The document summarizes a study that characterized the impact response of glass fiber reinforced composite dome structures with diameters of 150mm and 200mm under repeated low-energy impacts. Key findings include:
1) Peak impact loads initially increased and stabilized with repeated impacts, and the 150mm diameter dome showed higher peak loads and was more damage tolerant.
2) Damage mechanisms included matrix cracking, delamination, and fiber pull-out. Delamination absorbed a large percentage of the impact energy.
3) Both dome configurations exhibited non-linear impact behavior, with stiffness reducing and energy dissipation decreasing with accumulated damage from repeated impacts.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Some Studies on Mode-II Fracture of Light Weight Blended Aggregate ConcreteIOSR Journals
Blended aggregate in concrete and arriving at the structural properties of blended aggregate
concrete is a thrust area. Pumice is very light and porous igneous rock that is formed during volcanic
eruptions.Cinder is a waste material obtained from steel manufacturing units. Shear strength is a property of
major significance for wide range of civil engineering materials and structures. Shear and punching shear
failures particularly in deep beams, in corbels and in concrete flat slabs are considered to be more critical and
catastrophic than other types of failures. This area has received greater attention in recent years. For
investigating shear type of failures, from the literature it is found that double central notched (DCN) specimen
geometry proposed by Prakash Desai and V.Bhaskar Desai is supposed the best suited geometry. In this present
experimental investigation an attempt is made to study the Mode-II fracture property of light weight blended
aggregate cement concrete combining both the pumice and cinder in different proportions, and making use of
DCN test specimen geometry . By blending the pumice and cinder in different percentages of 0, 25, 50, 75 and
100 by volumeof concrete, a blended light weight aggregate concrete is prepared. By using this the property
such as in plane shear strength is studied. Finally an analysis is carried out regarding Mode-II fracture
properties of blended concrete. It is concluded that the Ultimate load in Mode-II is found to decrease
continuously with the percentage increase in Pumice aggregate content. It is also observed that the ultimate
stress in Mode II is found to increase continuously with percentage increase in cinder aggregate content.
Numerical Investigations on Blast Protection System with Metallic Tube Core S...IJLT EMAS
Effect of blast loads from explosion can be mitigated by using thick armor systems that are often heavy and significantly increase the self-weight of the structure. In the design of structure for blast protection, sacrificial claddings which consist of high energy absorbing elements are used. A sandwich type protective structure consists of light weight core which is often used for blast mitigation. The choice of core type has an influence on the performance of sandwich panel. The cores can be of wood, foam material and tubular elements. In this study, behavior of sandwich panel with square tubular core is investigated through numerical studies. Panel is made of mild steel having top plate dimension of 150 mm x 150 mm x 2.5 mm; bottom plate of 150 mm x 150 mm x 5 mm and square tube core of 12.5 mm x 12.5 mm with 0.6 mm thickness. A finite element model is developed and validated using experimental results in literature. Parametric studies are carried out using the validated finite element model. By varying the tube length of the core, the responses of the panels in terms of energy absorption and reaction forces are compared.
An overview of the major materials used in aeronautical and automotive structures will be given in this section. The mechanical and physical properties of the materials will be highlighted, with an emphasis placed on the stiffness versus density and strength versus density of various materials.
Numerical Analysis of Engineered Steel Fibers as Shear Reinforcement in RC BeamsP singh
Using suitable fibers and additives in concrete to enhance its performance is an important consideration in the concrete industry with regard to the structural aspects of concrete. The purpose of this project is to investigate numerically the effectiveness of the engineered steel fiber as shear reinforcement in RC beams. Here steel fibers completely replaces the shear reinforcement (stirrups & links). The dimension of beam taken was 1000*150*150 mm with aspect ratio 80. The beams were reinforced with 10 mm steel bars as secondary reinforcement and 12 mm bars as main reinforcement on the tension side. Numerical analysis using ANSYS R16.1 software package was carried out. The load-deflection curves for the beams with different dosage of fibers were drawn superimposing their numerical values. Initially, in all three cases the curve was linear elastic and about 80% of ultimate load they tend to be non-linear. It was observed that there was fair agreement between the results which indicates some favourable aspects concerning the use of steel fibres as shear reinforcement in concrete beams. It was investigated that the inclusion of steel fibres (Hook End Type) improves the shear strength of RC beams without stirrups by improving the matrix between concrete and steel fibers. Thus this project focuses in the design and analysis using the software ANSYS R16.1 for an alternative steel reinforcement with better or equivalent performance.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Some Studies on Mode-II Fracture of Light Weight Blended Aggregate ConcreteIOSR Journals
Blended aggregate in concrete and arriving at the structural properties of blended aggregate
concrete is a thrust area. Pumice is very light and porous igneous rock that is formed during volcanic
eruptions.Cinder is a waste material obtained from steel manufacturing units. Shear strength is a property of
major significance for wide range of civil engineering materials and structures. Shear and punching shear
failures particularly in deep beams, in corbels and in concrete flat slabs are considered to be more critical and
catastrophic than other types of failures. This area has received greater attention in recent years. For
investigating shear type of failures, from the literature it is found that double central notched (DCN) specimen
geometry proposed by Prakash Desai and V.Bhaskar Desai is supposed the best suited geometry. In this present
experimental investigation an attempt is made to study the Mode-II fracture property of light weight blended
aggregate cement concrete combining both the pumice and cinder in different proportions, and making use of
DCN test specimen geometry . By blending the pumice and cinder in different percentages of 0, 25, 50, 75 and
100 by volumeof concrete, a blended light weight aggregate concrete is prepared. By using this the property
such as in plane shear strength is studied. Finally an analysis is carried out regarding Mode-II fracture
properties of blended concrete. It is concluded that the Ultimate load in Mode-II is found to decrease
continuously with the percentage increase in Pumice aggregate content. It is also observed that the ultimate
stress in Mode II is found to increase continuously with percentage increase in cinder aggregate content.
Numerical Investigations on Blast Protection System with Metallic Tube Core S...IJLT EMAS
Effect of blast loads from explosion can be mitigated by using thick armor systems that are often heavy and significantly increase the self-weight of the structure. In the design of structure for blast protection, sacrificial claddings which consist of high energy absorbing elements are used. A sandwich type protective structure consists of light weight core which is often used for blast mitigation. The choice of core type has an influence on the performance of sandwich panel. The cores can be of wood, foam material and tubular elements. In this study, behavior of sandwich panel with square tubular core is investigated through numerical studies. Panel is made of mild steel having top plate dimension of 150 mm x 150 mm x 2.5 mm; bottom plate of 150 mm x 150 mm x 5 mm and square tube core of 12.5 mm x 12.5 mm with 0.6 mm thickness. A finite element model is developed and validated using experimental results in literature. Parametric studies are carried out using the validated finite element model. By varying the tube length of the core, the responses of the panels in terms of energy absorption and reaction forces are compared.
An overview of the major materials used in aeronautical and automotive structures will be given in this section. The mechanical and physical properties of the materials will be highlighted, with an emphasis placed on the stiffness versus density and strength versus density of various materials.
Numerical Analysis of Engineered Steel Fibers as Shear Reinforcement in RC BeamsP singh
Using suitable fibers and additives in concrete to enhance its performance is an important consideration in the concrete industry with regard to the structural aspects of concrete. The purpose of this project is to investigate numerically the effectiveness of the engineered steel fiber as shear reinforcement in RC beams. Here steel fibers completely replaces the shear reinforcement (stirrups & links). The dimension of beam taken was 1000*150*150 mm with aspect ratio 80. The beams were reinforced with 10 mm steel bars as secondary reinforcement and 12 mm bars as main reinforcement on the tension side. Numerical analysis using ANSYS R16.1 software package was carried out. The load-deflection curves for the beams with different dosage of fibers were drawn superimposing their numerical values. Initially, in all three cases the curve was linear elastic and about 80% of ultimate load they tend to be non-linear. It was observed that there was fair agreement between the results which indicates some favourable aspects concerning the use of steel fibres as shear reinforcement in concrete beams. It was investigated that the inclusion of steel fibres (Hook End Type) improves the shear strength of RC beams without stirrups by improving the matrix between concrete and steel fibers. Thus this project focuses in the design and analysis using the software ANSYS R16.1 for an alternative steel reinforcement with better or equivalent performance.
Effect of Coarse Aggregate Size on the Compressive Strength and the Flexural ...IJERA Editor
Concrete structures deflect, crack, and loose stiffness when subjected to external load. Loss of flexural strength of concrete is largely responsible for cracks in structure. In reinforced concrete structures, the mix proportions of the materials of the concrete and aggregate type determine the compressive strength while the composite action of concrete and steel reinforcement supplies the flexural strength. In occasion of loss of stiffness, steel reinforcement no longer supports flexural stresses; concrete in turn is subjected to flexure. The compressive strength and flexural strength therefore play a crucial role. Effect of varying coarse aggregate size on the flexural and compressive strengths of concrete beam was investigated. Concrete cubes and beams were produced in accordance with BS 1881-108 (1983) and ASTM C293 with varying aggregate sizes 9.0mm, 13.2mm, 19mm, 25.0mm and 37.5mm, using a standard mould of internal dimension 150x150x150 for the concrete cubes and a mould of internal dimension of 150 x 150 x 750mm for the reinforced concrete beam. The water cement ratio was kept at 0.65 with a mix proportion of 1:2:4. The specimen produced were all subjected to curing in water for 28days and were all tested to determine the compressive strength and flexural strength using Universal Testing Machine. Compressive strength of cubes is 21.26N/mm2, 23.41N/mm2, 23.66N/mm2, and 24.31N/mm2 for coarse aggregate sizes 13.2mm, 19mm, 25.0mm and 37.5mm respectively. That of flexural strength of test beams is 4.93N/mm2, 4.78N/mm2, 4.53N/mm2, 4.49N/mm2, 4.40N/mm2 respectively. In conclusion, concrete to be used mostly to resist flexural stresses should be made of finer coarse aggregates.
This paper involves an experimental investigation on the flexural behaviour of curved beams and comparison of its results with conventional beams. Curved beams of size 1200 x 150 x 100 mm with varying initial curvature as 4000mm, 2000mm and the concrete strength as M40 is considered. Various reinforcement are provided in the curved beams to predict which reinforcement detail would give more resistant over maximum loading. The material properties of cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate and the compressive strength of concrete cube were found out. A total of 12 specimens of curved beams were casted with various combination of reinforcement along with three control specimens. The beams are tested under two point loading both horizontally and vertically. The deflection and maximum moment carrying capacity are investigated to understand its strength. Also analytical modelling is done to determine the ultimate moment carrying capacity using Finite Element Software ABAQUS to compare with the experimental model.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Effect of prism height on strength of reinforced hollow concrete block masonryeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
TRANSIENT ANALYSIS OF PIEZOLAMINATED COMPOSITE PLATES USING HSDTP singh
Piezoelectric materials have excellent sensing and actuating capabilities have made them the most practical smart materials to integrate with laminated structures. Integrated structure system can be called a smart structure because of its ability to perform self-diagnosis and quick adaption to environment changes. An analytical procedure has been developed in the work based on higher order shear deformation theory subjected to electromechanical loading for investigating transient characteristics of smart material plates. For analysis two displacement models are to be considered i.e., model-1 accounts for strain in thickness direction is zero whereas in model-2 in-plane displacements are expanded as cubic functions of the thickness coordinate. Navier’s technique has been adopted for obtaining solutions of anti-symmetric cross–ply and angle-ply laminates of both model-1 and model-2 with simply supported boundary conditions. For obtaining transient response of a laminated composite plate attached with piezoelectric layer Newmark’s method has been used. Effect of thickness coordinate of composite laminated plates attached with piezoelectric layer subjected to electromechanical loadings is studied.
Review on the Effect of Shear Connectors on Composite Deck SlabsIJAEMSJORNAL
This paper presents a review on the effect of shear connectors on composite deck slabs. Composite deck slabs consist of profile deck sheet and concrete. Several researchers have been studying the behaviour of composite slab but due to its complex behaviour yet it is not completely understood. The behaviour of composite slab directly depends on the deformability and contact strength. Here, some important literature reviews regarding composite slab behavior incorporating different profiles were discussed.
An Experimental Study of Low Velocity Impact (Lvi) On Fibre Glass Reinforced ...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Dislocation and twin substructure evolution during strain hardening of an Fe–22 wt.% Mn–0.6 wt.% C TWIP steel observed by electron channeling contrast imaging
Effect of stacking sequence and hybridization on the tensile and flexural properties of composite
laminates between basalt, jute and flax with E-glass reinforced epoxy have been investigated experimentally. It
was found that stacking sequence is not highly significant on tensile properties, contrasting with flexural strength
and modulus which were strongly dependent on the hybrid configuration between sandwich-like (SL) and
intercalation (IC) sequences. Specific modulus based on the variation densities of the hybrid laminates was used
to discover the best combination either basalt, jute or flax with E-glass exhibits superior properties concerning
on the strength to weight- ratio. Hence, stacking sequences and material selection are among predominant factors
that influence on mechanical properties and very crucial in designing composite hybrid system to meet the desired
requirements.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Beam column joints in concrete framed structure have been identified as critical member for transferring forces and bending moments between beams and columns. The change of moments in beam and columns across the joint region, under loadings, induces high shear force and stresses as compared with other adjacent members. The shear failure caused is often brittle in nature which is not an acceptable structural performance. Retrofitting enhances the moment carrying capacity of joint. Often beam column joints need to be strengthened. Author proposes use of ferrocement for retrofitting as wrapping technique, cost effective alternative to costly FRP wrapping technique. In this present research study, modelling & comparison of Beam-Column joint with and without ferrocement jacket is carried out by finite element method using software ANSYS APDL. The comparison shows enhanced performance of the jacketed model over Non jacketed in terms of stresses, ultimate load carrying capacity.
Free sampel, x0805 8inch dual core android 4.1 tablet pc $140.70 including s...Paul Kopel
X0805-8"(7.9) Dual Core Android 4.1 Tablet $140.70 including shipping cost
8” Capacitance Screen, 4:3 OS: Android 4.1,CPU: Rockchip 3066 Dual Core,1.8GHz, RAM: 1GB,,ROM: 8GB
Support USB 3G,WIFI,Dual Camera
eXtreme Deal is a trusted supplier of hundreds of ecommerce companies, small businesses, eBay PowerSellers,
and local distributors in every country around the world. Drop shippers may sell internationally with no restrictions from ourselves.
Effect of Coarse Aggregate Size on the Compressive Strength and the Flexural ...IJERA Editor
Concrete structures deflect, crack, and loose stiffness when subjected to external load. Loss of flexural strength of concrete is largely responsible for cracks in structure. In reinforced concrete structures, the mix proportions of the materials of the concrete and aggregate type determine the compressive strength while the composite action of concrete and steel reinforcement supplies the flexural strength. In occasion of loss of stiffness, steel reinforcement no longer supports flexural stresses; concrete in turn is subjected to flexure. The compressive strength and flexural strength therefore play a crucial role. Effect of varying coarse aggregate size on the flexural and compressive strengths of concrete beam was investigated. Concrete cubes and beams were produced in accordance with BS 1881-108 (1983) and ASTM C293 with varying aggregate sizes 9.0mm, 13.2mm, 19mm, 25.0mm and 37.5mm, using a standard mould of internal dimension 150x150x150 for the concrete cubes and a mould of internal dimension of 150 x 150 x 750mm for the reinforced concrete beam. The water cement ratio was kept at 0.65 with a mix proportion of 1:2:4. The specimen produced were all subjected to curing in water for 28days and were all tested to determine the compressive strength and flexural strength using Universal Testing Machine. Compressive strength of cubes is 21.26N/mm2, 23.41N/mm2, 23.66N/mm2, and 24.31N/mm2 for coarse aggregate sizes 13.2mm, 19mm, 25.0mm and 37.5mm respectively. That of flexural strength of test beams is 4.93N/mm2, 4.78N/mm2, 4.53N/mm2, 4.49N/mm2, 4.40N/mm2 respectively. In conclusion, concrete to be used mostly to resist flexural stresses should be made of finer coarse aggregates.
This paper involves an experimental investigation on the flexural behaviour of curved beams and comparison of its results with conventional beams. Curved beams of size 1200 x 150 x 100 mm with varying initial curvature as 4000mm, 2000mm and the concrete strength as M40 is considered. Various reinforcement are provided in the curved beams to predict which reinforcement detail would give more resistant over maximum loading. The material properties of cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate and the compressive strength of concrete cube were found out. A total of 12 specimens of curved beams were casted with various combination of reinforcement along with three control specimens. The beams are tested under two point loading both horizontally and vertically. The deflection and maximum moment carrying capacity are investigated to understand its strength. Also analytical modelling is done to determine the ultimate moment carrying capacity using Finite Element Software ABAQUS to compare with the experimental model.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Effect of prism height on strength of reinforced hollow concrete block masonryeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
TRANSIENT ANALYSIS OF PIEZOLAMINATED COMPOSITE PLATES USING HSDTP singh
Piezoelectric materials have excellent sensing and actuating capabilities have made them the most practical smart materials to integrate with laminated structures. Integrated structure system can be called a smart structure because of its ability to perform self-diagnosis and quick adaption to environment changes. An analytical procedure has been developed in the work based on higher order shear deformation theory subjected to electromechanical loading for investigating transient characteristics of smart material plates. For analysis two displacement models are to be considered i.e., model-1 accounts for strain in thickness direction is zero whereas in model-2 in-plane displacements are expanded as cubic functions of the thickness coordinate. Navier’s technique has been adopted for obtaining solutions of anti-symmetric cross–ply and angle-ply laminates of both model-1 and model-2 with simply supported boundary conditions. For obtaining transient response of a laminated composite plate attached with piezoelectric layer Newmark’s method has been used. Effect of thickness coordinate of composite laminated plates attached with piezoelectric layer subjected to electromechanical loadings is studied.
Review on the Effect of Shear Connectors on Composite Deck SlabsIJAEMSJORNAL
This paper presents a review on the effect of shear connectors on composite deck slabs. Composite deck slabs consist of profile deck sheet and concrete. Several researchers have been studying the behaviour of composite slab but due to its complex behaviour yet it is not completely understood. The behaviour of composite slab directly depends on the deformability and contact strength. Here, some important literature reviews regarding composite slab behavior incorporating different profiles were discussed.
An Experimental Study of Low Velocity Impact (Lvi) On Fibre Glass Reinforced ...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Dislocation and twin substructure evolution during strain hardening of an Fe–22 wt.% Mn–0.6 wt.% C TWIP steel observed by electron channeling contrast imaging
Effect of stacking sequence and hybridization on the tensile and flexural properties of composite
laminates between basalt, jute and flax with E-glass reinforced epoxy have been investigated experimentally. It
was found that stacking sequence is not highly significant on tensile properties, contrasting with flexural strength
and modulus which were strongly dependent on the hybrid configuration between sandwich-like (SL) and
intercalation (IC) sequences. Specific modulus based on the variation densities of the hybrid laminates was used
to discover the best combination either basalt, jute or flax with E-glass exhibits superior properties concerning
on the strength to weight- ratio. Hence, stacking sequences and material selection are among predominant factors
that influence on mechanical properties and very crucial in designing composite hybrid system to meet the desired
requirements.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Beam column joints in concrete framed structure have been identified as critical member for transferring forces and bending moments between beams and columns. The change of moments in beam and columns across the joint region, under loadings, induces high shear force and stresses as compared with other adjacent members. The shear failure caused is often brittle in nature which is not an acceptable structural performance. Retrofitting enhances the moment carrying capacity of joint. Often beam column joints need to be strengthened. Author proposes use of ferrocement for retrofitting as wrapping technique, cost effective alternative to costly FRP wrapping technique. In this present research study, modelling & comparison of Beam-Column joint with and without ferrocement jacket is carried out by finite element method using software ANSYS APDL. The comparison shows enhanced performance of the jacketed model over Non jacketed in terms of stresses, ultimate load carrying capacity.
Free sampel, x0805 8inch dual core android 4.1 tablet pc $140.70 including s...Paul Kopel
X0805-8"(7.9) Dual Core Android 4.1 Tablet $140.70 including shipping cost
8” Capacitance Screen, 4:3 OS: Android 4.1,CPU: Rockchip 3066 Dual Core,1.8GHz, RAM: 1GB,,ROM: 8GB
Support USB 3G,WIFI,Dual Camera
eXtreme Deal is a trusted supplier of hundreds of ecommerce companies, small businesses, eBay PowerSellers,
and local distributors in every country around the world. Drop shippers may sell internationally with no restrictions from ourselves.
How can Tanzania make the most of new mini-grid and other energy access inves...IIED
This is a presentation by Sarah Best and Ben Garside of the International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED) in collaboration with HIVOS and the Energy Change Lab.
It was prepared for a roundtable on the Productive Uses of Energy held in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, on 20 May 2016.
It asks how Tanzania can make the most of new mini-grid and other energy access investments to catalyse local enterprises, jobs and incomes in poor rural communities.
More information: http://www.energychangelab.org/
Chatbots und deren potentiellen Anwendungsgebiete, vorgestellt von Steffen Meier, Leitung Produktinnovation readbox, anlässlich des 20. #MXSW- Medienmenschen-Treffen am 18.07.2016 in Stuttgart
Marketing On Line para la obtención de Resultados. 11 puntos a tener en cuentaGuillermo Vilarroig
Charla de Overalia en la jornada "Claves de mejora en la efectividad del Marketing para alcanzar eficiencia en las ventas".
La charla de Overalia de Overalia Marketing On Line para la obtención de Resultados. 11 puntos a tener en cuenta
Diapositivas presentadas por Jary Carter, Co-Founder & Chief Revenue Officer Oro, en el eCommerce IT Camp dentro del marco del eCommerce Day Buenos Aires 2016.
Contrario al paradigma vigente creemos que si se puede aprender en las Redes Sociales con las competencias adecuadas y creando ambientes personales de aprendizaje. Esta es nuestra experiencia. Vídeo ilustrativo en http://bit.ly/XYMTMV Cuenta en twitter @carvicab .
Damping Of Composite Material Structures with Riveted JointsIJMER
Vibration and noise reduction are crucial in maintaining high performance level and
prolonging the useful life of machinery, automobiles, aerodynamic and spacecraft structures. It is
observed that damping in materials occur due to energy release due to micro-slips along frictional
interfaces and due to varying strain regions and interaction between the metals. But it was found
that the damping effect in metals is quite small that it can be neglected. Damping in metals is due to
the micro-slips along frictional interfaces. Composites, however, have better damping properties
than structural metals and cannot be neglected. Typically, the range of composite damping begins
where the best damped metal stops.In the present work, theoretical analysis was done on various
polymer matrix composite (glass fibre polyesters) with riveted joints by varying initial conditions.
Strain energy loss was calculated to calculate the damping in composites. Using FEA model, load
variation w.r.t time was observed and the strain energy loss calculated was utilised in finding the
material damping for Carbon fibre epoxy with riveted joints. Various simulations were performed in
ANSYS and these results were utilised to calculate the loss factor, Rayleigh‘s damping constants
and logarithmic decrement.
Experimental Study of the Fatigue Strength of Glass fiber epoxy and Chapstan ...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
Study of Damage to ABS Specimens Submitted To Uniaxial Loadingtheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation.
Finite Element Analysis of honeycomb using AbaqusUdayan Ghosh
Prepared 3D CAD model of honeycomb in SolidWorks; studied structural behavior for static and dynamic loading
Performed mesh refinement, verification, validation and error analysis for the FEA
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Similar to Experimental composite dome under low velocity impact load (20)
Expert Accessory Dwelling Unit (ADU) Drafting ServicesResDraft
Whether you’re looking to create a guest house, a rental unit, or a private retreat, our experienced team will design a space that complements your existing home and maximizes your investment. We provide personalized, comprehensive expert accessory dwelling unit (ADU)drafting solutions tailored to your needs, ensuring a seamless process from concept to completion.
Transforming Brand Perception and Boosting Profitabilityaaryangarg12
In today's digital era, the dynamics of brand perception, consumer behavior, and profitability have been profoundly reshaped by the synergy of branding, social media, and website design. This research paper investigates the transformative power of these elements in influencing how individuals perceive brands and products and how this transformation can be harnessed to drive sales and profitability for businesses.
Through an exploration of brand psychology and consumer behavior, this study sheds light on the intricate ways in which effective branding strategies, strategic social media engagement, and user-centric website design contribute to altering consumers' perceptions. We delve into the principles that underlie successful brand transformations, examining how visual identity, messaging, and storytelling can captivate and resonate with target audiences.
Methodologically, this research employs a comprehensive approach, combining qualitative and quantitative analyses. Real-world case studies illustrate the impact of branding, social media campaigns, and website redesigns on consumer perception, sales figures, and profitability. We assess the various metrics, including brand awareness, customer engagement, conversion rates, and revenue growth, to measure the effectiveness of these strategies.
The results underscore the pivotal role of cohesive branding, social media influence, and website usability in shaping positive brand perceptions, influencing consumer decisions, and ultimately bolstering sales and profitability. This paper provides actionable insights and strategic recommendations for businesses seeking to leverage branding, social media, and website design as potent tools to enhance their market position and financial success.
Unleash Your Inner Demon with the "Let's Summon Demons" T-Shirt. Calling all fans of dark humor and edgy fashion! The "Let's Summon Demons" t-shirt is a unique way to express yourself and turn heads.
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7 Alternatives to Bullet Points in PowerPointAlvis Oh
So you tried all the ways to beautify your bullet points on your pitch deck but it just got way uglier. These points are supposed to be memorable and leave a lasting impression on your audience. With these tips, you'll no longer have to spend so much time thinking how you should present your pointers.
Dive into the innovative world of smart garages with our insightful presentation, "Exploring the Future of Smart Garages." This comprehensive guide covers the latest advancements in garage technology, including automated systems, smart security features, energy efficiency solutions, and seamless integration with smart home ecosystems. Learn how these technologies are transforming traditional garages into high-tech, efficient spaces that enhance convenience, safety, and sustainability.
Ideal for homeowners, tech enthusiasts, and industry professionals, this presentation provides valuable insights into the trends, benefits, and future developments in smart garage technology. Stay ahead of the curve with our expert analysis and practical tips on implementing smart garage solutions.
Book Formatting: Quality Control Checks for DesignersConfidence Ago
This presentation was made to help designers who work in publishing houses or format books for printing ensure quality.
Quality control is vital to every industry. This is why every department in a company need create a method they use in ensuring quality. This, perhaps, will not only improve the quality of products and bring errors to the barest minimum, but take it to a near perfect finish.
It is beyond a moot point that a good book will somewhat be judged by its cover, but the content of the book remains king. No matter how beautiful the cover, if the quality of writing or presentation is off, that will be a reason for readers not to come back to the book or recommend it.
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Experimental composite dome under low velocity impact load
1. Previous Paper Back to Programme Back to Topic
IMPACT CHARACTERISATION OF DOUBLY CURVED
COMPOSITE STRUCTURE
O S David-West1, D H Nash2 and W M Banks2*
1
School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Ashby Building, Queen’s
University Belfast, Stranmillis Road, United Kingdom, BT9 5AH.
2
Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Strathclyde,
75 Montrose Street, Glasgow, United Kingdom
G1 1XJ,
*
Email: bill.banks@strath.ac.uk
SUMMARY
Under repeated impact composite domes subjected 6 J energy, changes locally with
increasing drop height. The action of the dynamic load generates reactions at the
support and bending moments at points on the surface of the composite. The peak loads
were noted to increase and stabilise about some mean value; and the 150mm diameter
shell was more damage tolerant compared to the 200 mm diameter one.
Keywords: Composite domes, dynamic loading, energy, impulse, contact time
INTRODUCTION
Composite materials find uses in structures were excellent mechanical properties
and low weight are demanded. The impact energy absorption characteristics is a
consideration in the applications, compared to candidate materials, a factor which
makes them preferred for applications such as protection of vehicle and personnel.
Layered fiber composites are susceptible to impact damage due to the mis-matching of
bending stiffness and inter-laminar shear stresses. Chopped strand composites
experience localized debonding from impact loading, thought to be because of inter-ply
shear stresses. Since the impact resistance properties are not pure material properties,
but instead are very much dependent on the dynamic structural behavior, an
understanding of the dynamic response of composite structures subjected to impact
loading is of great importance.
The impact response and damage of composite structures have been investigated
by several authors, providing evidence of reduction in strength and insight as to the
modes of failure. The physical phenomena involved in the impact event include
structural dynamic response, Hertzian contact effects (indentation), and both in-plane
and through-the-thickness wave phenomena. The relative importance of these various
effects depends upon the characteristics of both the impactor and the structure, and the
nature of the impact. In general, impact of composite structures is a complex event
involving several phenomena.
Although material scientists and engineers have invested a lot of efforts to
implement means that will enhance the performance of composites under impact
loading. The impact behaviour of doubly curved composite structures such as
2. hemispherical dome considered here has received little or no attention. A lot of studies
have been done on flat panels (reviews by Abrate [1 & 2]); also Kistler and Waas [10],
Gning et al [5 & 6], Hull [9], David-West et al [4], Huang and Lee [8], Seung et al [13],
Kotzalolis et al [11] and Guoqiang Li [12], have conducted some studies on composite
single curved structures.
Gupta N K and Velmurugan R [7] has subjected composite domes made of short,
randomly oriented glass fibre mats to axial compressions test in both empty and foam
filled conditions, and reported that the presence of foam increases the energy absorption
capacity, in addition to composite domes being better energy absorbers compared to
conical shells of same height. In another investigation carried out by Cui Z et al [3],
both woven and knitted doubly curved composite shells with radius to thickness ratios
in the range of 22-53 were compressed between rigid platens. The loaded domes
demonstrated an initial buckling followed by rolling plastic hinge post buckling
response.
In the current studies on composite hemispherical samples, they were subjected to
repeated non-penetrating impact loading with an available 12.1mm hemispherical
impactor, using an instrumented drop tester. The samples were produced with glass
fibre chopped strand mat, along with crystic resin A and catalyst M produced by Scott
Bader limited. Two configurations of the specimens were tested. The actions of the
composite domes and transient characteristics investigated and reported.
1. Characterization of impact
Reliable assessment of structural degradation due to impact requires a good
understanding of the impact event and response of the structure. The nature of the
impact response can influence the type of damage and the extent of degradation.
However, it is necessary to identify the parameters that determine the type of the impact
behaviour. Effective management of these parameters is therefore very useful. In this
study, this is achieved conducting repeated drop test on doubly curved composite domes
and analysis of the data obtained here.
2. Design of the support
Due to the specific shape of the specimens studied, a special support was required
to perform the drop tests. The samples have to be simply supported. The support was
chosen to be rigid enough not to deflect during the impact. It was made of steel material
measuring, 250x250x25mm and an aluminium ring (152mm inside diameter, 192mm
outside diameter, 10mm thick) screwed to the steel plate.
3. Materials
The basic materials employed to manufacture the composite domes for this study
were:
1. E-glass chopped-strand-mat 350 g/m2 in areal weight by Vetrotex
2. Resin A, by Scott bader
3. Catalyst M, by Scott bader
3. 4. Manufacturing of samples
The material used for the construction of the moulds is a hard wood, easy to
machine and cheap. The moulds are of two configurations, each to produce composite
domes of base diameter 150mm and the dome diameters were 150mm and 200mm. The
edge of the marks is cylindrical (150mm diameter 10mm height). This gives to the
samples the shape of the part which is going to fit in the aluminium ring of the support.
In order to obtain a flat base, which will be in contact with the steel support, a flat wood
with a 135mm diameter central hole to permit laying of the chopped strand mat, is fixed
on each mould with four screws on the face with circular hole. This flat wood is
removable and the mould contact surface was made smoother with abrasive paper.
From the roll of chopped strand mat, some squares are cut with dimensions
230x230mm. The number of squares is equal of the total number of layers required (the
composite domes for this study were made of 5 layers of the chopped strand mat).
Circles were drawn with diameters as the distance between opposite ends and tangents
cut at the edges with notches created half way towards the centre to help the disk of
chopped strand mat take the exact shape of the mould.
A solution of silicone is spread on the surface of the moulds with a spray. These
operations help the removal of the samples from the moulds. The matrix was made of
the mixture of resin and catalyst (where the catalyst is just 2% by mass of the resin).
Each ply is applied in the mould and impregnated of resin with a brush. A particular
care is taken to not have bubbles, which cause discontinuity in the composite. When all
the plies are laid, the moulds are placed 24 hours under an extractor hood. Figures 1 &
2 are the photographs of samples manufactured.
Figure 1. Photograph of manufactured 150mm Figure 2. Photograph of manufactured 200mm
diameter composite. diameter composite
5. Drop impact test
The samples were simply supported in the instrumented drop tester [Figure 3] and
impacted with a cross-head mass of 30kg. Transient response of the composite was
measured and stored. The impact parameters obtained include load, energy, velocity and
displacement as a function of time. The system measures the load – time response
through the load cells. The other parameters were calculated by the application of the
laws of motion. The energy that goes into the composite is calculated based on
conservation of energy principles and is calculated based on the potential energy of the
impactor, initial kinetic energy of the impactor at the time of impact and instantaneous
kinetic energy. Figure 4 is a photograph of the composite on the support and schematic
set-up for testing shown in Figure 5.
4. Hand held Control
Main Mass
Load cell
Impactor
Pneumatic clamp
Optical gate
Electronics LAPTOP
Console COMPUTER
Composite
MAIN UNIT
.
Figure 3. Schematic of the impact test arrangement.
Figure 4. Impacted composite dome. Figure 5. Schematic set-up for drop impact test
6. Test programme
An experimental schedule has been developed with special attention to the dome
diameter and repeated impact. Two configurations (Table 1) of the specimens were
tested. The nominal drop height was set at 0.02m, which is expected to change under
repeated impact as damage on the composite dome progresses.
Table 1 Test programme
Curvature diameter Base diameter Number of impact
Thickness (mm)
(mm) (mm) tests
150 150 3.25 10
200 150 3.25 10
5. 7. The actions from the dynamic load
Figure 6. illustrates the phenomena of forces and bending moments generated
during impact, causing inter-laminar shear stresses. If we simplify all the actions applied
on the dome during the impact, we can consider the impact force F, the reaction R on
the support, and the bending moment M.
Impact load
Composite
dome
M M
R R
a
Figure 6. Diagram of the actions
More the diameter of the curvature the larger, the distance ‘a’ and more the surface
becomes quasi perpendicular to the impact load F. This implies that as moment is
applied farer from the impact point; the bending moment is very significant and
generates larger shear stresses and damages.
8. Damage Inspection
The impact damage mechanism in composite structures is a very complex process,
because various failure modes occur simultaneously during impact; fiber breakage,
matrix deformation and cracking, fiber debonding, fiber pullout, etc. Also, the
delamination caused by the interface shear stresses between the layers.
Figures 7 & 8 are top view photographs of the composite domes after the repeated
drop impact tests. The localized damaged boundary has an irregular shape that is
difficult to predict. Some of the features seen include indentation and cracking.Also the
specimens were sectioned through the impact zone, the cut surface ground with 800,
1200 and 2400 grit silicon carbide papers with water; and macro photographs (Figure
9.) obtained with Sony digital still camera DKC-CM30. The image revealed failure
modes such as debonding, matrix crack and fibre pull-out.
Figure 7. Damaged 150mm diameter Figure 8. Damaged 200mm diameter
composite dome due to repeated impact. composite dome due to impact.
6. Figure 9. Through the impact point sectioned macro-photograph damaged composite dome.
The micro-structural photos were taken with a Nikon Epihot metallurgical
microscope at x 50 magnification. In preparing of samples for these photos, they were
(in addition to being sectioning through the impact point of the composite with an
abrasive cutting disc and cooling water) mounted on Struers Durofix-2 cold mounting
acrylic resin [Figure 10]. Then ground with 220grit SiC paper with cooling water at
300rpm, followed with 800, 1200, 2400 grit papers to reduce scratch pattern. Finally,
they were polished with 3 micron diamond suspension with DP blue lubricant on DP-
Dur polishing pad at 150rpm. The micro-photographs were taken at four locations on
the surface as marked in Fig. 10. The Figures 11 to 14 are the micro-images taken from
location x0 to x3 respectively, revealing damage modes such as the cracking of the
matrix material and delamination. The inter-laminar delamination seems to dominate
and might have taken a greater percentage of the absorbed energy because of the inter-
laminar stresses and moments generated by the actions of the impact event.
Figure 10. Sectioned composite impregnated in a resin for micro-photographs.
Figure 11. Micro-photograph at point X0 in Fig. 10 Figure 12. Micro-photograph at point X1 in Fig. 10
7. Figure 13. Micro-photograph at point X2 in Fig. 10 Figure 14. Micro-photograph at point X3 in Fig. 10
9. Experimental results
The load histories of the composite domes due to repeated hit of the striker at same
location are displayed in Figures 15 and 16 illustrating the salient features of the
behaviour. The peak loads in both situations increase and stabilize about some mean
value as the number of impact hits continue to increase.
Although the magnitude of the first impact on both domes configurations is the
same different stress waves are expected propagate through the composite. The
thresholds of the Hertzian failure are different for the composite domes (obtained from
the first hit) implying that each composite has it own unique load-bearing ability. The
values are 1.016kN for the 150mm diameter dome and 0.514kN for the 200mm
diameter dome. The difference in the impact behaviour implies that the dome diameter
has an effect on the impact response of composite domes.
As the composites do not deform plastically, a great quantity of the energy is
absorbed result in fracture areas, reduced strength and stiffness. The damage towards
the base is mainly because of bending stresses, moments and the inter-ply shear stresses.
2.5 First impact
Second impact
2 Third impact
fourth impact
Fifth impact
1.5 Sixth impact
Force (kN)
Seventh impact
Eigth impact
1 Ninth impact
Tenth impact
0.5
0
0 10 20 30
Time (ms)
Figure 15. Force history plot of repeated impact response of the 150mm diameter
composite dome
8. 1.6
First impact
1.4 Second impact
Third impact
1.2 Fourth impact
1 Fifth impact
Force (kN)
Sixth impact
0.8 Seventh impact
0.6 Eighth impact
Ninth impact
0.4 Tenth impact
0.2
0
0 10 20 30 40 50
Time (ms)
Figure 16. Force history plot of repeated impact response of the 200mm diameter
composite dome.
The hypothesis behaviour of the doubly curved quasi isotropic composite structure,
under low energy impact is non-linear [Figures 15 & 16]. As seen a lot of the damages
are generated by the first strike, because of the series of ‘stick-slip’ response. The
almost consistent value of peak loads as the number of hits increase is thought to be
because of the loss of stiffness at the contact zone and reduction in the rate of increase
of a [shown in Figure 6]. This reduction in stiffness results in lower energy dissipation
as damages and reduction in post impact incremental displacement [Figures 17 & 18].
Hence, composite domes could be appropriate in crashworthiness applications, because
the brittle characteristics and the progressive damage, which is gradual.
The dome that is more curved (ie the 150mm diameter one) on the first impact
response showed a higher peak load and the unloading plot is curving back to the origin
while the other diverges (usually clearer in the force – displacement plot). Considering
energy distribution due the impact, the initial kinetic energy of the impactor caused the
deformations. These deformations of the structure involve bending, shear deformation,
membrane stiffening effect, and the local deformation in the vicinity of the impact
point.
4.4 16
Post impact displacement (mm)
Post impact displacement (mm)
4.2 14
4
12
3.8
10
3.6
8
3.4
3.2 6
3 4
0 2 4 6 8 10 0 2 4 6 8 10
Serial number of impact event Serial number of impact event
Figure 17. After each impact displacement for Figure 18. After each impact displacement for
the 150mm diameter dome. the 200mm diameter dome.
9. The propagation energy and total energy were obtained from the impact response
data (Table 2). The total impact energy was defined as the sum of the energy absorbed
until the maximum load (initiation energy) and the energy absorbed after the maximum
load (propagation energy). The energy absorbed to failure in the composite can be
obtained from the experimental results or calculated by integrating the force –
displacement plot from zero to damage threshold and the impulse to failure by
integrating the force history between same ranges.
Table 2. Impact characteristics obtained from the first impact
Damage load Impulse to Energy to failure (J)
(N) failure (Ns) Calculated Experiment
200mm diameter dome 514.1 0.354 0.32 0.20
150mm diameter dome 1015.7 0.698 0.33 0.29
Post impact
Total Energy Propagation Displacement at
displacement
(J) energy (J) damage (mm)
(mm)
200mm diameter dome 5.56 1.01 1.3 7.68
150mm diameter dome 4.30 0.21 0.7 3.35
10. Contact time
The contact time between the specimen and the striker was obtained when the
contact force returns to zero. Figures 19 & 20, are plots of the contact time observed
during the test and the increase in time can be associated with the formation of
indentation, compression of the composite and the effect of the moments generated by
the impact process. The 150mm dome composite shows a monotonic increase in the
contact time, while the 200mm dome showed almost stable contact time from the eighth
impact. This implies that, the dome diameter affects the contact time and the saturation
value for a [shown in Figure 6].
28 45
y = -0.004x 4 + 0.080x 3 - 0.431x 2 + 2.151x +
31.84
27 y= 0.0002x6- 0.006x5+ 0.0926x4- 0.6975x3 +
43 R² = 0.993
2.5106x2 - 3.0999x + 22.307
26 R 2 = 0.9971
Contact time (ms)
Contact time (ms)
41
25
24 39
23
37
22
21 35
20 33
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Serial number of impact event Serial number of impact event
Figure 19. Contact time for the 150mm Figure 20. Contact time for the 200mm
diameter dome. diameter dome.
10. CONCLUDING REMARKS
Composite domes (thickness = 3.25mm) of curvature diameters 200mm and
150mm were subjected to repeated low energy impact using an instrumented drop tester
and samples simply supported. The first impact energy was set at 6J. Some
deformations modes such as debonding, matrix crack, fibre pull out were identified
through macro and micro-photographs of sectioned shells. The energy dissipation
characteristics of the shells differ.
The peak loads taken from the force history due to the impact increased for both
domes and stabilizes about some average value as the number impact strike increase.
Comparison of the characteristics obtained from the first hit, revealed the following:
1. The dome that is more curved showed the higher peak load.
2. Higher damage threshold with the curvier shell.
3. Damage propagation energy higher for the greater curvature diameter dome.
4. Greater post impact displacement with the greater curvature diameter shell.
As the impact loading was at the top centre of the domes, the saturation distance
between the moments generated is affected by the curvature diameter. The dynamic
loading causes localized lost of stiffness in the contact area and progress under the
repeated loading, but stabilise about some mean geometry (damage area). Composite
shells such as this may be suitable for crashworthiness applications, as it is brittle and
the damage is gradually progressive.
References
1. Abrate S (1998), “Impact on composite structures” Cambridge University Press.
2. Abrate, S (1994): “Impact on Laminated Composites: Recent advances”, Appl. Mech. Rev.
Vol.47, No 11, pp. 517-544.
3. Cui, Z, Moltschaniwskyj, G and Bhattacharyya, D, ‘Buckling and Large Deformation
Bahaviour of Composite domes Compressed between Rigid Platens’, Composite Structures
66 (2004) 591 – 599.
4. David-West, O S, Nash, D H and Banks, W M ‘The Effect of Surface Ply Stiffness on the
Energy Absorption of Curved Carbon Fibre Composites’, Proc. 15th International Offshore
and Polar Engineering Conference, Seoul, South Korea. June 19 – 24, 2005, pp. 435 – 440.
5. Gning, P B, Tarfaoui, M. Collombet, F and Davies, P (2005), ‘Prediction of Damage in
Composite Cylinders After Impact’, Journal of Composite Materials, Vol. 39. No. 10, pp
917 – 928.
6. Gning, P B, Tarfaoui, M, Collombet, F, Riou, L, and Davies P, ‘Damage development in
thick composite tubes under impact loading and influence on implosion pressure:
experimental observations’, Composites: Part B 36 (2005) 306 – 318.
7. Gupta, N K and Velmurugany, R (2002), ‘Experiments and Analysis of Collapse Behaviour
of Composite Domes under Axial Compression’, Journal of Composite Materials (36) pp
899 – 914.
8. Huang, C H and Lee, Y J (2004), ‘Static contact crushing of composite laminated shells’,
Composite Structures, Vol. 63, pp. 211 – 217.
9. Hull, D (1991), ‘A unified Approach to Progressive Crushing of Fibre Reinforced
Composite Tubes’, Composite Science and Technology, Vol. 40, pp. 377 – 421.
10. Kistler, L S and Waas, A M (1998), ‘Impact Response of Cylindrically Curved Laminates
Including a Large Deformation Scaling Study, International Journal of Impact Engineering
Vol. 21 No. 9, pp.61 – 75.
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