This document discusses the roles and importance of non-governmental organizations (NGOs). It provides examples of NGOs like WaterAid and Green Cross. NGOs work independently of governments and rely on donations and grants. They focus on issues like healthcare, education, and the environment. The document also summarizes two case studies of NGOs in India - Greenpeace's work on mercury poisoning in Kodaikanal and Wildlife Trust of India's sarus crane conservation project in Uttar Pradesh. NGOs play a significant role in development by addressing gaps left by governments and empowering marginalized communities.