pptxDrVivekChauhan1
Chromatography is a technique used to separate mixtures into individual components. It was first invented in 1906 by Mikhail Tswett who separated chlorophyll and xanthophyll. There are two main types of chromatography: partition chromatography and adsorption chromatography. Paper chromatography uses a paper strip as the stationary phase, with samples applied as spots and developed with a mobile phase solvent. Thin layer chromatography uses coated plates as the stationary phase. Gas chromatography uses gases as the mobile phase to separate components through a column at elevated temperatures. High performance liquid chromatography applies high pressure to the mobile phase to rapidly separate components through smaller stationary phase particles.
The document discusses a resume writing session led by Ms. Rashmi Singh, an assistant professor at MCHSR (Pharmacy) in Greater Noida. Ms. Singh will provide guidance on writing resumes to help job seekers open doors to new opportunities. The session aims to help participants craft resumes that effectively showcase their qualifications and experience.
This document provides training and instructions for interview preparation and group discussions. It discusses topics like self-confidence, grooming, body language, and resume writing. For group discussions, it lists dos like staying on topic, being considerate of others, and appreciating different views, and don'ts like deviating from the topic or interrupting. For interviews, it advises being prepared by researching the company, choosing appropriate attire, practicing responses, and maintaining eye contact. Good resume components are also outlined.
The document discusses niosomes, which are nano-sized vesicles created from non-ionic surfactants, as a drug delivery system. Niosomes can encapsulate drugs and release them in a controlled manner. The document outlines the structure and properties of niosomes. It also discusses how naringin, a natural flavonoid, was encapsulated in niosomes and tested for encapsulation efficiency, particle size, drug release kinetics and stability. The naringin-loaded niosomes showed sustained release over 24 hours and have potential as a drug delivery system for transdermal administration.
This document discusses the importance of effective communication. It defines communication as the sharing of information between two people through speaking, writing, or other means. Effective communication requires a sender, a message, and a receiver. Communication provides information, raises awareness, and promotes collaboration. It is important for the smooth functioning of organizations and maximizing productivity. Communication takes various forms, including verbal, non-verbal, and written. Breakdowns in communication can lead to conflicts, so maintaining open communication is crucial to solving problems.
HOSPITAL_PHARMACY ROLE OF AND DUTIES OF PHARMACIST.docxDrVivekChauhan1
This document summarizes the key aspects of hospital pharmacy services and standards. It defines hospital pharmacy as the department responsible for supplying medications to patients and providing other pharmaceutical services. The goals of hospital pharmacy are outlined, such as providing qualified pharmacists, ensuring high quality practice, promoting research, and advancing drug therapy. Minimum standards are established for the administration, facilities, drug distribution/control, information services, and role of the pharmacy director in setting goals and supervising personnel. The roles of pharmacy technicians are also mentioned. Overall, the document provides a framework for developing and evaluating pharmaceutical services in hospitals.
3D printing has potential applications in precision manufacturing of individualized drug formulations. It allows rapid conversion of digital designs into physical objects through layer-by-layer deposition of materials. 3D printing offers benefits for personalized dosing like adjusting drug release profiles, shapes and sizes. It could produce combination drugs or "polypills" tailored for patients' specific needs like pediatric or geriatric populations to improve adherence. The technology may help address issues with polypharmacy through customized multi-drug formulations in a single dosage form.
This document introduces factorial research designs and multivariate analysis. It defines factorial designs as having two or more independent variables. A 2x2 factorial design is used as an example, examining the effects of initial diagnosis (general or social anxiety) and therapy type (group or individual) on client wellness. Key terms for factorial designs are defined, including cell means, marginal means, main effects, and interactions. Five patterns of factorial results are described: interactions where one simple effect is null while the other is significant; where simple effects are in opposite directions; where they are in the same direction but different sizes; and non-interactions where both simple effects are either significant and in the same direction/size or null. Main effects can sometimes be
This document discusses fractional factorial designs of experiments. It explains that full factorial designs require testing all possible combinations of factors and levels, which can become infeasible with more than a few factors. Fractional factorial designs exploit this redundancy by selecting a subset of the full factorial design. This allows studying many factors using fewer experimental runs. The document provides examples of selecting fractional factorial designs and discusses orthogonal arrays, which provide balanced and efficient experimental designs according to Taguchi methods.
Factorial design is an experimental design technique introduced by Fisher in 1926 that involves studying the effect of two or more factors, each with discrete possible values called levels on an outcome. There are two main types of factorial designs: full factorial designs and fractional factorial designs. Full factorial designs involve every possible combination of levels across all factors and can become infeasible with more than 5 factors, while fractional factorial designs reduce the number of runs needed making them applicable when there are more than 5 factors.
This document provides an overview of design of experiments (DOE). It discusses key concepts like factors, responses, experimental design, and the four basic steps of DOE: plan, collect, analyze, and present. Examples are given to illustrate different types of experimental designs like full factorial designs, fractional factorial designs, and split lot designs. The document also discusses how to identify important factors, characterize relationships, and optimize responses through experimentation.
This document describes a 2x2 factorial experimental design to study the effects of teaching method and aptitude on student performance. The study will randomly assign 3rd graders scoring below or above 85 on an aptitude test to either a lecture only or lecture with small group discussion teaching method. This creates four groups to examine the influence of two independent variables - teaching method and aptitude level - on the dependent variable of student performance.
The Role of Fractional Factorial and D-Optimal Designs in the Development of ...DrVivekChauhan1
This document outlines a presentation on using fractional factorial and D-optimal designs in developing quality by design (QbD) pharmaceutical production processes. It includes an overview of GSK's API chemistry work, two case studies on using fractional factorial designs to screen factors and understand processes, and a study using a fractional factorial design to demonstrate robustness and define a design space for a manufacturing process. The presentation covers applying design of experiments to gain process understanding and confidence in developing robust, high-quality production processes.
The document describes the development and evaluation of a fusidic acid containing niosomal gel for wound treatment. Key aspects include:
1) Fusidic acid-loaded niosomes were prepared using thin film hydration with varying molar ratios of cholesterol and Span 80.
2) The niosomal gel formulations were evaluated for characteristics like pH, drug content, and in vitro drug release.
3) The most promising formulation (F8) showed nearly 73% fusidic acid release over 24 hours, indicating its potential as a transdermal drug delivery system using niosomes.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
One health condition that is becoming more common day by day is diabetes.
According to research conducted by the National Family Health Survey of India, diabetic cases show a projection which might increase to 10.4% by 2030.
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Pharmacophore Modeling and Docking Techniques.pptDrVivekChauhan1
Pharmacophore modeling and molecular docking techniques are important computational methods used in drug design and discovery. Pharmacophore models identify the essential molecular features responsible for biological activity. Molecular docking predicts how drug molecules bind to protein targets. The document discusses key concepts like pharmacophores, bioisosterism, and molecular docking workflows. It also covers common docking software and factors that influence docking results like intramolecular forces and target preparation. Overall, the document provides an overview of pharmacophore modeling and molecular docking techniques that are widely applied in rational drug design.
ppt application chromatography in pharmacy.pptxDrVivekChauhan1
Chromatography is a technique used to separate mixtures into individual components. It was first invented in 1906 by Mikhail Tswett who separated chlorophyll and xanthophyll. There are two main types of chromatography: partition chromatography and adsorption chromatography. Paper chromatography uses a paper strip as the stationary phase, with samples applied as spots and developed with a mobile phase solvent. Thin layer chromatography uses coated plates as the stationary phase. Gas chromatography uses gases as the mobile phase to separate components through a column at elevated temperatures. High performance liquid chromatography applies high pressure to the mobile phase to rapidly separate components through smaller stationary phase particles.
The document discusses a resume writing session led by Ms. Rashmi Singh, an assistant professor at MCHSR (Pharmacy) in Greater Noida. Ms. Singh will provide guidance on writing resumes to help job seekers open doors to new opportunities. The session aims to help participants craft resumes that effectively showcase their qualifications and experience.
This document provides training and instructions for interview preparation and group discussions. It discusses topics like self-confidence, grooming, body language, and resume writing. For group discussions, it lists dos like staying on topic, being considerate of others, and appreciating different views, and don'ts like deviating from the topic or interrupting. For interviews, it advises being prepared by researching the company, choosing appropriate attire, practicing responses, and maintaining eye contact. Good resume components are also outlined.
The document discusses niosomes, which are nano-sized vesicles created from non-ionic surfactants, as a drug delivery system. Niosomes can encapsulate drugs and release them in a controlled manner. The document outlines the structure and properties of niosomes. It also discusses how naringin, a natural flavonoid, was encapsulated in niosomes and tested for encapsulation efficiency, particle size, drug release kinetics and stability. The naringin-loaded niosomes showed sustained release over 24 hours and have potential as a drug delivery system for transdermal administration.
This document discusses the importance of effective communication. It defines communication as the sharing of information between two people through speaking, writing, or other means. Effective communication requires a sender, a message, and a receiver. Communication provides information, raises awareness, and promotes collaboration. It is important for the smooth functioning of organizations and maximizing productivity. Communication takes various forms, including verbal, non-verbal, and written. Breakdowns in communication can lead to conflicts, so maintaining open communication is crucial to solving problems.
HOSPITAL_PHARMACY ROLE OF AND DUTIES OF PHARMACIST.docxDrVivekChauhan1
This document summarizes the key aspects of hospital pharmacy services and standards. It defines hospital pharmacy as the department responsible for supplying medications to patients and providing other pharmaceutical services. The goals of hospital pharmacy are outlined, such as providing qualified pharmacists, ensuring high quality practice, promoting research, and advancing drug therapy. Minimum standards are established for the administration, facilities, drug distribution/control, information services, and role of the pharmacy director in setting goals and supervising personnel. The roles of pharmacy technicians are also mentioned. Overall, the document provides a framework for developing and evaluating pharmaceutical services in hospitals.
3D printing has potential applications in precision manufacturing of individualized drug formulations. It allows rapid conversion of digital designs into physical objects through layer-by-layer deposition of materials. 3D printing offers benefits for personalized dosing like adjusting drug release profiles, shapes and sizes. It could produce combination drugs or "polypills" tailored for patients' specific needs like pediatric or geriatric populations to improve adherence. The technology may help address issues with polypharmacy through customized multi-drug formulations in a single dosage form.
This document introduces factorial research designs and multivariate analysis. It defines factorial designs as having two or more independent variables. A 2x2 factorial design is used as an example, examining the effects of initial diagnosis (general or social anxiety) and therapy type (group or individual) on client wellness. Key terms for factorial designs are defined, including cell means, marginal means, main effects, and interactions. Five patterns of factorial results are described: interactions where one simple effect is null while the other is significant; where simple effects are in opposite directions; where they are in the same direction but different sizes; and non-interactions where both simple effects are either significant and in the same direction/size or null. Main effects can sometimes be
This document discusses fractional factorial designs of experiments. It explains that full factorial designs require testing all possible combinations of factors and levels, which can become infeasible with more than a few factors. Fractional factorial designs exploit this redundancy by selecting a subset of the full factorial design. This allows studying many factors using fewer experimental runs. The document provides examples of selecting fractional factorial designs and discusses orthogonal arrays, which provide balanced and efficient experimental designs according to Taguchi methods.
Factorial design is an experimental design technique introduced by Fisher in 1926 that involves studying the effect of two or more factors, each with discrete possible values called levels on an outcome. There are two main types of factorial designs: full factorial designs and fractional factorial designs. Full factorial designs involve every possible combination of levels across all factors and can become infeasible with more than 5 factors, while fractional factorial designs reduce the number of runs needed making them applicable when there are more than 5 factors.
This document provides an overview of design of experiments (DOE). It discusses key concepts like factors, responses, experimental design, and the four basic steps of DOE: plan, collect, analyze, and present. Examples are given to illustrate different types of experimental designs like full factorial designs, fractional factorial designs, and split lot designs. The document also discusses how to identify important factors, characterize relationships, and optimize responses through experimentation.
This document describes a 2x2 factorial experimental design to study the effects of teaching method and aptitude on student performance. The study will randomly assign 3rd graders scoring below or above 85 on an aptitude test to either a lecture only or lecture with small group discussion teaching method. This creates four groups to examine the influence of two independent variables - teaching method and aptitude level - on the dependent variable of student performance.
The Role of Fractional Factorial and D-Optimal Designs in the Development of ...DrVivekChauhan1
This document outlines a presentation on using fractional factorial and D-optimal designs in developing quality by design (QbD) pharmaceutical production processes. It includes an overview of GSK's API chemistry work, two case studies on using fractional factorial designs to screen factors and understand processes, and a study using a fractional factorial design to demonstrate robustness and define a design space for a manufacturing process. The presentation covers applying design of experiments to gain process understanding and confidence in developing robust, high-quality production processes.
The document describes the development and evaluation of a fusidic acid containing niosomal gel for wound treatment. Key aspects include:
1) Fusidic acid-loaded niosomes were prepared using thin film hydration with varying molar ratios of cholesterol and Span 80.
2) The niosomal gel formulations were evaluated for characteristics like pH, drug content, and in vitro drug release.
3) The most promising formulation (F8) showed nearly 73% fusidic acid release over 24 hours, indicating its potential as a transdermal drug delivery system using niosomes.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
One health condition that is becoming more common day by day is diabetes.
According to research conducted by the National Family Health Survey of India, diabetic cases show a projection which might increase to 10.4% by 2030.
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Our backs are like superheroes, holding us up and helping us move around. But sometimes, even superheroes can get hurt. That’s where slip discs come in.
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdfJim Jacob Roy
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
TEST BANK For Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice, 3rd...Donc Test
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2. AIM: TO INTRODUCE THE PRINCIPLES OF
A FACTORIAL EXPERIMENT
F A C T O R I A L E X P E R I M E N T S 2
Factorial
Experiments
Example 1 Overview Example 2
Other
designs
3. EXAMPLE
Bushman et al (1971):
Do adults feel more violent after seeing
violence?
Do males generally feel more violent then
females?
Are males affected more by seeing violence
than females?
F A C T O R I A L E X P E R I M E N T S 3
4. EXAMPLE
Independent variables.
(1) Violence of video with two levels:
Violent video & Neutral video.
(2) Gender with two levels:
Male & Female.
Dependent variable:
Feelings of aggression
Measured by the number of aggressive
associates to ambiguous words e.g. cuff - “shirt”
or “punch”.
F A C T O R I A L E X P E R I M E N T S 4
5. EXAMPLE
This is a factorial experiment
Each level of each independent variable occurs
with each level of the other factor:
male subjects see the violent video
male subjects see the neutral video
female subjects see the violent video
female subjects see the neutral video
It is also an independent groups
experiment
Different subjects in each condition
F A C T O R I A L E X P E R I M E N T S 5
6. SUMMARY OF EXPERIMENT
Violence of Video
(IV1)
Neutral
(level 1)
Violent
(level 2)
Gender of
Subject (IV2)
Male (level 1) Group 1 Group 2
Female (level 2) Group 3 Group 4
F A C T O R I A L E X P E R I M E N T S 6
Experiment referred to as a: 2 x 2 unrelated (between subjects)
experiment
7. EXAMPLE
Design permits three hypotheses:
1 Main effect
The effect of type of video on aggression
Seeing a violent video will produce more feelings of
aggression than seeing a neutral video
2 Main effect
The effect of gender on aggression
Males will generally feel more aggressive then
females, regardless of video
F A C T O R I A L E X P E R I M E N T S 7
8. EXAMPLE
3 Interaction effect
The interaction of type of video and
gender
Relative to the neutral video, violent
video affects males more than
females.
F A C T O R I A L E X P E R I M E N T S 8
10. EXAMPLE
Result 1 – Main effect
The effect of type of
video on aggression
• 5.65 (neutral) vs 7.1
(violent)
• The violent video
produces a higher
aggression score than
the neutral video
• This result needs to be
confirmed with a
statistical test
5.65
7.10
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Aggression
score
Video type
Neutral
Violent
F A C T O R I A L E X P E R I M E N T S 10
11. EXAMPLE
Result 2 – Main effect
• The effect of gender on
aggression
• 6.95 (male) vs 5.80
(female)
• Males produce higher
aggression scores than
females
• This result needs to be
confirmed with a
statistical test
6.95
5.8
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Aggression
score
Gender
male
female
F A C T O R I A L E X P E R I M E N T S 11
12. EXAMPLE
Result 3 – Interaction
The interaction of type of
video and gender
There seems to be no
interaction effect (if lines are
parallel usually the case)
i.e. The violent video doesn’t
seem to have a greater effect on
males than females
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Neutral Violent
Aggression
Score
Video Type
Figure 1. Effect of video type
and gender on aggression
scores
Male
Female
F A C T O R I A L E X P E R I M E N T S 12
13. PROGRESSION POINT
F A C T O R I A L E X P E R I M E N T S 13
Factorial
Experiments
Example 1 Overview Example 2
Other
designs
14. FACTORIAL DESIGNS
Single factor experiments deal with one
independent variable
Most psychological phenomena are
governed by several independent variables
Often these variables have combined or
interactive effects
Thus need to look at several factors in the
same experiment
Use Factorial Designs
F A C T O R I A L E X P E R I M E N T S 14
15. FACTORIAL DESIGNS
Factorial design: each level of each
variable is combined with each level of
every other variable
Factorial designs provide information
about:
The effect of each IV on its own, called the main
effects
The effect of each combination of IVs, called the
interaction effect
F A C T O R I A L E X P E R I M E N T S 15
16. FACTORIAL DESIGNS
Complexity can vary in (1) number of
independent variables and (2) number of
levels of each independent variable
Describing a factorial design:
m x n – two Independent variables, one with m
levels, the other with n levels
l x m x n – three independent variables, one with
l levels, one with m levels and one with n levels
See over for examples
F A C T O R I A L E X P E R I M E N T S 16
17. FACTORIAL DESIGNS
Video type (IV1)
neutral violent
Gender
(IV2)
male
female
F A C T O R I A L E X P E R I M E N T S 17
NOTE: If there is no interaction the results of the simplest
design (2 x 2) can be interpreted directly without further post hoc
comparisons
Example: A 2 x 2 factorial design
18. FACTORIAL DESIGNS
F A C T O R I A L E X P E R I M E N T S 18
Video type (IV1)
caring neutral violent
Gender
(IV2)
male
female
Example: A 2 x 3 factorial design
When there are three or more levels of an independent variable
post hoc tests will be required if the main effect involves that
variable, or if there is an interaction
19. FACTORIAL DESIGNS
Advantages of Factorial Designs
Economical - looks at more than one variable at a
time.
Interactive - can look at the combined effects of
variables
Caution with factorial designs
Interpretation of results becomes problematic as:
the number of levels of each variable increases
E.g. 2 x 2 ; 3 x 3; 4 x 4; etc
the number of factors increases
E.g. 2 x 2; 2 x 2 x 2; 2 x 2 x 2 x 2
F A C T O R I A L E X P E R I M E N T S 19
20. PROGRESSION POINT
F A C T O R I A L E X P E R I M E N T S 20
Factorial
Experiments
Example 1 Overview Example 2
Other
designs
21. EXAMPLE 2 (WITH SIGNIFICANT
INTERACTION)
Hypothetical experiment:
Effects of alcohol and sleep deprivation on
driving performance
Independent variables
1. Amount of alcohol: 0 mls. vs 50 mls.
2. Amount of sleep deprivation: 4 hrs vs 12 hrs
Dependent variable
Number of mistakes on simulator
F A C T O R I A L E X P E R I M E N T S 21
22. EXAMPLE
Sleep deprivation
4 hrs 12 hrs Condition
Means
(alcohol)
Amount
of
Alcohol
zero millilitres 10.67 12.67 11.67
50 millilitres 15.00 26.00 20.50
Condition Means
(sleep
deprivation)
12.84 19.34
F A C T O R I A L E X P E R I M E N T S 22
23. EXAMPLE
Thee results have to be tested: two main
effects and one interaction
1. Main effect of alcohol
2. Main effect of sleep deprivation
3. Interaction between alcohol and sleep
deprivation
F A C T O R I A L E X P E R I M E N T S 23
24. EXAMPLE 2: MAIN EFFECT OF ALCOHOL
11.67
20.5
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 mls 50 mls
Number of
errors
Amount of alcohol
F A C T O R I A L E X P E R I M E N T S 24
Figure 1: Effect of amount of alcohol on number of errors
25. EXAMPLE 2 MAIN EFFECT OF SLEEP
DEPRIVATION
12.84
19.3
0
5
10
15
20
25
4 hrs 12 hrs
Number of
errors
Amount of sleep deprivation
F A C T O R I A L E X P E R I M E N T S 25
Figure 2: Effect of amount of sleep deprivation on number of errors
26. EXAMPLE 2 INTERACTION
10.67
12.67
15
26
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
4 hrs 24 hrs
Number of
errors
Amount of sleep deprivation
0 mls
50 mls
F A C T O R I A L E X P E R I M E N T S 26
Figure 3: Effect of the interaction of amount of alcohol and amount
of sleep deprivation on number of errors
27. PROGRESSION POINT
F A C T O R I A L E X P E R I M E N T S 27
Factorial
Experiments
Example 1 Overview Example 2
Other
designs
28. OTHER FACTORIAL DESIGNS: MORE
LEVELS
Sleep deprivation
4 hrs 12 hrs 24 hrs
Amount
of alcohol
0 mls Group 1 Group 2 Group 3
25 mls Group 4 Group 5 Group 6
50 mls Group 7 Group 8 Group 9
F A C T O R I A L E X P E R I M E N T S 28
This is a 3 x 3 unrelated (between subjects) design
Yields: Two main effects and one interaction effect . Post hoc comparisons are
needed to see where the differences lie because one variable has three levels
29. OTHER FACTORIAL DESIGNS: MORE
INDEPENDENT VARIABLES
4 hrs sleep deprivation 12 hrs sleep
deprivation
caffeine no caffeine caffeine no caffeine
0 mls
alcohol
Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4
50 mls
alcohol
Group 5 Group 6 Group 7 Group 8
F A C T O R I A L E X P E R I M E N T S 29
This is a 2 x 2 x 2 unrelated design: variables are (1) sleep deprivation, (2)
amount of alcohol and (3) amount of caffeine
Yields: three main effects and four interaction effects. Post hoc comparisons
may be needed
30. OTHER FACTORIAL DESIGNS: MIXED
Sleep deprivation
4 hrs 24 hrs
Amount
of
Alcohol
0 millilitres Group 1 Group1
50 millilitres Group 2 Group 2
F A C T O R I A L E X P E R I M E N T S 30
This is a 2 x 2 mixed design: same subjects for one variable; different
subjects for the other variable
Yields two main effects and one interaction effect but analysis is different
31. LEARNING OUTCOMES
Explain why factorial designs are important
Identify the information that comes from a
factorial design
Explain the terms “Main Effects” and “Interaction
Effect”
Identify the advantages and cautions of factorial
designs
Outline the nature of more complex designs
F A C T O R I A L E X P E R I M E N T S 31
32. READING
Howitt, D & Cramer, D (1997) An Introduction to
Statistics in Psychology. Chapter 22 (two-way
analysis of variance for unrelated scores) and
chapter 24 (More complex designs).
Howitt, D & Cramer, D (1999) Introduction to SPSS
in Psychology. Chapter 22 (two-way analysis of
variance for unrelated) and (optional) chapter 24
(analysis of covariance and two-way mixed
designs).
F A C T O R I A L E X P E R I M E N T S 32