Results: NWO subjects (n = 283) demonstrated metabolic dysregulation compared to NWL individuals (n = 1795). After
adjusting for age, sex, and smoking, NWO individuals showed higher PWV values than NWL individuals (1474.0 ± 275.4 vs.
1380.7 ± 234.3 cm/s, p = 0.006 by ANCOVA). Compared with NWL subjects, NWO subjects had a higher prevalence of soft
plaques even after age, sex, and smoking adjustment (21.6 % vs. 14.5 %, p = 0.039 by ANCOVA). The PWV value and the
log{(number of segments with plaque) + 1} showed a positive correlation with numerous parameters such as age, systolic
blood pressure, visceral fat, fasting glucose level, serum triglyceride level, and C-reactive protein (CRP) in contrast to the
negative correlation with high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol level. The visceral fat was an independent determinant of
log{(number of segments with plaque) + 1} (ß = 0.027, SE = 0.011, p = 0.016) even after adjustment for other significant
factors. Most importantly, NWO was an independent risk factor for the presence of soft plaques (odds ratio 1.460, 95 %
confidence interval 1.027–2.074, p = 0.035) even after further adjustment for multiple factors associated with atherosclerosis
(blood pressure, blood glucose, lipid level, CRP, medication, smoking status, physical activity).
Normal-Weight Obesity Is Associated With
Increased Risk of Subclinical Atherosclerosis.
Conclusions: NWO individuals carry a higher incidence of subclinical atherosclerosis compared with NWL individuals,
regardless of other clinical risk factors for atherosclerosis.
Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease: The Role of Aspirin and StatinsCTSI at UCSF
Presented by Michael Pignone, MD, MPH, at UCSF's symposium "The Role of Risk Stratification and Biomarkers in Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease" in Jan 2012.
Results: NWO subjects (n = 283) demonstrated metabolic dysregulation compared to NWL individuals (n = 1795). After
adjusting for age, sex, and smoking, NWO individuals showed higher PWV values than NWL individuals (1474.0 ± 275.4 vs.
1380.7 ± 234.3 cm/s, p = 0.006 by ANCOVA). Compared with NWL subjects, NWO subjects had a higher prevalence of soft
plaques even after age, sex, and smoking adjustment (21.6 % vs. 14.5 %, p = 0.039 by ANCOVA). The PWV value and the
log{(number of segments with plaque) + 1} showed a positive correlation with numerous parameters such as age, systolic
blood pressure, visceral fat, fasting glucose level, serum triglyceride level, and C-reactive protein (CRP) in contrast to the
negative correlation with high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol level. The visceral fat was an independent determinant of
log{(number of segments with plaque) + 1} (ß = 0.027, SE = 0.011, p = 0.016) even after adjustment for other significant
factors. Most importantly, NWO was an independent risk factor for the presence of soft plaques (odds ratio 1.460, 95 %
confidence interval 1.027–2.074, p = 0.035) even after further adjustment for multiple factors associated with atherosclerosis
(blood pressure, blood glucose, lipid level, CRP, medication, smoking status, physical activity).
Normal-Weight Obesity Is Associated With
Increased Risk of Subclinical Atherosclerosis.
Conclusions: NWO individuals carry a higher incidence of subclinical atherosclerosis compared with NWL individuals,
regardless of other clinical risk factors for atherosclerosis.
Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease: The Role of Aspirin and StatinsCTSI at UCSF
Presented by Michael Pignone, MD, MPH, at UCSF's symposium "The Role of Risk Stratification and Biomarkers in Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease" in Jan 2012.
Effects of aspirin for primary prevention in persons with Diabetes mellitusShadab Ahmad
The ASCEND(A Study od Cardiovascular Events in Diabetes) randomized trial was performed to assess the efficacy and safety of enteric-coated aspirin at a dose of 100 mg daily, as compared with placebo, in person who had diabetes without manifest cardiovascular disease.
Aspirin as Prevention Therapy for Cardiovascular Events in patients with Diab...Stefania Dumitrescu
The Role of Aspirin in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes, especially T2DM - current knowledge and recommendations -
Current trends in cardiovascular assessmentAlfred Bett
This paper describe the emerging trends of assessing cardiovascular in health care setting with the aim of improving the quality of service delivery to patient. It considers the increased case of people affected by heart attack
Relative Hyperoxia in cyanotic congenital heart disease on veno-arterial ECMO...Texas Children's Hospital
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is an
established intervention for respiratory or cardiorespiratory
support in children with congenital heart disease (CHD)
when all other interventions have failed. Hyperoxia
following successful resuscitation has been associated with
increased mortality in pediatric and adult studies,
including, specifically, hyperoxia during ECMO
management. We hypothesized that this effect may be
pronounced in patients with lower arterial oxygen
saturation at baseline, such as those with cyanotic CHD. We
aimed to determine if relative hyperoxia in children with
cyanotic single ventricle circulation on Veno-Arterial (VA)-
ECMO is a risk factor for mortality in a large multicenter
registry analysis.
Cardiorespiratory Fitness, Health Outcomes, and Health Care Costs: The Case f...Matti Salakka 🐠
Physical inactivity is becoming a world-wide epidemic – and the consequences can be both costly and deadly. This was outlined by Dr. Jonathan Myers who, citing a range of studies and recent research results, was able to show hard-hitting data related to the correlation between fitness (or lack thereof) and poor health. Myers argues fitness may well be a better marker than traditional risk factors for CVD and all-cause mortality. Amongst the eye-opening findings presented to the audience was that, for the first time, global deaths-per-year due to physical inactivity are higher than for smoking.
Osteoarthritis is the most common disease of women after menopause. There are many factors to develop the disease. Hormones play important role to in this context. The objective of the present study is to determine whether the levels of thyroid and sex hormones are associated with osteoarthritis (OA) in postmenopausal women. Forty three patients suffering from OA and twenty control subjects were included in this study. Thyroid and sex hormones were measured in the serum by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay technique. In OA patients serum estrogen levels were low as compared to control subjects(p<0.001), but these patients did not show any significant change in thyroid hormones and progesterone hormone levels when compared with control subjects. The findings suggest that estrogen deficiency after menopause may contribute to develop OA in postmenopausal women.
Effects of aspirin for primary prevention in persons with Diabetes mellitusShadab Ahmad
The ASCEND(A Study od Cardiovascular Events in Diabetes) randomized trial was performed to assess the efficacy and safety of enteric-coated aspirin at a dose of 100 mg daily, as compared with placebo, in person who had diabetes without manifest cardiovascular disease.
Aspirin as Prevention Therapy for Cardiovascular Events in patients with Diab...Stefania Dumitrescu
The Role of Aspirin in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes, especially T2DM - current knowledge and recommendations -
Current trends in cardiovascular assessmentAlfred Bett
This paper describe the emerging trends of assessing cardiovascular in health care setting with the aim of improving the quality of service delivery to patient. It considers the increased case of people affected by heart attack
Relative Hyperoxia in cyanotic congenital heart disease on veno-arterial ECMO...Texas Children's Hospital
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is an
established intervention for respiratory or cardiorespiratory
support in children with congenital heart disease (CHD)
when all other interventions have failed. Hyperoxia
following successful resuscitation has been associated with
increased mortality in pediatric and adult studies,
including, specifically, hyperoxia during ECMO
management. We hypothesized that this effect may be
pronounced in patients with lower arterial oxygen
saturation at baseline, such as those with cyanotic CHD. We
aimed to determine if relative hyperoxia in children with
cyanotic single ventricle circulation on Veno-Arterial (VA)-
ECMO is a risk factor for mortality in a large multicenter
registry analysis.
Cardiorespiratory Fitness, Health Outcomes, and Health Care Costs: The Case f...Matti Salakka 🐠
Physical inactivity is becoming a world-wide epidemic – and the consequences can be both costly and deadly. This was outlined by Dr. Jonathan Myers who, citing a range of studies and recent research results, was able to show hard-hitting data related to the correlation between fitness (or lack thereof) and poor health. Myers argues fitness may well be a better marker than traditional risk factors for CVD and all-cause mortality. Amongst the eye-opening findings presented to the audience was that, for the first time, global deaths-per-year due to physical inactivity are higher than for smoking.
Osteoarthritis is the most common disease of women after menopause. There are many factors to develop the disease. Hormones play important role to in this context. The objective of the present study is to determine whether the levels of thyroid and sex hormones are associated with osteoarthritis (OA) in postmenopausal women. Forty three patients suffering from OA and twenty control subjects were included in this study. Thyroid and sex hormones were measured in the serum by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay technique. In OA patients serum estrogen levels were low as compared to control subjects(p<0.001), but these patients did not show any significant change in thyroid hormones and progesterone hormone levels when compared with control subjects. The findings suggest that estrogen deficiency after menopause may contribute to develop OA in postmenopausal women.
Myths and legacy of exercisemedicine in chronic diseasesAnn Gates
London Sports and Exercise Medicine Presentation.
December 2015.
Copyright Exercise Works Ltd. All rights reserved.
Contact ann@exercise-works.org for permissions.
Behavior Modification for Cardiovascular risk factor reductionnihal Ashraf
There is little controversy over the benefits to cardiovascular health of not smoking, eating a well balanced diet, maintaining mental well-being, taking regular exercise and keeping active, as demonstrated in large cohort studies.
These health behaviours also play an etiological role in other noncommunicable diseases, such as cancer, respiratory disease, diabetes, osteoporosis and liver disease (WHO., 2003), which makes interventions to promote them potentially very cost-effective.
However, there is considerable uncertainty about the best ways of helping people at high CVD risk to modify their behaviour.
To Assess the Effect of Body Mass Index on Cardiac Efficiency in Adolescent B...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
Resurge - The Godzilla Of Offers - Resurge weight loss.Med Gaith
Resurge- The Godzilla Offers is a blend of natural products that are helpful to losing weight, boosting the immune system, increasing metabolism, and relieving stress. it is effective against problems that in one way or another are related to weight gain. It is made in the USA and approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).
Cardiorespiratory Fitness, Health Outcomes, and Health Care Costs: The Case f...Firstbeat Technologies
Physical inactivity is becoming a world-wide epidemic – and the consequences can be both costly and deadly. This was outlined by Dr. Jonathan Myers who, citing a range of studies and recent research results, was able to show hard-hitting data related to the correlation between fitness (or lack thereof) and poor health. Myers argues fitness may well be a better marker than traditional risk factors for CVD and all-cause mortality. Amongst the eye-opening findings presented to the audience was that, for the first time, global deaths-per-year due to physical inactivity are higher than for smoking.
Investigation of the changes on muscular endurance in response to aerobic and...Sports Journal
The rationale of the study is to investigate the changes on muscular endurance in response to aerobic and
anaerobic training among type 2 diabetic patients. To achieve the purpose of the study 45 male type 2
diabetic patients from Ongole, in the southern state of Andhra Pradesh, India, were selected as subjects.
The subjects were selected in the age group of 45 to 50 years and they were randomly assigned into three
equal groups of 15 each. Experimental group-I performed aerobic training, experimental group-II
performed anaerobic training and group III acted as control. The muscular endurance was selected as
dependent variable. The data collected from the three groups prior to and post experimentation on
selected dependent variable was statistically analyzed to find out the significant difference if any, by
applying the analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). Whenever the obtained ‘F’ ratio value was found to be
significant for adjusted post-test means, the Scheffe’s test was applied as post hoc test. In all the cases the
level of confidence was fixed at 0.05 level for significance. The result of the study produced 20.48%
percentage of improvement due to aerobic training and 15.32% of improvement due to anaerobic training
in muscular endurance of the diabetic patients
Background; Myocardial Infarction (MI) is a term which is used for defining the necrosis in the heart muscle due to the lack of the oxygen need of myocardium which cannot be supplied by the coronaries. Aim: This study was carried out to determine the effects of some lifestyle and anthropometric parameters on some cardiac enzymes. Methods: A total of 146 students of sex, age bracket, (16 - 30) were recruited for this study. Enzymatic methods were used in the determination of AST, ALT, CKMB activities. Anthropometric measurements of the participants were taken. The result showed that there was significant increase in systolic blood pressure (SBP), weight and height (p<0.05), but there was no significant increase in their diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and body mass index (BMI) (p>0.05) in the serum ALT, AST, and CKMB activities. However, there was significant difference in ALT and AST activities (P<0.05) but there was no significant difference in serum CKMB activity (P>0.05). Statistically the percentage of the participants that had their serum ALT activity above the reference range were 16.6%, those within the reference range were 83.4%,. In serum AST activity, the percentage above the reference range were 19.9%, those within the reference range were 80.1%. Meanwhile, in serum CK-MB activity, those above the reference range were 25.2% while those within the reference range were 74.8%. Conclusion: This could be probably indicate that the leakage of AST and ALT activities may be of hepatic origin. . The non-significant increase in CKMB which is a specific marker of myocardial injury, could suggest that the subjects were not at risk of developing of myocardial infarction as regards their age.
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Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
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Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
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2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
3. • The first scientific evidence regarding the beneficial effects of work associated exercise training
(ET) was published by Morris in 1953 who examined the incidence of coronary artery disease
(CAD) in London bus driver teams.
• He clearly documented that the incidence of CAD was less in the middle-age conductors than
in the sedentary drivers of the same age.
• Subsequently, studies in more than 100 000 individuals clearly documented that the higher the
level of physical fitness, the less likely an individual will suffer premature cardiovascular death
(reviewed in Lee et al.2).
• Based on these studies, all major cardiovascular societies made physical activity part of their
guidelines for prevention of CVD (class I recommendation), recommending at least 30 min of
moderate-intensity aerobic activity, 7 days per week with a minimum of 5 days per week
4. Results in primary cardiovascular disease prevention: dose–response
• Many older studies dichotomized participants into physically active vs. inactive groups, more
recent studies have grouped the participants into multiple quantitatively designated categories
of physical activity (such as quartiles of leisure-time physical activity), making it possible to
assess a dose–response relation between physical activity and mortality.
• As a result, inverse dose–response relations have been found between volume of physical
activity behaviour and all-cause mortality,CVD mortalityand risk of CAD.
• Notably, Wen et al.and Sattelmair et al have reported that even 15 min of daily exercise (about
half of the minimal level of guideline recommendation13) is associated with a significant
reduction of all-cause mortality or CAD risk.
• This finding may support the guideline's assertion that some physical activity is better than
none.This is also evident in the study by Myers, where moving from the worst to the second
worst quintile provided the largest benefit
5. Prevention of cardiovascular disease in diabetes and obese population
• Most deaths due to diabetes are attributable to CVD, especially CAD. Previous data strongly
support the role of lifestyle intervention involving physical activity to improve glucose and
insulin homeostasis and CVD risk factors.The Diabetes Prevention Program Research
Group demonstrated that a lifestyle modification program with goals of ≥7% weight loss and
≥150 min/week of physical activity in overweight patients with impaired fasting glucose
resulted in a 58% reduction in the incidence of diabetes mellitus, whereas there was a 31%
reduction with metformin (850 mg twice daily) compared with placebo.
• Tanasescu et al.reported in their 14-year follow-up study that the total amount of physical
activity was inversely related with all-cause mortality in diabetic men. Intriguingly, in their
study, walking pace was inversely associated with CVD, fatal CVD, and all-cause mortality,
independent of walking hours. On the basis of these findings, the 2009 AHA Scientific
Statement on ET in type 2 diabetes mellitus recommends 150 min/week of moderate-
intensity exercise combined with resistance training
6. • Although weight loss is important in obese patients, current exercise protocols in
cardiac rehabilitation (CR) result in little weight loss, in part because of the low
energy expenditure of 700–800 kcal/week. In a randomized controlled clinical trial.
• comparing the effect of high-calorie-expenditure exercise (3000–3500 kcal/week
exercise-related energy expenditure) with standard exercise (700–800 kcal/week)
on weight loss and risk factors, 5 months, high-calorie-expenditure exercise resulted
in greater weight loss (−8.2 vs. −3.7 kg, P < 0.001) and more favourable CVD risk
profiles than standard exercise.
• In addition, Blair and colleagues reported that in men with documented or suspected
coronary heart disease, cardiorespiratory fitness greatly modifies the relation of
adiposity and mortality
7. • Several observational studies have been published regarding the relation between participation
in a CR program and the CV prognosis in post-myocardial infarction, post-coronary intervention,
and elderly CAD patients Witt et al. reported that participation in CR was independently
associated with decreased mortality and recurrent MI, and that its protective effect was stronger
in more recent years. In another study, the relation between the number of CR sessions attended
and mortality/MI risk at 4 years in elderly CAD patients was analysed.27 An inverse dose–response
relation between session attendance and mortality/MI risk was observed at 4 years. Likewise, in
a prospective cohort study in Canada, Martin et al.reported that, compared with non-completers
(n = 554), CR completers (n = 2900) had a lower risk of death (adjusted hazard ratio 0.59), all-
cause hospitalization (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.77), and cardiac hospitalization (adjusted hazard
ratio 0.68).
• Suaya et al. performed extensive analyses to control for potential confounding between CR
users and non-users among 600 000 Medicare CAD patients (age ≥65 years), and found that 5-
year mortality rates were 21–34% lower in the CR users than non-users.
8. • There have been prospective randomized trials of ET in other aspects of CVD
prevention. Hambrecht et al.34 as well as Niebauer et al.35 have demonstrated
that long-term ET can halt the progression and, in some cases, actually
promote regression of coronary atherosclerotic lesions . Additionally, in the
ETICA trial,36 the ET group showed a significantly better cardiac event-free
survival than the non-exercise group in patients after PCI with balloon
angioplasty or bare-metal stents at 33-month follow-up. Furthermore,
Hambrecht et al.37 compared ET vs. PCI with bare-metal stents in patients with
stable angina pectoris, and found that ET improved event-free survival at 12-
month follow-up.
9. secondary cardiovascular disease prevention: meta-analysis and guidelines
• Since modern comprehensive CR programs contain not only ET but also patient education
and counselling, it is difficult to see how much effect is attributable to exercise per se. In
the meta-analysis of 2004, Taylor et al.31 reported that the effect size of total mortality
reduction was not significantly different between exercise-only CR and comprehensive CR
(−24 vs. −16%, NS).
• In a subsequent meta-analysis,38 they estimated that approximately half of the 28%
reduction in cardiac mortality achieved with exercise-based CR was attributable to
reductions in major risk factors, and hence, the remaining half attributable to exercise per
se. Taken together, it is clear that ET/physical activity reduces CVD/CAD risk in addition to
dietary and/or pharmacological interventions in primary and secondary prevention. In
relation to this, both European and American guidelines for CVD prevention5,12 describe
recommendations for physical activity and CR participation in independent sections
11. Endothelial function and nitric oxide bioavailability
• One of the most important molecular consequences of regular physical exercise is the absolute
increase of vascular nitric oxide (NO) concentration. NO is responsible for vasodilation, which
results in the lowering of peripheral resistance and increase of perfusion. Endothelial nitric oxide
synthase (eNOS), the main source of NO, is up-regulated by an increase in flow-mediated shear
stress associated with physical exercise due to a complex pattern of intracellular regulation like
acetylation,51 phosphorylation,52 and translocation to the caveolae.53 Numerous investigations have
now clearly documented that exercise or increased shear stress up-regulates eNOS activity
either in cell culture,54 animal,55 or human studies.56 Nevertheless, it remains unclear how an
elevated shear stress is translated into increased eNOS activity. On the luminal side of the
endothelial cells, direct signalling can occur through deformation of the glycocalyx which results
in the activation of calcium ion channels, phospholipase activity leading to calcium signalling,
PGI2-release, and cAMP-mediated smooth-muscle-cell relaxation.57 In addition, VEGFR2 is
located at the luminal surface and can associate with VE-cadherin, β-catenin, and
phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase to phosphorylate Akt and induce AKT-mediated eNOS
phosphorylation, leading to higher NO production
14. Tobacco control to fight physical inactivity
• Control of tobacco consumption has been impressively successful despite deep-rooted addiction in many
countries. Warning labels, tax increases, and smoke-free places resulted in elimination of tobacco
consumption from many areas of public life. Figure 6 shows the change in cigarettes consumption and
prevalence of smoking in youths during a period of nearly 20 years in Germany. Although no single
intervention was effective by itself, the combination of several tax hikes, smoking ban in public areas,
warning signs, and restriction of tobacco sales to youths caused a highly significant downturn of cigarette
consumption by nearly 50% (Figure 6). Can this experience therefore serve as a template for fighting
physical inactivity? Probably not but there are some parallels: tobacco consumption and physical inactivity
are major risk factors for CAD; both of them are difficult to fight and there is no pill as is the case for the
treatment of hypercholesterolaemia or hypertension. But there are also major differences: tobacco
consumption is susceptible to powerful negative incentives such as the taxation and a ban in public areas,
transportation, and restaurants. To increase physical activity, positive incentives would be required, but
presently they are weak or missing altogether. There are numerous aspects how improvements could be
implemented without major changes in existing regulations or great investments: membership fees for gyms
and sports clubs as well as sports equipment could be made tax deductible. Physical activity could be
encouraged by establishing safer cycling routes especially for school children, to promote walking as a
means of at least partial daily transportation
15.
16. • In conclusion, physical activity is one of the most fundamental factors
necessary for maintaining health and warding-off risk factors; long-term
compliance, however, is poor in the vast majority of patients. Until today, all
strategies to improve adherence significantly have failed and long-term trends
seem to point the wrong direction. New concepts need to be contemplated,
borrowing from successful fights against other risk factors.
17.
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