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1. BEC 303:ELECTRONICS PRINCIPLES and
CIRCUITS
Quote of the day
“Education is not the learning of facts but
training of the mind to think”.
― Albert Einstein
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2. BEC 303:ELECTRONICS PRINCIPLES and CIRCUITS
• It is a Professional Core Course Theory Integrated with
practical’s of the same course.
• CIE for theory component has 25 marks and Practical
component also has 25 marks.
• Evaluation of practical component: 15 Marks for conduction
of experiment (10 for conduction write up & 5 viva) 10
Marks for test conducted at end of semester.
• Total 10 experiments to be conducted either using any
circuit simulator software or discrete components.
• We are using Multisim simulator, one or two experiments
shall be performed using discrete components

3. Experiment 1a:Bridge rectifier
Circuit operation, Design considerations
and Simulation
3

4. Aim: Design and Testing of Full wave Bridge type
rectifier circuits with and without Capacitor filter.
Determination of ripple factor, regulation and efficiency
• Components required: Diodes (4), Load Resistance (1-Decade
resistor), Capacitor (1-for with filter) and Power source ( 12 v
stepdown transformer)
4

5. Circuit operation without filter
Courtesy: Electronics Devices and circuit theory by Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky, 11th edition, Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2006 by Pearson Education, .
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The peak value of the output voltage vo is therefore Vomax = Vm - 2VK

6. Calculations
• An average output value determined by
• Or if we consider the diode drop
• The required PIV of each diode (ideal) can be
determined from the circuit
• The peak of the positive region of the input signal. For
the indicated loop the maximum voltage across R is Vm
and the PIV rating is defined by
• What is the ripple for bridge rectifier?
Courtesy: Electronics Devices and circuit theory by Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky, 11th edition, Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2006 by Pearson Education, .

7. Calculations contd..
• Ripple:𝑟 =
𝑅𝑖𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒
𝐷𝑐 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒
• Also expressed as 𝑟 =
𝑉𝑟,𝑟𝑚𝑠
𝑉𝑑𝑐
Where
• And
• Rectification Efficiency  =
• Voltage Regulation=
𝑉𝑁𝐿−𝑉𝐹𝐿
𝑉𝐹𝐿
× 100%
∴ 𝑟 =
𝑉
𝑟𝑚𝑠
2
𝑉𝑑𝑐
2 − 1
𝑉
𝑟,𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 𝑉
𝑟𝑚𝑠
2
− 𝑉𝑑𝑐
2
𝑉
𝑟𝑚𝑠 =
𝑉
𝑚
2
𝐷𝑐 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
𝐴𝑐 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑠𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦
=
𝑃𝑑𝑐
𝑃𝑎𝑐
∴ 𝜂 =
𝑉𝑑𝑐
2
𝑉
𝑟𝑚𝑠
2

8. Procedure
• Create the model/make connections as shown in the circuit
diagram.
• Simulate/Switch on the AC power supply.
• Observe the voltage waveform across the load resistor
using Scope/on the CRO and note down the output
amplitude and frequency.
• Measure and note the following as per the given
instructions for different load resistances :
• Calculate the values of input RMS current, ripple factor,
efficiency and regulation for each load resistance using the
formulae mentioned in the previous section.
• Repeat the above procedure with filter capacitor.

9. Observations
• Without filter
• With filter
• Note VNL is to be obtained with no resistive load(IL=0)
connected across the rectifier circuit and VFL with resistive
load (Maximum load current).
• Observe the frequency, input voltage amplitude and VNL, VFL
RL (Ω) 𝑽𝒎
𝑉
𝑟𝑚𝑠 =
𝑉
𝑚
2
𝑽𝒅𝒄 =
𝑉
𝑚
𝜋
=0.636𝑉
𝑚
r=
𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠
2
𝑉𝑑𝑐
2 − 1
Efficiency
𝜂 =
𝑉𝑑𝑐
2
𝑉
𝑟𝑚𝑠
2
Voltage
Regulation=
𝑉𝑁𝐿−𝑉𝐹𝐿
𝑉𝐹𝐿
× 100%
RL
(Ω)
𝑽𝑹(𝒑−𝒑) 𝑉
𝒓𝒓𝒎𝒔
=
𝑉𝑹(𝒑−𝒑)
4 3
𝑉
𝑟𝑚𝑠 =
𝑉
𝑚
2
𝑽𝒅𝒄 =
𝑉
𝑚
𝜋
=0.636𝑉
𝑚
r=
𝑉𝒓 𝒓𝒎𝒔
2
𝑉𝑑𝑐
2
Efficiency
𝜂 =
𝑉𝑑𝑐
2
𝑉
𝑟𝑚𝑠
2
Voltage Regulation
=
𝑉𝑁𝐿−𝑉𝐹𝐿
𝑉𝐹𝐿
× 100%

10. Observations
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑟 =
1
4 3𝑓𝐶𝑅𝐿
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑟 =
𝜋2
8
− 1
RESULT: Output waveform of rectifier have been observed and the calculated ripple
factor, efficiency and regulation are ---------,---------- and-------------- respectively.
Courtesy: Electronics Devices and circuit theory by Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky, 11th edition, Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2006 by Pearson Education, .

11. Experiment 1b: Zener as Regulator
Circuit operation, Design considerations
and Simulation
11

12. • Components required: Zener diode (20V, 1W), Resistors-
(2KΩ, 500 Ω-1W), DC regulated Power supply ((0-30)V, 2A),
DRB and multimeters (2).
• R the source resistor
Aim: Conduct an experiment to draw the characteristics
of Zener diode and design a Simple Zener voltage
regulator determine line and load regulation.
IL
I
Courtesy: Electronics Devices and circuit theory by Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky, 11th edition, Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2006 by Pearson Education, .

13. Design considerations
• Design: IZ(max) = PZ(max)/VZ
• for a given Zener diode if VZ =20V and PZ (max)=1W, then
IZ(max) =50mA. For safe operation select, IZ(max) = IZ(max) /2
= 25mA.
• Selecting IL=5mA, and IZ(min)=5mA
• RL=VL/IL=VZ/IL= 20/5= 2KΩ.
• R=(Vin(max)-VZ) / (IZ(max) + IL)= (35-20)/(25mA+5mA)=500Ω
select 500Ω/1W.
• Percentage line regulation is
∆𝑉𝑜
∆𝑉𝑖𝑛
×100
• Percentage load regulation is
𝑉𝑁𝐿−𝑉𝐹𝐿
𝑉𝐹𝐿
×100

14. Procedure
• Create the model/make connections as shown in the circuit
diagram.
• For load regulation: Keep Input Dc source constant and vary
Load resistor value by connecting DRB.
• For Line regulation: Keep Load resistor constant to 2KΩ and
vary input from 1-35 volts use variable dc supply.
• Simulate/Switch on the DC power supply as per the
regulation required.
• Measure and note the following as per the given
instructions
• Input voltage and output voltage for line regulation.
• For load regulation VNL, VFL, Observe Vo and RL for given I/P .

15. Observations
• Line Regulation
• Load Regulation
• To Compute regulation Observe:∆𝑉
𝑜, ∆𝑉𝑖𝑛, 𝑉𝑁𝐿and 𝑉𝐹𝐿
• ∆𝑉
𝑜, ∆𝑉𝑖𝑛 shall be taken from the graph of 𝑉
𝑜vs 𝑉𝑖𝑛
Vin(V) V0(V) Iz(mA)
RL(Ω) V0(V) Iz(mA)
RESULT: Maximum Output voltage, percentage line regulation and percentage load
regulation are ---------,---------- and-------------- respectively.

16. Thank you