2. You have 1 hour 15 minutes
for this paper. That is about
12 minutes per question.
Answer question 6 – River
Processes and Pressures.
NOT question 5.
Answer questions 1-4
Restless Earth, Changing
Climate, Battle for the
Biosphere and Water World
Answer question 7 – Oceans
on the Edge. NOT question 8
There are marks for spelling,
punctuation and grammar.
Make sure you write in full
sentences and check these
things.
3. You have 1 hour 15 minutes
for this paper. That is about
12 minutes per question.
Answer question 5 – The
Changing Economy of the
UK. NOT question 6.
Answer questions 1-4
Population Dynamics, Consuming
Resources, Globalisation and
Development Dilemmas
Answer question 7 – The
Challenges of an Urban World.
NOT question 8
There are marks for spelling,
punctuation and grammar.
Make sure you write in full
sentences and check these
things.
4. You have 1 hour 30 minutes
for this paper.
-Spend about 30 minutes
reading the resource
booklet before you start.
-You then have 1 hour to
answer the questions. It is
about 1 mark per minute.
(Therefore if a question is
worth 1 mark spend about 1
minute on it, if it is worth 8
marks spend about 8 minutes
on it.)
There are marks for spelling,
punctuation and grammar.
Make sure you write in full
sentences and check these
things.
The resource booklet will
provide you with the
information you need to answer
the questions BUT do not
forget to use your knowledge
from all aspects of the
course to help explain ideas.
Answer ALL questions.
5. Describe: To say
what something
shows.
E.g. The global demand for copper
increases from 1950 (where it was about 2.8 million tonnes)
to 2009 (where it was about 6.5 million tonnes). There was
however a small decrease in demand
between 1970-9 and 1980-9.
The amount demanded by China
has also become increasingly
important compared to the rest
of the world.
Top tip: Use data to
help describe trends
6. Explain: To say why
something shows what
it does.
E.g. Countries like the UK have ‘ageing
populations’. This is because they have very good healthcare,
hospitals, access to doctors and medicines. People also are
provided with pensions which means they are able to afford
healthy diets and comfortable, heated homes. These factors
contribute to the increasing
Population pyramids
proportion of elderly people
for Less Developed
Country: steep sides
in the UK, as well as
because of high
death rate. Wide
base because of high
increased life expectancy.
birth rate
Population pyramids for Developed Country:
Straight sides because of low death rate
8. Effect (Impact):
Something that
happens because of
something else
E.g. Melting ice caps and rising sea levels are
an effect of global warming. This can result
in the increasing cost of coastal flood
defences in countries like the UK.
9. Positive (Impact):
Something that is
good. An advantage.
E.g. A positive of large scale water
management schemes like the Aswan Dam
(Egypt) is that it provides Hydro-electric
power (HEP). This provides electricity for
Egypt’s growing industries. It is also
renewable so will not run out or increase
Carbon emissions.
10. Negative (Impact):
Something that is
bad. A disadvantage.
E.g. A negative of large scale water management
schemes like the Aswan Dam (Egypt) is that it has
submerged many villages and the Nubian people who
lived there for generations have lost their homes. It
was also very expensive and has reduced the fish
stocks in the Mediterranean as less nutrients are
washed out from the River Nile.
11. Primary Effect
(Impact): The direct
impacts of an event,
usually occurring
instantly.
E.g. The primary impacts of a volcanic eruption are
lava flows damaging property, or pyroclastic flows
leading to deaths.
12. Secondary Effect
(Impact): The indirect impacts of
an event, usually occurring hours,
weeks or even months / years
after the event.
E.g. A secondary impact of a volcanic
eruption (or an earthquake) is that when
infrastructure is destroyed it is difficult for
rescue workers to access areas, as well as
being hard for people to go to work or
school.
13. Impact (Effect):
Something that
happens because of
something else
E.g. The impacts of improving education and
literacy in rural Uganda would be a reduction
in HIV/Aids as people would be more aware
of the disease and how to prevent it.
14. Immediate response:
Something that is
done straight away
to help.
E.g. An immediate response to the Haiti earthquake
(2010) was that countries like the UK and USA sent
emergency aid, such as rescue workers and
equipment. They also sent clean water, food and
tents for the homeless.
15. Long term response
Planning to help
prevent future
disasters.
E.g. Japan has very strict building regulations to
help prevent them falling down in an earthquake.
This includes modern design such as strong steel
frames to increase buildings’ flexibility as well as
deep foundations to provide additional support.
16. Conservation
Looking after
somewhere and
preventing damage.
E.g. The Amazon rainforest is conserved to stop
deforestation and development. This is done with the
establishment of National Parks. Eco Tourism is also used to
provide environmentally friendly jobs for local people as an
alternative to logging. As Eco tourism is often small scale it
does no harm to the rainforest.
17. Degradation
Damaging something
E.g. Marine ecosystems (coral
reefs) are degraded by dynamite
and over fishing. Ban Don Bay,
Thailand has also been degraded by
tourists breaking the coral reef by
standing or dropping boat anchors
on it.
18. Management
Dealing with or
controlling something
E.g. Rivers can be managed with hard or soft engineering.
The River Skerne, Darlington has had afforestation on it’s
flood plain to prevent flooding (it increases interception and
provides habitats for animals). This is soft engineering. The
River Sheaf, Sheffield has been straightened to speed up
the flow of the river and flood waters. This is hard
engineering.
19. Justify: Give reasons
for … …
E.g. I think conserving the rainforest is
important because it one of the most
bio-diverse ecosystems on the earth
and home to a large number of plants
and animals. It also helps to maintain
the Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide balance
on Earth which is vital for life and also
acts against the greenhouse effect.
20. Evaluate: Give a
balanced argument with
reasons for and against.
E.g. Many people believe natural resources like coal
and oil will run out soon as population, and
consumption keeps rising (Malthus). However it is
argued that with the invention of new technology
we will be able to find new resources and use them
more efficiently. Therefore conserving them
(Boserup).
21. Economic: Factors to
do with money,
businesses or jobs.
E.g. An economic effect of a TNC (Trans
National Company) is that jobs will be
created in NIC’s (Newly Industrialised
Countries). These countries will also increase
their exports and benefit from
improvements in infrastructure.
22. Social: Factors to
do with people.
E.g. A social effect of global
warming in Egypt (a developing
country) is that many people will
lose their homes due to rising sea
levels and flooding in the Nile delta.
23. Environmental: Factors
to do with the
environment, nature and
eco-systems.
E.g. An environmental effect of long term climate
change (such as during the ‘Little Ice Age’) is that
animals became extinct because they could not
adapt to the changing temperatures. The plants
would also die which would reduce food supplies for
the animals.
24. Consumption
Using up a resource
E.g. Oil: Developed countries consume more oil than
developing countries. This is because they are more
wealthy so have greater car ownership, more
consumer goods and more expensive lifestyles.
Countries like China are consuming an increasing
amount of oil as they develop and their wealth and
industries grow.
25. Production
Making something
E.g. Oil: Most oil is produced in the Middle
East. There is some uncertainty over how
much oil is left and when ‘peak oil’ will be
reached. This is because it is uncertain how
much oil remains to be discovered but also
whether new technology will increase
efficiency and mean people use less.
