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Exercise physiology
This document discusses exercise physiology and factors that influence athletic ability. It covers various topics related to energy metabolism and how the body produces ATP through aerobic and anaerobic pathways. Muscle fiber types, the cardiovascular and respiratory systems, thermoregulation, and different types of training are described. Conditioning improves the body's ability to deliver oxygen and nutrients to working muscles and enhances the aerobic energy system over time.
Exercise physiology
- 1. Exercise Physiology •Driving forcebehind all types of work •Conversion of stored energy to mechanical energy
- 2. What Influences AthleticAbility? • Genetics • Training • Training methodology • Environment • Nutrition • Track/Arena Surfaces • Shoes • Jockey • Etc.
- 3. ATHLETIC ABILITY Heart size Skeletal muscle properties Anaerobic capacity Gasexchange Hemoglobin concentration Biomechanics
- 4. ENERGY • Sources – Carbohydrates –Fats • Effect on performance – ↓ energy = ↓ performance – Must meet energy requirement – Monitor body condition • ↓ body condition = negative energy balance
- 5. Energy Metabolism • Aerobic –With oxygen – Carbohydrate & fat – CO2, H2O & ATP • Anaerobic – Without oxygen – Carbohydrate (glycolysis) – Lactate & ATP
- 6. Muscle Glycogen Blood Glucose Anaerobic Glycolysis Oxidative Metabolism Pyruvate Lactate ATP Free-Fatty Acids Creatine Phosphate Myokinase andCPK Reactions CO2and Water Lipolysis Oxygen Synthesis of ATP from aerobic and anaerobic metabolism.
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- 8. Types of MuscleFiber • Type I • – Slow contracting • – ↓ glycolytic activity • – Fatigue resistant • – Aerobic metabolism • – Long term/low stress • work • – Endurance • Type II • – Fast contracting • – Fatigue quickly • – ↑ Glycolytic activity • – Quick energy bursts • – Speed for longer • distances • – Primarily anaerobic
- 9. Breed Differences Type Ifibers Type II fibers
- 10. Energy For MuscleContraction • Walking – Slow contractions – Primarily type I fibers – Fat primary energy source (very efficient)
- 11. Energy For MuscleContraction • Trot and Canter – Increased contractions • Increased contractions require more ATP • Type II fibers • Fat cannot be metabolized anaerobically
- 12. Anaerobic Glycolysis • Fastestway to produce ATP • Less efficient than aerobic glycolysis – Less ATP – Lactic acid produced – Decrease muscle pH – Fatigue/tying up
- 13. Horses that cangenerate a higher proportion of energy aerobically will outperform horses with lower aerobic capacity
- 14. Estimated Types Of EnergyUsed Event Preformed Energy Anaerobic Aerobic Racing QH 80% 18% 2% Racing 1000 m 25% 70% 5% Racing 1600 m 10% 80% 10% Racing 2400 m 5% 70% 25% Racing 3200 m 5% 55% 40% Polo 5% 50% 45%
- 15. Estimated Types Of EnergyUsed Event Preformed Energy Anaerobic Aerobic Barrel Racing 99% 4% 1% Cutting 88% 10% 2% Show Jumping 15% 65% 20% 3 Day (Cross Country) 10% 40% 50% Endurance Rides 1% 5% 94% Pleasure/Equitati on 1% 2% 97%
- 16. Cardiovascular System • Deliversblood to body – O2 from lungs – Nutrients from GI tract
- 17. Cardiovascular System • Heartrate (HR) – Resting 30-45 – Exercising – 240 bpm max • Stroke Volume (SV) – Volume of blood pumped per beat – 800 – 900 mls • HR X SV = Cardiac Output – Can pump > 250 li/min – Equivalent to 55 gal drum
- 18. Affect of ExerciseOn The Cardiovascular System • ↑ metabolic activity in limbs = ↑ blood flow • Three ways to increase blood flow – Increase cardiac output • HR and CO proportional to running speed • Cannot ↑ HR beyond max – Increase O2 carried in blood • Splenic dumping can double O2 carrying capacity – Redistribute blood flow • ↑ to locomotive muscle • ↓ to kidneys and small intestines
- 19. Respiratory System • RespiratoryRate – Resting - 8-20 breaths per min • Exercise – ↑ O2 consumption – ↑ CO2 emission • To increase air exchange – ↑ Respiratory rate • RR linked to stride freq. • ↑ Tidal Volume (TV) – Air inhaled or exhaled in a breath
- 20. Locomotor- Respiratory Coupling (LRC) • GallopingHorse – 150 Breaths – 12-15 liters of air • Trotting Horse – 70-85 Breaths – 20-25 liters of air
- 21. Respiratory Problems • Laryngealhemiplegia – Partial paralysis of larynx – Inadequate gas exchange – Surgical treatment • Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease – Decreases respiratory rate – Hyperallerginc response to dust, mold, irritants – House outdoors • Exercise Induced Pulmonary Hemorrhage – Bleeding in lungs – Speeds above 14 m/s – Variable effects – Furosemide (Lasix)
- 22. Thermoregulation • Importance – EvaporativeCooling (Sweating) – Most important route of heat dissipation – Requires ample blood flow to carry heat from core to surface • Thoroughbred (race) – 2.5 gal • Endurance horse (50- 100 miles) – 6-12 gal • Three day event (dressage/cross country) – 5-6 gal
- 23. Thermoregulation • ↑ Exerciseintensity > ↑ heat load > ↑ need for heat dissipation • Prevent dehydration to prevent thermal injury – Provision of adequate water – Normal diet – Salt & mineral supplement
- 24. Thermoregulation • Dehydration – Electrolyte& pH disturbances – Fatigue – Gait incoordination (ataxia) – ↑ risk of orthopedic injury – Muscle damage – Death • Supplement electrolytes – Beginning training program – Adjusting to high temperature
- 25. Types of Training •Endurance – Enhances aerobic system • High intensity/Quick burst – Increases muscle mass – Strength training
- 26. Influence of Training •↑ heart size • ↓ HR at given speed • Quicker recovery to given heart rate • ↑ Capillaries – ↑ O2 delivered to muscles • Increase aerobic capacity
- 27. Influence of Training •↑ Muscle Cell Mitochondria – ↑ O2 utilization per unit of muscle • Muscle has quickest adaptation to training of all body tissues
- 28. Conditioning Times ofBody Structures 0 5 10 15 20 25 Muscles Ligaments Bones Unfit Fit
- 29. Signs of Fatigue •Respiration rate > heart rate – Inversion – Hyperventilating – Shallow breathing – Shock • Muscle soreness (lactic acid buildup) • Ataxia • Deydration
- 30. Conditioning is AProcess That Occurs Over Time