Welcome to Expert Topic, a new feature for International Aquafeed. Each issue will take an in-depth look at a particular species and how it's feed is managed.
With the continued expansion of cultured fish and shellfish species, aquaculture has become a key component of the animal health industry. Aquaculture is the fastest growing industry around the world with around 80 million tonnes produced annually. With an average annual growth rate of 7 percent, more then 60 percent of the global seafood is currently supplied from aquaculture. However, this growth is not without its problems, as demonstrated by the latest outbreak of Early Mortality Syndrome (EMS) in the shrimp industry, sea lice in the salmon industry and an array of other diseases.
Utlisation of Roasted Guar Korma as alternative for fishmeal and soybean meal...International Aquafeed
Roasted Guar Korma is a high protein raw material, obtained after extraction of Guar gum from the seeds of the leguminous plant Cyamopsis tetragonoloba. It is cleaned and roasted after the gum extraction to remove anti-nutritional factors present in korma, such as trypsin inhibitor, improving its nutritional values and total digestibility.
The presentation was part of the Brussels Development Briefing on the topic of fish-farming, organized by the Technical Centre for Agriculture (CTA), the European Commission, and the African, Carribean, and Pacific (ACP) Secretariat on 3rd of July 2013 in Brussels.
More on: http://brusselsbriefings.net/
Portfolio available in high res upon request
Curious mind – creative designer – MA with multidisciplinary education – major in fashion – visual storyteller – customer experience specialist - design and social media projects
With the continued expansion of cultured fish and shellfish species, aquaculture has become a key component of the animal health industry. Aquaculture is the fastest growing industry around the world with around 80 million tonnes produced annually. With an average annual growth rate of 7 percent, more then 60 percent of the global seafood is currently supplied from aquaculture. However, this growth is not without its problems, as demonstrated by the latest outbreak of Early Mortality Syndrome (EMS) in the shrimp industry, sea lice in the salmon industry and an array of other diseases.
Utlisation of Roasted Guar Korma as alternative for fishmeal and soybean meal...International Aquafeed
Roasted Guar Korma is a high protein raw material, obtained after extraction of Guar gum from the seeds of the leguminous plant Cyamopsis tetragonoloba. It is cleaned and roasted after the gum extraction to remove anti-nutritional factors present in korma, such as trypsin inhibitor, improving its nutritional values and total digestibility.
The presentation was part of the Brussels Development Briefing on the topic of fish-farming, organized by the Technical Centre for Agriculture (CTA), the European Commission, and the African, Carribean, and Pacific (ACP) Secretariat on 3rd of July 2013 in Brussels.
More on: http://brusselsbriefings.net/
Portfolio available in high res upon request
Curious mind – creative designer – MA with multidisciplinary education – major in fashion – visual storyteller – customer experience specialist - design and social media projects
Dossier Seminario Internacional de Estrategia de Comunicación DigitalLisandro Caravaca
Dossier Seminario Internacional de Estrategia de Comunicación Digital. Tendrá una modalidad presencial y otra online. Se organiza desde Valladolid los días 1, 3 y 8 de julio de 2014. Más información: http://eduskopia.com/estrategiadigitalvll/
Muchas veces en nuestra profesión se nos pide solucionar problemas con pocos recursos, en extremadamente poco tiempo y se espera que presentemos soluciones brillantes que no sólo funcionen, sino que también dejen impresionados tanto a jefes como a nuestros clientes y/o usuarios. En esta colección de anécdotas, tanto propias como ajenas, discutiremos que muchas veces llegar a la conclusión de que un problema es imposible de resolver, es que se ha intentado resolver el problema equivocado.
British Columbia Medical Journal, January/February 2010 issue
Please download or visit this entire issue online at http://bcmj.org/january-february-2010
Dossier Seminario Internacional de Estrategia de Comunicación DigitalLisandro Caravaca
Dossier Seminario Internacional de Estrategia de Comunicación Digital. Tendrá una modalidad presencial y otra online. Se organiza desde Valladolid los días 1, 3 y 8 de julio de 2014. Más información: http://eduskopia.com/estrategiadigitalvll/
Muchas veces en nuestra profesión se nos pide solucionar problemas con pocos recursos, en extremadamente poco tiempo y se espera que presentemos soluciones brillantes que no sólo funcionen, sino que también dejen impresionados tanto a jefes como a nuestros clientes y/o usuarios. En esta colección de anécdotas, tanto propias como ajenas, discutiremos que muchas veces llegar a la conclusión de que un problema es imposible de resolver, es que se ha intentado resolver el problema equivocado.
British Columbia Medical Journal, January/February 2010 issue
Please download or visit this entire issue online at http://bcmj.org/january-february-2010
In January 2003, the veterinary specialists below met during the North American Veterinary
Conference in Orlando, Florida, to discuss emerging flea-borne diseases, some strategies for preventing
infestations, and ways to improve owner compliance with appropriate therapy. The following are
excerpts from this roundtable discussion.
Biotechnological applications in preserving endangered speciesDariyus Kabraji
A presentation on a few dolphin species under threat, the virus responsible for so many of their deaths, and the biotechnological undertaking to solve this problem
Comparative study of the effectiveness of combination therapies based on atem...Open Access Research Paper
The National Malaria Control Program recommended in 1993, the use of Chloroquina (CQ) as first line drug for malaria treatment, and sulfadoxin pyrimethamin as second drug. After years, Benin knows resistance about these antimalarials. Quinina was to treat gravities. In 2004, the strategy of treatment changed. Treatment of malaria cases is based on use of arteminisinia therapeutic combination. The goal of this study is to be sure that these drugs are efficace before general use in the country and in some regions as Dassa Zounmè where the resistance is up (61. 3% for Chloroquina CQ and 45.9% for SP in 2002).The study is based on: comparison of therapeutic efficacy of artemether Lumefantrine and Artesunate Amodiaquine. Results show that all of the tested drugs have good therapeutic efficacy. Most important rate failure is in Dassa Zounmè (33, 86%) than Parakou (23, 44%). They are parasitologic failure and are probably due to the reinfestation of children. Two drugs have a good parasitological clearance and eliminate fever after 2 days of treatment.
With the continued expansion of cultured fish and shellfish species, aquaculture has become a key component of the animal health industry. Aquaculture is the fastest growing industry around the world with around 80 million tones produced annually.
I am sure everyone involved in any fish vaccination would really rather prefer that they didn’t have to vaccinate. It is an expensive, time consuming, hazardous and stressful process. So why do we vaccinate fish?
Pesticide Health Risks to Children & the Unborn v2zq
Pesticide Health Risks to Children & the Unborn - Resources for Healthy Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - For more information, Please see Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613963 - Gardening with Volcanic Rock Dust www.scribd.com/doc/254613846 - Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech www.scribd.com/doc/254613765 - Free School Gardening Art Posters www.scribd.com/doc/254613694 - Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 - Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - City Chickens for your Organic School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254613553 - Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica www.scribd.com/doc/254613494 - Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide www.scribd.com/doc/254613410 - Free Organic Gardening Publications www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 ~ casle.ca
Presentation 3.11 Updates on AHPND in Southeast Asia: outcomes on a recent re...ExternalEvents
http://www.fao.org/documents/card/en/c/28b6bd62-5433-4fad-b5a1-8ac61eb671b1/
FAO Second International Technical Seminar/Workshop on Acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) There is a way forward! FAO Technical Cooperation Programme: TCP/INT/3501 and TCP/INT/3502.
FISH FARMING TECHNOLOGY: The use of feed in recirculating aquaculture systems...International Aquafeed
One of the greatest operating costs in aquaculture is the use of commercial feed pellets, which can comprise of up to 50-60 percent of total expense in some farms.
FISH FARMING TECHNOLOGY: The Faivre equipped trout farms of AbbevilleInternational Aquafeed
Amidst the picturesque countryside of Abbeville, Northern France, Darren Parris, Tom Blacker and Peter Parker from the International Aquafeed team, spent an afternoon late last year visiting trout farms. Our hosts were Phillip Jorgensen, fish farms manager, and Aubert Faivre, who is sales manager for Faivre.
The Salmonidae family, collectively known as Salmonids, comprises of salmon, trout, chars, freshwater whitefishes, and graylings, but it is the trout and Atlantic salmon, of the genus Salmo, which gives the family their name. A slender teleost fish, they can range in size between just 13 cm to a whopping 2 m in length. With a single row of sharp teeth, Salmonids are predators, choosing to feed on smaller fish, aquatic insects and small crustaceans. Despite spawning in fresh water Salmonids are mostly anadromous, spending their lives at sea, choosing only to return to rivers to reproduce.
Innovation nation - How new developments in aquaculture are boosting the Scot...International Aquafeed
With an estimated market value of over £1.8 billion and Scottish salmon exports alone reaching over £500 million, Scotland’s aquaculture sector is fast becoming a core pillar for the future growth of the Scottish economy. However, with such a steep increase in the demand for fish products, there is a real need for innovation within the sector to stay ahead of the curve and provide a sustainable supply of healthy protein; not only for the present but for the future of a market that appears set to keep growing. Ahead of Aquaculture UK, CEO of the Scottish Aquaculture Innovation Centre (SAIC), Heather Jones, shares some of the organisation’s forays into finfish research projects and the ways in which is working with both industry and academia to enhance the whole of the Scottish aquaculture sector.
The Asian catfish Pangasius, Pangasianodon hypophthalmus is recognised as a leading aquaculture food fish on world markets. The commercial culture of Pangasius was developed in the mid 1990’s in Vietnam and quickly expanded to production levels of nearly one million tons per year. Other countries including Thailand, Cambodia, Myanmar, Indonesia, Philippines, Bangladesh and India have adapted Pangasius as part of their aquaculture production. Pangasius can be successfully cultured in most tropical regions of the world however countries in the Western Hemisphere have been slow to embrace Pangasius aquaculture, in part, due to the lack of practical knowledge of the species food requirements during the larval and fry stages.
Mud crabs, also known as mangrove crabs, occur widely in estuaries and along tropical, subtropical and warm temperate coasts in the world. There are four species of mud crab (Family: Portunidae), Scylla serrata, S. tranquebarica, S. paramamosain and S. olivacea that are the focus of both commercial fisheries and aquaculture production throughout their distribution. They are among the most valuable crab species in the world, with the bulk of their commercial production sent live to market.
The European lobster (Homarus gammarus) is an ecologically important species of the North-eastern Atlantic which supports wild trap fisheries that are worth around £30 million each year to the UK alone. By weight the species is the highest-value seafood among those landed regularly in the UK and Ireland, where 75 percent of the ~5,000t annual landings for the species are made. As such, lobsters provide essential diversity to fragile inshore fisheries and vital income for rural coastal economies. However, populations across its range are pressured by rising exploitation, from which traditional fisheries management has failed to prevent extensive regional stock collapses in the recent past, and now struggles to stimulate recovery. While lobsters have long been transported as a live export commodity, chiefly to France and the Iberian peninsula, emerging markets, particularly those in East Asia, threaten to create additional demand for the species which far exceeds current capture yields. Improvements in hatchery rearing success have seen a number of recent aquaculture initiatives employed, in the hope of both generating restoration and improved sustainability of wild harvests, and instigating commercial aquaculture possibilities.
In the past 50 years, the global demand for fish products has doubled, and more than 45 percent of the world’s seafood today now comes not from wild catches, but from either land-based or offshore fish farms. To meet this rising demand for seafood worldwide, more fish have to be raised in fish farms, and aquaculture is an essential link in the agricultural chain.
When farming animals and fish, there is often a danger that we may assume that their dietary requirements match our own. However, those of the common carp, Cyprinus carpio, certainly do not.
Mexico, with a population of 122 million is the most populous Spanish-speaking country in the world. The country is known for its Pacific and Gulf of Mexico beaches and its diverse landscape of mountains, deserts and jungles. Ancient ruins such as Teotihuacan (Aztec), Chichen Itza (Mayan) and Spanish colonial-era towns are scattered throughout the country.
The quality and digestibility of proteins is one of the most important issues in shrimp nutrition. Marine proteins (mainly fish meal) can only be partially replaced by standard vegetable proteins like soybean meal.
KRILL OIL: Phospholipids that make a difference to filet quality and quantityInternational Aquafeed
The nutritional quality of larvae diets affects fishes’ fillet quality and quantity. Studies show that phospholipids increase fish larvae growth and development; so phospholipids are an essential component of the early weaning diet.
Carbohydrates are an excellent source of energy and carbon in feed formulations. They can be easily distinguished from the other energy yielding nutrients in terms of their abundance and low price. To illustrate, the collective global production of the major cereal grains i.e., maize, wheat and rice amounted to a colossal 2.5 billion tonnes in the year 2013 (FAO). The total carbohydrate content and the digestible fraction of starch and sugars in these grains can be roughly estimated to be about 2.1 and 1.75 billion tonnes, respectively (www.feedipedia.org). Besides, the unit cost of carbohydrate sources is almost three to five fold less than that of the protein and lipid sources of interest. Therefore, the inclusion level of carbohydrates in commercial fish feed assumes direct economic significance i.e., in terms of lower feed cost per unit weight gain.
Brewers’ yeast and derived products have been successfully used in animal nutrition, including aquafeeds, for several decades now. Leiber GmbH, with two production sites in Germany and further facilities in Poland and Russia, have manufactured brewers’ yeast products for more than 60 years.
FISH FARMING TECHNOLOGY - Efficient and reliable feed system for fish farming...International Aquafeed
The main purpose of a feed barge is to provide an efficient and reliable feed system for fish farming operations. The second purpose is to provide a safe worksite for operators.
FISH FARMING TECHNOLOGY - Light Emitting Diode (LED) Lighting systems for ear...International Aquafeed
Over recent times we have noticed an increasing amount of media coverage and industry chatter regarding the role of light in aquaculture. Most of this has been in relation to the use of low-energy technology to reduce costs, and in this area almost all the talk is about LED
The Latin names of some aquatic species can have fascinatingly obscure meanings that provide anyone in need of a hobby with hours of joyful investigation and speculation. The channel catfish is, alas, not one of them: Ictalurus punctatus simply means ‘spotty catfish’, and the briefest glance at one will tell you why.
It is often thought that vacuum coating was firs t invented in Norway. The idea might have been Norwegian, but the technology was developed in the Netherlands. It has been 25 years now since Dinnissen, together with aquafeed producer Skretting, invented the firs t vacuum coater.
The Pegasus® Vacuum Coater is intended for everyone who wishes to manufacture pelleted and extruded products in accordance with mos t modern production specifications.
It allows you to create a vacuum environment for your production process and to deal effectively with a very wide range of future challenges.
International Aquafeed spoke to Peter Raeven, Account Manager for Dinnissen, about the previous 25 years of the Pegasus® Vacuum Coater as well as any future plans that Dinnissen might have for their now well es tablished brand.
As an aquafeed processor, you are always aware that your drying operation has a significant impact on your bottom line. Drying is a very energy-intensive operation; that’s why most aquafeed producers diligently track the cost of fuel used in their drying operation.
2. EXPERT T●PIC
SHRIMP
EXPERT TOPIC
Welcome to Expert Topic, a new feature for International Aquafeed. Each issue will
take an in-depth look at a particular species and how it's feed is managed.
28 | InternatIOnal AquAFeed | September-October 2012
3. EXPERT T●PIC
2 1
1
Vietnamese and his team, the causative agent of EMS
remains unknown. The EMS research
team at the University of Arizona is
Stakeholders putting strong effort to determine the
cause of this disease based on different
approaches.
discuss early To find an answer to the common
EMS threat, shrimp stakeholders should
group their effort to tackle the issue.
mortality Research will be carried out to get
more knowledge on the disease and try
to identify the responsible microorgan-
shrimp disease ism and/or possible toxicants in the
environment that may be associated
with this disease. The further step of
EMS research to be carried out by the
by Adrien Louyer, Technical Arizona team is to find viable solutions
Supervisor Aquaculture, Olmix, to prevent or reduce the risk of EMS in
Vietnam
O
shrimp farming.
n August 6, 2012, Olmix To fully achieve program objectives,
was the sponsor of a dinner quick and strong financial support is
for Shrimp Vietnamese needed.
Stakeholders to discuss the The following companies were
newly emerging disease early mortality in present at the dinner CP, Minh Phu Sea
shrimp (EMS) or more descriptively, the food, Proconco, Sunjin vina feed, Huy
Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Syndrome Director of the OIE reference Laboratory of Thuan, Skretting and Evialis. I would like to
(AHPNS). The disease is significant to China Aquaculture Pathology at the University of thank Dr Lightner and Mr. Loc Tran to have
and Southeast Asian shrimp farming coun- Arizona. His current research area is on EMS joined our dinner and helped me to write
tries including Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia, disease. the article.
and Thailand. In Vietnam alone, EMS caused The dinner was an opportunity for
direct losses of over $250 million in 2011. Vietnamese feed millers and research insti-
tutes to have an open discussion with Dr. More InforMatIon:
Prof. Donald V. Lightner, from University Lightner on EMS disease. On the side of this To help fund the EMS project
of Arizona, was invited as a key speaker. He discussion, shrimp sensitivity to mycotoxins Dr. Donald V. Lightner
is a prominent expert of aquaculture pathol- was presented including a presentation of dvl@u.arizona.edu
ogy, especially in penaeid shrimp diseases. He MTX+, the Olmix answer based on activated Mr. Loc Tran
thuuloc@email.arizona.edu
has been involved in penaeid shrimp diseases clay with seaweeds to deal with it.
Website: www.olmix.com
for over 40 years and currently being the After extensive research from Dr Lightner
September-october 2012 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 29
4. 2
EXPERT T●PIC
Production
of shrimp in
an indoor
farming all feed pellets interact with shrimp moving sources and a carbon source into biofloc protein
system with around in the tank.
Bioflocs
requires a lot of oxygen and results in a build-up
of bioflocs because of poor conversion of those
biofloc proteins into shrimp biomass. Then bio-
bioflocs Shrimp are filter feeders and are able to
benefit from bioflocs in the water.
In a shrimp farming system with bioflocs,
flocs have to removed from the system.
Another strategy is to use a normal protein feed,
which corresponds with the protein requirement of
several strategies are possible. Utilization of a low shrimp. When using a feed with a protein content of
by Eric De Muylder, CreveTec, belgium
protein feed and addition of a carbon source 30 percent, the carbon: nitrogen ratio is around 10.
F
results in very low levels of ammonia, because With a feed conversion of 1,5, around 35 percent
eed management in extensive and they are assimilated by the bioflocs and converted of proteins are converted into shrimp biomass and
semi-intensive shrimp farming into proteins. Typically, these systems have a 20 ù of the Carbon. This means that the faeces
systems is not optimal to obtain carbon: nitrogen ratio of over 20. However, of shrimp, fed with a diet containing 38 percent
the best results. Feeding frequency the conversion of ammonia and other nitrogen proteins, will result in a carbon: ration of 10.
is limited to four or six times per day. The
feed is spread over the whole pond which
is labor-intensive. There is an important
period between feeding and actual con-
sumption by the shrimp, which results in
leaching of important nutrients and feed
quality loss. This is caused by the low
density of shrimp in the ponds and the
shrimp can only find the fed by chemical
attraction, which take time.
The feeding affects the water quality
parameters in the ponds. An oxygen drop is
observed after feeding. A continuous feeding
will result in a more continuous water quality
and less stress for the shrimp. Often shrimp
are not fed at night to avoid low oxygen,
which results in important loss of potential C100: Shrimp were fed a commercial diet at normal feeding gift
growth. C80: Shrimp were fed a commercial diet at a reduced feeding gift (80 %)
C60: Shrimp were fed a commercial diet at a reduced feeding gift (60 %)
In intensive farming, the natural produc- Water quality for C100, C80 and C60 was maintained by continuously changing
tion of the tank is represented by bioflocs. water which was filtered with a protein skimmer and biofilter
These bioflocs directly interfere with the C60: Shrimp were fed a commercial diet at a reduced feeding gift (60 %) and
water quality. Intensive farming also allows bioflocs are added to maintain water quality
the mechanization of feeding without extra C80: Shrimp were fed a commercial diet at a reduced feeding gift (80 %) and
bioflocs are added to maintain water quality
labor. Feed consumption is facilitated because
30 | InternatIOnal AquAFeed | September-October 2012
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6. EXPERT T●PIC
The excess ammonia will then be converted
into nitrite and nitrate by nitrifying bacteria present
in the bioflocs. But these nitrates will accumulate
into the culture tanks and reduces the possibility
to re-use this water for future production cycles.
This nitrification also decreases the pH, which
makes it necessary to adjust pH regularly. To
solve this problem, a new system was developed
with two additions: a meiofauna-protecting sub-
strate to favor the conversion of bacterial biofloc
into digestible meiofauna and a central bioreactor
with the possibility of denitrification. The denitrifi-
cation can use the carbon present in the shrimp
faeces as energy source to remove nitrate and
produce alkalinity. This way, the nitrate level can
be controlled.
Influence of biofloc
presence on growth
The positive influence of biofloc presence
in the water column has been shown. A trial
was set up to evaluate if bioflocs could replace
some of the feeds.
The results show that C100 was the opti-
mal feeding gift. C80 showed a slight reduced
growth while C60 had a reduced growth.
However, the best results were clearly
obtained in the presence of bioflocs. There
was no difference at 60 or 80 percent feeding.
This means that the presence of bioflocs can
reduce the feeding gift by 40 percent and still
result in better growth.
A growth trial with vannamei and mono-
don confirmed that a fast growth could be
obtained in an intensive system.
Based on these results a pilot scale farm
was installed in Italy. This system is based on
the following principles:
• There is no exchange of water but removal
of a limited quantity of bioflocs is necessary
• Water is recuperated for the next cycle
• Control of biofloc density for optimal
growth and optimal nutrient composition
• Efficient aeration
• Continuous, automatic feeding
• Phase growing for optimal utilization of
culture water volume
• Possibility for partial harvesting
Conclusions
The combination of shrimp farming and
bioflocs makes it possible to grow shrimp in
an indoor farm, without water exchange. Even
though this farming system is more intensive,
it doesn't not have the disadvantages that
could be expected. On the contrary, intensive
farming enables more efficient feeding, keep-
ing the optimal temperature and oxygen level.
The presence of bioflocs can replace the
natural production based on an algal system
that is found in open ponds.
More inforMation:
A growth trial with vannamei and monodon confirmed that a fast growth
Email: eric@crevetec.be
could be obtained in an intensive system.
Website: www.crevetec.be
32 | InternatIOnal AquAFeed | September-October 2012
7. FEATURE
EXPERT T●PIC
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ET-221A.indd 1 1/20/12 | InternatIOnal AquAFeed | 33
September-October 20121:57 PM
8. 3
EXPERT T●PIC
Alternatives
to natural of fresh and frozen marine organisms usually
results in high reproductive performances for
both domesticated and wild caught brood-
food? stock shrimp.
However, this practice is far from ideal,
exposing the cultured animals to several major
used them differently resulting in high fluc-
tuation in FCRs and performances between
farmers, regions and countries culturing the
- Maturation diets for shrimp issues - same species.
Biosecurity: Fresh and frozen food organ- Water quality: In many cases high water
isms can, potentially, become transferring vec- flow is needed following feeding of fresh/
by Dr Sagiv Kolkovski & tor for different pathogens and diseases. This frozen food organisms. In many cases daily
Judith Kolkovski, ND is more so when crustaceans are been used (or even few times during the day) siphon-
(Coman et al., 2006). Although, recognised ing is essential to keep good water quality
I
for their contribution to the maturation proc- and tank hygiene. This is obviously labour-
n recent years, shrimp culture has ess through supplementing maturation hor- intensive task that might also affect the
become one of the most important mones and other nutrients, the importation brood animals.
aquaculture industries in the world. of crustaceans such as Artemia was banned in Domestication: It is commonly accepted
Current production levels reach over several countries in an attempt to reduce the that wild broodstock shrimp needs fresh/fro-
three million tonnes per year, corresponding risk of disease transfer. zen food organisms. For example, Conan et
to a market volume of over US$10 billion Similarly, in many countries the use of al., 2006 raised the hypotheseis whether the
(FAO 2008). shrimp heads or shrimp meal in maturation removal of crustacean component from the
diets was banned.. It is not known if non-crus- maturation diet for domesticated P. monodon
However, even with this expansion in the tacean organisms can transmit shrimp viruses broodstock has contributed to the brood-
production there are some unknowns. such as white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) stock low performances.
One of the problems with shrimp (and and yellow head virus (YHV) or others but Considering the cost of broodstock (espe-
other crustacean) culture is broodstock diets due to their origin, post harvest methods and cially ‘SPF’), these are serious risks and in
and nutrition. storage, they are all prone to become a vector many cases resulting in high mortality and/
Currently, most, if not all, hatcheries for other pathogens. or reduced productivity, leading to significant
around the world use fresh or frozen, unproc- Nutritional profile: Due to the fact that financial loss.
essed marine organisms as food items. These fresh/frozen food organisms are been caught Until now, shrimp broodstock fed matura-
include squid, various molluscs (mussels, oys- in the wild, their nutritional profile varied. tion-formulated diet, pelleted or extruded did
ters or clams), marine polychates, crustaceans Season, location, life cycle, pre and post not match the performances of animals fed on
such as shrimp (Peixoto et al., 2004; Preston harvesting methods can and will affect their fresh/frozen food (Wouters et al., 2002. Braga
et al., 2004, Coman et al., 2006) and Artemia nutritional profile. This inconsistency in the et al., 2010). Formulated diets tend to break
biomass (Anh et al., 2008, Gandy et al., 2007). quality and nutritional profile makes it hard down due to the unique feeding behaviour
These feeds are usually topped up with nutri- to standardise protocols even within the of the animals, resulting in polluted water
tional additives such as vitamins, minerals and same company. Different countries and even and very high FCR. Moreover, palatability and
fatty acids (Hoa et al., 2009). regions within a country will have different ingestion rates are usually low. Even using the
Maturation diets based on the combination access to fresh/frozen food organisms and will same food organisms as dry meals in formu-
table 1: Comparison between traditional (control) fresh/frozen food and formulated semi-moist diet
nauplii/
treatment Days %Mort/day avg. Sr/day total spawns egg/Female Female % Hatch total nauplii
Control 124 0.09 3.34% 602 179,364 154,364 86 92,860,000
nutraFeed 124 0.05 4.74 849 186,266 160,188 86 136,000,000
Difference 44.4% 29.5% 29.1% 3.7% 3.7% 0% 46.5%
34 | InternatIOnal AquAFeed | September-October 2012
9. EXPERT T●PIC
lated diets didn’t result in similar performances
as when fresh/frozen organisms were given.
Recently, a new maturation diet
(NutraFeed®) for crustaceans that can
completely replace the use of fresh/frozen
feed was developed. The diet is semi-moist
(around 30-35% moist) and manufactured
as short pellets at any length and diameter
needed. The diet is stable in the water for
24 hours and will not break down when the The diet was also used with domesti-
shrimp is holding and chewing it. cated P. monodon broodstock in Australia
NutraFeed® diets are based solely on dry with remarkable results. This is a significant
meals without any fresh or frozen products. achievement since it is known that P. mono-
They are certified as pathogen free (all ingre- don are particularly picky with their diet and
dients pass Gamma radiation) with a shelf life feeding them solely on formulated diet used
of six months (refrigerated) or 12 months to be challenging, not to mention, achieving
(frozen). To boost the hormonal cycle, herbal similar or better performances.
extracts (NutraGreen® products) are incor- Currently the diet is been used in sev-
porated into the diets. These are 100 percent eral commercial hatcheries in Thailand, India Hoa, N. D., Wouters, R., Wille, R., Thanh, V., Dong,
natural additives aimed at improving brood- and Malaysia and the company is up-scaling the T. K., Hao, N. V., and Sorgeloos, P. 2009. A fresh-
stock performance including; enhancing egg production. food maturation diet with an adequate HUFA
and larvae quality, sperm mortality, vitellogen- composition for broodstock nutrition studies in
esis, as well as immune system and digestive References black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon (Fabricius,
system support. 1798). Aquaculture, 297, 116-121.
Anh, N.T. N., Hoa, N.V.,Van Stappen, G., and Sorgeloos,
Initially these natural herbal additives were P 2008. Effect of different supplemental feeds on
. Peixoto, S., Coman, G.J., Arnold, S.J., Crocos, P.J.,
developed as natural hormonal replacements proximate composition and Artemia biomass Preston, N.P., 2005. Histological examination of
for woman during IVF treatments and during production in salt ponds. Aquaculture, 286, 217-225. final oocyte maturation and atresia in wild and
menopause period. domesticated Penaeus monodon broodstock.
Braga, A. L., Nakayama, C. L., Martins, J. G., Colares, Aquac. Res. 36, 666–673.
E. P., and Wasielesky, W. Jr. 2010. Spermatophore
Large experiment quality of the pink shrimp Farfantepenaeus Preston, N.P., Crocos, P.J., Keys, S.J, Coman, G.J.,
To compare the performances of the paulensis (Decapoda, Dendrobranchiata) Koenig, R., 2004. Comparative growth of selected
maturation diet against traditional fresh/frozen broodstock fed with different maturation diets. and non-selected Kuruma shrimp Penaeus
food organism, a large experiment was con- Aquaculture, 307, 44-48. (Marsupenaeus) japonicus in commercial farm
ducted independently by one of the biggest ponds. Aquaculture 231, 73–82.
Coman, G. J., Arnold, S. J., Callaghan, T. R., and Preston,
shrimp producers in the world. The results
N. P. 2006. Effect of two maturation diet combinations
(see Table 1) showed significant performance on reproductive performance of domesticated
improvements when the broodstock fed on Penaeus monodon. Aquaculture, 263, 75-83.
NutraFeed® semi-moist diet. About the authors
Coman, G.J., Arnold, S.J., Peixoto, S., Coman, F.E.,
Moreover, using the semi-moist diet also Dr Sagiv Kolkovski is the Principal
Crocos, P.J., Preston, N.P., 2006. Reproductive
proved to be cost effective compared to scientist, marine aquaculture, at the
performance of reciprocally crossed wild-caught
traditional diets. Two hundred white shrimp Department of Fisheries, western
and tank reared Penaeus monodon broodstock.
L. vannamei were fed control diet (squid, Aquaculture 252, 372–384. Australia. He is also the R&D director at
polychates and nutritional booster) or Nutrakol Pty Ltd. Judith Kolkovski, ND
NutraFeed® SM diet. The broodstock were Gandy, R. L., Samocha, T. M., Masser, M. P., Fox, J. M., is a nutritionist and herbalist and the
Ali, S. A. M., Gatlin III, D. M., and Speed, M. 2007.
kept in identical tanks and under the same general manager of Nutrakol Pty Ltd.
The effect of unilateral eyestalk ablation and diet
environmental conditions. Growth, mortali- Nutrakol Pty Ltd is specialized in devel-
on the reproductive performance of wild-caught
ties, spawning events, fecundity, hatching rates Farfantepenaeus aztecus (Ives, 1891) using a closed
oping and manufacturing nutritional and
and number of nauplii were determined over recirculating maturation system. Aquac. Res. 38, natural health solutions for aquaculture.
124 days. 580–587.
Nu
t
Better Performance Ko
Nutrattract - natural feed attractant
Better Fecundity Th
Nutrafeed - Crustacean semi-moist maturation diet
Nutra-Kol Pty Ltd of
Better stress resistance Western Australia, Australia
coll
K
Nutragreen - natural herbal remedies Tel: +61 8 9403 2287
Fax: +61 8 9403 2287
Naturally... Email: info@nutrakol.com T
‘Tailor--made’ Nutrition and natural health solutions for broodstock and larvae
NutroKol_190x58mm.indd 1 01/10/2012 12:43
September-October 2012 | InternatIOnal AquAFeed | 35
10. This digital re-print is part of the September | October 2012 edition of International
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