The document is an introduction to a geography course for Form 5 students. It outlines the objectives, required materials, rules, and overview of units to be covered during the year. The six units include introductions to what geography is, Earth's formation and changes over time, maps and mapping, glaciers, rivers and the water cycle, and a case study of Africa. Key concepts covered include the Big Bang theory, geological timescales, human migration patterns, and natural and human-caused changes to Earth over time.

1. Introductionto
Form5Geography
Mrs Rodrigues

2. Objectives:
 Make introductions
 Discuss required materials
 Geography lessons’ rules
 Overview of this year’s units

3. Essential
Materials
 Ruler
 Pencil and eraser
 Colour Pencil
 Highlighters (3 different colours)
 Scissors
 Glue stick

4. Geographylessons’Rules
 1- Always bring your notebook, book and workbook
 2 – Do not forget writing material: pen, pencil, eraser and sharpener
 3 – Raise your hand to speak
 4 – Do not speak while others are speaking! Wait patiently for your turn.
 5 – Copy what the teacher writes on the White board, except if told not to copy.
 6 – If you really need to, go to the toilet before class starts

5. Overviewof
thisyear’sunits
 Unit 1: What is Geography?
 Unit 2: It’s your planet!
 Unit 3: Maps and Mapping
 Unit 4: Glaciers
 Unit 5: Rivers and the Water Cycle
 Unit 6:Case Study – Africa

6. Unit1:
Whatisgeography?
Objective: To introduce the field
of Geography

7. 1st task:Makeaunittitleandakeytermspage
 On your first page, write the unit title
What is Geography?
 Make a unit cover page illustration,
based on the title
 On the last page, write Key Terms at
the top of the page and underline it

8. KeyQuestion:
WhatisGeography?

9. Geography: The study of the earth: its surface and all life on it. We learn
about topics such as the different countries and people on Earth, its climate,
its natural resources, and its oceans, rivers, and mountains.
→ Physical Geography
A natural science that studies
physical features of the earth’s
surface
→ Human Geography
The study of people and their
communities, cultures, economies, and
interactions with the environment

10. Unit2:
It’syour
planet!
•The Big Bang Theory
•Earth’s story
•Geological timescale
•The solar system
•How Earth’s changing
Learning topics:

11. TheBigBangTheory(p.6-7)
 1. Copy the title
 2. I will read the story of how
Earth began!

12. TheBigBangTheory(p.6-7)
 The start of life: Billion of years after Earth was formed, the
first forms of life appeared: tiny little cells that would split in two,
reproducing. They can also change or evolve (process of evolution).
 Answer questions 1 to 3 in full sentences. (p.7)

13. TheBigBang
Theory(p.6-7)
 Using the book glossary (p.142) define and copy the
Key Terms :
 The Big Bang
 Theory
 Gravity
 Atmosphere
 Cell
 Evolution

14. TheBigBangTheory(p.6-7)
Key Terms:
 The Big Bang: The explosion of energy that led to the formation of the
Universe
 Theory: an idea that is suggested or presented as possibly true but that
is not known or proven to be true.
 Gravity: the force of attraction that holds planets in the solar system,
and hold us on Earth
 Atmosphere: The layer of gas around Earth
 Cell: the units from which all living things are made
 Evolution: the process by which new species of living things develop

15. Earth’sstory:lifedevelops(p.8-9)
Objective: Learn about the history of the formation of our planet and how life on Earth
developed
 Read the story about how life on Earth developed
 Answer questions 3 and 4 in your notebook, in complete sentences
 Fossils: are the remains of ancient animals and plants that are preserved in rocks.
By studying them, scientists can gather clues that will tell us how old those fossils
are.
 Fossils are created when a living body dies, and its body falls into the ocean floor. Is
buried into mud and sand turning into sand later. When the ocean floor is pushed
upwards and becomes land there’s a big chance of that fossil being found.

16. Earth’sstory:lifedevelops(p.8-9)
Key terms:
 Species: A group of living things of the same type
 Mass extinction: When a large number of species
die off
 Mammals: Warm-blooded animals with hair, their
mums produce milk to feed their young
 Asteroid: a large piece of rock that orbits the sun
Extension: How do you think humans might evolve in
the future? Make a drawing of it and write a small
explanation
Horseshoe crabs are often referred to as
living fossils, as they have changed little
in the last 445 million years.

17. Earth’s story: the
timescale (p.10-11)
 Objective: To learn about Earth’s different
timescales and the various periods of
evolution
What is Earth’s Timescale? It is a timescale
based on the study of rocks that shows when
Earth began and how it evolved.
The timescale is divided in three eras and
each era in several periods - is the geological
timescale.

18. Life’s Timeline
 Earth was formed (4.5 billion years ago)
 Single cells were created in the ocean (3.5 bya)
 Ocean animals appeared (550 million years ago =
mya)
 Life moved onto land: simple plants (475 mya)
 First animals on land (395 myo)
 Dinosaurs appeared (230 mya)
 Mass extinction: a huge asteroid struck Earth, 75%
of living things died, including dinosaurs (66 mya)
 First human species appeared, in Africa (2 mya)
 US! Homo sapiens appeared (200 000 years ago)
2nd Task: make a
timeline of the
following events

19. Objective:Tolearnaboutourtimeon
earthcomparedtootherlivingthings
andhowjourneyedtoallcornersof
theworld.
Our time on Earth (p.12-13)
 Read page 12, analyse the clock and copy the chart
 Answer the following questions:
What came first? Sea animals or land animals?
Who has been here longer, plants or us?
Which living things have been here the longest?

20. OurtimeonEarth(p.12-13)
 Read page 13 and answer the question: What was the major problem for
human migration?
Write the following key terms:
 Ice age: a time when Earth’s average temperature was lower than the usual
and glaciers spread.
 Land Bridge: land that is exposed when sea levels fall
 Did humans change with migration? Yes! When we left Africa, we had dark
skin but with migration taking us away from the Equator (up north to cold
lands) the sunlight was weaker, and our skin responded to that becoming
lighter.

21.  Read p.14-15
 Now use your imagination to answer
question 1 and 2 on p.15
 Watch video Human Planet trailer
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YluaxLCJ
U3w
Our Place on Earth (p.14-15)
Objective: To look at some
of the places we live on
Earth.

22. Earth:AVerySpecialPlanet(p.16-17)
 Objective: To learn about why our planet is
special
 Key term: the Solar System is made up of
our Sun, the planets and their moons,
and asteroids and other floating objects

23. A full orbit around the sun takes one year.
During that orbit we have four weather
seasons: spring, summer, autumn and
winter.
A full spin around the sun takes 24h. It gives
us night and day.
Answer questions 2 to 4 on p. 17
Earth: A Very Special Planet (p.16-17)
Earth’s journey around the sun:

24. What’sEarthlike?
 Mostly made of rock and a core made of iron and
nickel.
 Temperature at the center is 6,000ºC
 More than two-thirds of Earth’s surface is covered
by water (Blue Planet)

25.  Objective: To learn how natural processes and we,
humans, are changing Earth.
 Earth is constantly changing due to natural and
human processes.
 The most important change was 200 million
years ago (mesozoic – p.11)
 Supercontinent Pangaea and The massive ocean
Panthalassa
Changing Earth (p.18-19)

26. ChangingEarth(p.18-19)
Natural Changes Human Changes
Earthquakes and volcanoes destroy and
build landscapes
Deforestation (cutting down trees) and
mining (digging minerals and metals)
Rivers, waves, glaciers and wind erode
and shape the land
Building towns, villages and roads
changed the natural landscape
Weathering breaks down rocks and
changes the landscape
Earth was divided in 195 countries by
human and political borders.
Answer questions 1, 2 and 4 on page 19

27. ChangingEarth(p.18-19)
Problems caused by changes:
 Killing of many animal and plants species by hunting them and destroying
their habitat
 Earth is getting warmer due to burning fossil fuels
 Storms, floods and famine due to global warming
 Conflicts between people and even wars
Key terms:
 Fossil fuels: a natural fuel such as coal, gas or oil formed from the remains of
living organisms
 Global warming: the rise in average temperatures around the world