(a) Paper-based μPADs: A wax pattern is printed on chromatography paper and melted on a hot plate to create a hydrophobic barrier [(i) and (ii)]. A circular pattern is excised using a biopsy punch to create a cut hole (iii). The paper is lowered onto a 100 μl droplet of 2% liquid agar and gently lifted, resulting in an agar membrane in the cut hole [(iv) and (v)]. Besides agar, this droplet method also works for Pluronic gel. (b) Plastic-based μPADs: A plastic sheet is taped on both sides, and multiple circular patterns are excised using an automated design cutter to create cut holes [(i) and (ii)]. The excised plastic sheet is vertically immersed into an 11.5% solution of Pluronic gel and removed, resulting in suspended membranes of Pluronic gel within the cut holes [iii) and (iv)].