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Extended relational algebra
1.
Extended Relational-Algebra-Operations
Generalized Projection Outer Join Aggregate Functions Generalized Projection Extends the projection operation by allowing arithmetic functions to be used in the projection list. F1, F2, …, Fn(E) E is any relational-algebra expression Each of F1, F2, …, Fn are are arithmetic expressions involving constants and attributes in the schema of E. Given relation credit-info(customer-name, limit, credit-balance), find how much more each person can spend: customer-name, limit – credit-balance (credit-info) Database system ,CSE-313, P.B. Dr. M. A. Kashem Asst. Professor. CSE, DUET, Gazipur. Database System Concepts 3.1 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
2.
Aggregate Functions and
Operations Aggregation function takes a collection of values and returns a single value as a result. avg: average value min: minimum value max: maximum value sum: sum of values count: number of values Aggregate operation in relational algebra G1, G2, …, Gng F1( A1), F2( A2),…, Fn( An) (E) E is any relational-algebra expression G1, G2 …, Gn is a list of attributes on which to group (can be empty) Each Fi is an aggregate function Each Ai is an attribute name Database system ,CSE-313, P.B. Dr. M. A. Kashem Asst. Professor. CSE, DUET, Gazipur. Database System Concepts 3.2 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
3.
Aggregate Operation –
Example Relation r: A B C 7 7 3 10 g sum(c) (r) sum-C 27 Database system ,CSE-313, P.B. Dr. M. A. Kashem Asst. Professor. CSE, DUET, Gazipur. Database System Concepts 3.3 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
4.
Aggregate Operation –
Example Relation account grouped by branch-name: branch-name account-number balance Perryridge A-102 Perryridge A-201 Brighton A-217 Brighton A-215 Redwood A-222 branch-name g sum(balance) (account) 400 900 750 750 700 branch-name balance Perryridge 1300 Brighton 1500 Redwood 700 Database system ,CSE-313, P.B. Dr. M. A. Kashem Asst. Professor. CSE, DUET, Gazipur. Database System Concepts 3.4 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
5.
Outer Join
An extension of the join operation that avoids loss of information. Computes the join and then adds tuples form one relation that does not match tuples in the other relation to the result of the join. Uses null values: null signifies that the value is unknown or does not exist All comparisons involving null are (roughly speaking) false by definition. Database system ,CSE-313, P.B. Dr. M. A. Kashem Asst. Professor. CSE, DUET, Gazipur. Database System Concepts 3.5 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
6.
Outer Join –
Example Relation loan branch-name Downtown Redwood Perryridge loan-number amount L-170 L-230 L-260 Relation borrower 3000 4000 1700 customer-name loan-number Jones L-170 Smith L-230 Hayes L-155 Database system ,CSE-313, P.B. Dr. M. A. Kashem Asst. Professor. CSE, DUET, Gazipur. Database System Concepts 3.6 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
7.
Outer Join –
Example Inner Join loan Borrower loan-number amount L-170 3000 L-230 4000 customer-name Jones Smith branch-name Downtown Redwood Left Outer Join loan Borrower branch-name customer-name Downtown Jones Redwood Smith Perryridge null loan-number amount L-170 3000 L-230 4000 L-260 1700 Database system ,CSE-313, P.B. Dr. M. A. Kashem Asst. Professor. CSE, DUET, Gazipur. Database System Concepts 3.7 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
8.
Outer Join –
Example Right Outer Join loan borrower loan-number amount L-170 L-230 L-155 Full Outer Join branch-name Downtown Redwood null loan borrower 3000 4000 null customer-name Jones Smith Hayes loan-number amount L-170 3000 L-230 4000 L-260 1700 L-155 null customer-name Jones Smith null Hayes branch-name Downtown Redwood Perryridge null Database system ,CSE-313, P.B. Dr. M. A. Kashem Asst. Professor. CSE, DUET, Gazipur. Database System Concepts 3.8 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
9.
Modification of the
Database The content of the database may be modified using the following operations: Deletion Insertion Updating All these operations are expressed using the assignment operator. Deletion A delete request is expressed similarly to a query, except instead of displaying tuples to the user, the selected tuples are removed from the database. Can delete only whole tuples; cannot delete values on only particular attributes A deletion is expressed in relational algebra by: r r – E where r is a relation and E is a relational algebra query. Database system ,CSE-313, P.B. Dr. M. A. Kashem Asst. Professor. CSE, DUET, Gazipur. Database System Concepts 3.9 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
10.
Deletion Examples
Delete all account records in the Perryridge branch. account account – branch-name = “Perryridge” (account) Delete all loan records with amount in the range of 0 to 50 loan loan – amount 0 and amount 50 (loan) Delete all accounts at branches located in Needham. r1 branch-city = “Needham” (account branch) r2 branch-name, account-number, balance (r1) r3 customer-name, account-number (r2 depositor) account account – r2 depositor depositor – r3 Database system ,CSE-313, P.B. Dr. M. A. Kashem Asst. Professor. CSE, DUET, Gazipur. Database System Concepts 3.10 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
11.
Insertion To
insert data into a relation, we either: specify a tuple to be inserted write a query whose result is a set of tuples to be inserted in relational algebra, an insertion is expressed by: r r E where r is a relation and E is a relational algebra expression. The insertion of a single tuple is expressed by letting E be a constant relation containing one tuple. Database system ,CSE-313, P.B. Dr. M. A. Kashem Asst. Professor. CSE, DUET, Gazipur. Database System Concepts 3.11 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
12.
Insertion Examples
Insert information in the database specifying that Smith has $1200 in account A-973 at the Perryridge branch. account account {(“Perryridge”, A-973, 1200)} depositor depositor {(“Smith”, A-973)} Provide as a gift for all loan customers in the Perryridge branch, a $200 savings account. Let the loan number serve as the account number for the new savings account. r1 (branch-name = “Perryridge” (borrower loan)) account account branch-name, account-number,200 (r1) depositor depositor customer-name, loan-number(r1) Database system ,CSE-313, P.B. Dr. M. A. Kashem Asst. Professor. CSE, DUET, Gazipur. Database System Concepts 3.12 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
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