There is an obvious tendency and ample evidence to show Sylvia Plath’s representation of the gendered body throughout her poetry. However, inadequate attention has been paid to the evolution of her such kind of representation. Taking one of her early poems “Pursuit” and a later one “Daddy” as examples, this essay aims to explicate this evolution of representation. In her early poetry, her representation of gendered body centers on Freudian interest as seen in “Pursuit,” but in her later poems this representation changes to her political consciousness as is the case in “Daddy.” Therefore, this evolution embodies both her change of poetic subject matter and her concern with gender politics under the influence of the social culture.
The slides for ""Mysterious Illnesses": Religion, Illness and Empathy in the Victorian Queer Gothic", a class given as part of Dr Sam Hirst's Romancing the Gothic project.
Determinism and Pessimism in the Novels of Thomas Hardypaperpublications3
Hardy set his "Novels of Character and Environment," as he did most of his other novels, poems and short stories, around
the market town of Dorchester ('Casterbridge'), near his boyhood home at Bockhampton, on the edge of 'Egdon' Heath.
Although both Anthony Trollope (1815-82) and George Eliot (1819-80) had used similar settings in their novels, Hardy's
rural backdrop is neither romantic nor idealized. From the publication of his first novels Hardy's critics accused him of
being overly pessimistic about humanity's place in the scheme of things. In all his fiction, chance is the incarnation of the
blind forces controlling human destiny," as Lord David Cecil remarks in Hardy the Novelist, p. 24-30. Ironically the blind
forces of 'Hap' seem to favour certain characters while they relentlessly pursue those who deserve better, such as Tess, as
well as those whose ends we might regard as proof of Nemesis or Poetic Justice (Sergeant Troy in Far from the Madding
Crowd , Lucetta in The Mayor of Casterbridge , and Alec in Tess of the d'Urbervilles ). An entry in Hardy's notebook
dated April 1878 gives us a clue to the guiding principle behind his fiction:
A Plot, or Tragedy, should arise from the gradual closing in of a situation that comes of ordinary human passions,
prejudices, and ambitions, by reason of the characters taking no trouble to ward off the disastrous events produced by the
said passions, prejudices, and ambitions.
„What is Adolescent Literature?‟- A question rarely contentious in discussion among the scholars, critics, theorists and intellectuals of literature. Is it written for the implied readers, for general readers or is it the mode of narration, characters, language or any other intertexuality that marks it as an „Adolescent Literature‟? Considering a few decades of literary tropes and criticism, one can understand, how it had been a major issue of critical discourse on the development of Queer Theory, Feminism, Structuralism and post-structuralism to attain the present status. The terms „Children‟s Literature‟ and „Adolescent Literature‟ are interchangeably used by most of the writers. Then- should we understand „Children‟s Literature‟ is also about adolescent or „Adolescent Literature‟ itself implies the literature for „children‟? Significantly, no literary texts are categorized as „Infants‟ Literature‟, „Children‟s Literature‟ „Young Adult or Adolescent literature‟, „Adult Literature‟ or „Old-Age Literature‟. British critic John Rowe Townsend raises somewhat similar problematic question, - “Surely Robinson Crusoe was not written for children, and do not the Alice books appeal at least as much to grown-ups?; if Tom Sawyer is Children‟s Literature, what about Huckleberry Finn?; if the Jungle Books are Children‟s Literature, what about Kim or Stalky? And if The Wind in the Willows is Children‟s Literature, what about The Golden Age? And so on.” The implication of Townsend‟s argument is that no literature can be categorized based on any stage of human development. The prevailing trends to study such texts as either Bildungsroman or Entwicklungsroman are replaced in the post war practices. Of late, psychological study of human development after Sigmund Freud and G. S. Hall has aroused skeptical voices against the conventional study of the texts. Nevertheless, the publication of The Catcher in the Rye marks a new beginning in this strand of writing fictions. The production of Rushdie‟s Midnight‟s Children started as seminal text. Today, psychoanalysis, polyphony, heteroglossia, sexuality and power are some popular and dominating mode of studying such fluid literary texts.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
Comparison of Hester Praynne's Character with Bollywood Movie Rinkal Jani
I m Rinkal jani student of Department of English from MK Bhavnagar University, here i am sharing my presentation on paper American literature and topic is Comparison of Hester Praynne's "Character with Bollywood Movie" It is a part of my Academic activity.
The slides for ""Mysterious Illnesses": Religion, Illness and Empathy in the Victorian Queer Gothic", a class given as part of Dr Sam Hirst's Romancing the Gothic project.
Determinism and Pessimism in the Novels of Thomas Hardypaperpublications3
Hardy set his "Novels of Character and Environment," as he did most of his other novels, poems and short stories, around
the market town of Dorchester ('Casterbridge'), near his boyhood home at Bockhampton, on the edge of 'Egdon' Heath.
Although both Anthony Trollope (1815-82) and George Eliot (1819-80) had used similar settings in their novels, Hardy's
rural backdrop is neither romantic nor idealized. From the publication of his first novels Hardy's critics accused him of
being overly pessimistic about humanity's place in the scheme of things. In all his fiction, chance is the incarnation of the
blind forces controlling human destiny," as Lord David Cecil remarks in Hardy the Novelist, p. 24-30. Ironically the blind
forces of 'Hap' seem to favour certain characters while they relentlessly pursue those who deserve better, such as Tess, as
well as those whose ends we might regard as proof of Nemesis or Poetic Justice (Sergeant Troy in Far from the Madding
Crowd , Lucetta in The Mayor of Casterbridge , and Alec in Tess of the d'Urbervilles ). An entry in Hardy's notebook
dated April 1878 gives us a clue to the guiding principle behind his fiction:
A Plot, or Tragedy, should arise from the gradual closing in of a situation that comes of ordinary human passions,
prejudices, and ambitions, by reason of the characters taking no trouble to ward off the disastrous events produced by the
said passions, prejudices, and ambitions.
„What is Adolescent Literature?‟- A question rarely contentious in discussion among the scholars, critics, theorists and intellectuals of literature. Is it written for the implied readers, for general readers or is it the mode of narration, characters, language or any other intertexuality that marks it as an „Adolescent Literature‟? Considering a few decades of literary tropes and criticism, one can understand, how it had been a major issue of critical discourse on the development of Queer Theory, Feminism, Structuralism and post-structuralism to attain the present status. The terms „Children‟s Literature‟ and „Adolescent Literature‟ are interchangeably used by most of the writers. Then- should we understand „Children‟s Literature‟ is also about adolescent or „Adolescent Literature‟ itself implies the literature for „children‟? Significantly, no literary texts are categorized as „Infants‟ Literature‟, „Children‟s Literature‟ „Young Adult or Adolescent literature‟, „Adult Literature‟ or „Old-Age Literature‟. British critic John Rowe Townsend raises somewhat similar problematic question, - “Surely Robinson Crusoe was not written for children, and do not the Alice books appeal at least as much to grown-ups?; if Tom Sawyer is Children‟s Literature, what about Huckleberry Finn?; if the Jungle Books are Children‟s Literature, what about Kim or Stalky? And if The Wind in the Willows is Children‟s Literature, what about The Golden Age? And so on.” The implication of Townsend‟s argument is that no literature can be categorized based on any stage of human development. The prevailing trends to study such texts as either Bildungsroman or Entwicklungsroman are replaced in the post war practices. Of late, psychological study of human development after Sigmund Freud and G. S. Hall has aroused skeptical voices against the conventional study of the texts. Nevertheless, the publication of The Catcher in the Rye marks a new beginning in this strand of writing fictions. The production of Rushdie‟s Midnight‟s Children started as seminal text. Today, psychoanalysis, polyphony, heteroglossia, sexuality and power are some popular and dominating mode of studying such fluid literary texts.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
Comparison of Hester Praynne's Character with Bollywood Movie Rinkal Jani
I m Rinkal jani student of Department of English from MK Bhavnagar University, here i am sharing my presentation on paper American literature and topic is Comparison of Hester Praynne's "Character with Bollywood Movie" It is a part of my Academic activity.
Prose b4 Hoes: A Literature Quiz (QUIZOTIC 2023)TheQuizClub
A literature filler set made by Rajnish Virdi, Rayan Chakrabarti, Purva Dua and Neil Agnisharma for Quizotic 2023, the annual quizzing festival of the Quiz Club, St. Stephen's College
The outpouring of human emotions which was hitherto considered objectionable acquired a new dignity in Confessional poetry. Revolting against an early tendency to put up an impressive intellectual smoke screen, the sixties’ poets express their feelings of failure, guilt, disappointment, incestuous desire and experience in mental asylums, denying all taboos. Just as Browning probes into the mind and heart of his characters, so do the poets of the sixties try and fathom the complexity of the psyche. The admission of fear, guilt, neurosis and failure voiced in the poems, pertain to the poet’s own life and hence involves a lot of autobiography. The confessional poets of the 1970’s achieve universality through personalization - the self and family history. It is an ‘extremist art’ that has more in common with psychoanalysis. Confessional movement of poetry means objective, analytical or even clinical observation of incident from one’s own life, whether tingled with comedy or irony, self loathing or compassion. One thing that these writers have in common is the conception of the self as passive. Confessional poetry is a struggle to relate the private experiences with the outer world as it is. Such struggle is evident in the poems of Kamala Das from a very early stage. Her chief contribution to modern poetry is not only stunning frankness she betrays in every line she writes but also in making public a vast fund of agonies and information regarding women’s psychic experiences that have laid hidden for ages, in the private female sector. She throws the unholy sanctum open and etches out all caustic detail in full public view. Kamala Das has faced frustration, disillusionment and drabness that she has expressed through her poetry which is known as the confessional poetry of Kamala Das. Her poetry is unconventionally bold and shockingly autobiographical where the confessional mode is fused with a feministic slant. One can establish a link between the two confessional poetesses Kamala Das and Sylvia Plath with all their problems, psychological traumas, frustration and the resultant quest for identity arising from the revolt against male dominated world and so on. Both indulge in self awareness, self exposure and self introspection in order to define her self poetically. These confessional poets write poems that are candid, honest and down to earth. These poets give expression to their hidden thoughts and feelings that would normally not find expression in the social milieu. Kamala Das also develops the confessional mode of poetry. Her dissatisfaction in marriage and life has sharpened her consciousness, and she possibly decided to air out her grievances through the poetic medium, because many unpalatable things can be said in this medium without incurring the wrath of the powerful person. A desperate obsession with love is one prominent feature of Kamala Das’ poetry. The wounded self, which has to struggle hard to achieve its own identity, is the principal
Here is a book I wrote back in 2016, even before Donald Trump was elected the President of the United States. In fact, in the first chapter very little reference was made to Mr. Trump himself but to the power of the word 'trump' to evoke religious and literary themes such as in the case of Robert Browningh's famous 'The Pied Piper of Hamelin,' in which the Piper's strange appeareance sparks the image of a 'grandsire' who emerges from his tomb on the Day ofJudgment. In the first chapter there was one reference to Mr. Trump's promise to build a wall between the United States and Mexico, but again the religious aspect of 'trump' emerges in a reference to the song 'Joshua at the battle of Jerico.'
Similar to Evolution of the Representation of Gendered Body in Sylvia Plath’s Poetry: A Study of “Pursuit” and “Daddy” (11)
This study focuses on the listening anxiety experienced by teacher candidates (TCs) in Iran and Turkey. Using different data collection methods, including two questionnaires, listening test, and semi-structured interviews, this study tried to investigate the factors behind Foreign Language Listening Anxiety (FLLA) among Iranian teacher candidates (TCs). The participants of the study in Iran context were 29 teacher candidates studying at BA level in English Language Teaching. All of the participants were asked to complete these two questionnaires with the background information regarding their age, gender, years of language study. The participants’ answers to FLLAS and FLCAS were analyzed with spss to obtain frequencies and percentages. The results were compared to the same study by Bekleyen. The findings revealed that Iranian TCs experienced a high level of FLLA compared to Turkish TCs and showed a significant positive correlation between FLLA and FLCA, which means that teacher candidates with higher levels of language anxiety tended to have higher levels of listening anxiety. In addition, interview data suggested that Iranian and Turkish participants’ FLLA mostly originated from the same source: inadequacy of past education in listening skill. Furthermore, practice was the most frequent strategy used by participants in these two countries to overcome this kind of anxiety.
The main thrust of this paper is to examine the issue of racial segregation in Maya Angelou’s “Caged Bird” via exploring the poem in relation to the circumstances that typify life and existence in the African American context. An attempt is made to situate this poem within the heat of racism, oppression, and class discrimination as well as the search for black identity. The paper relies on New Historicism as the scope of exploration owing to the chunk of influence that history and society bears on African American writing. Then literary critical analysis is made to verify the different aspects of racism and social segregation as represented in the poem.
This article provides an overview of existing instruments measuring self-efficacy for English language learning in both first and second language acquisition fields and their reliability and validity evidence. It also describes the development and use of the Questionnaire of English Language Self-Efficacy (QESE) scale, designed specifically for English language learners (ELLs), and presents an overview of the research findings from empirical studies related to its psychometric properties. A growing body of literature has begun to document encouraging evidence of ELL students’ self-efficacy belief measures and the utility of the QESE in particular. The information pertaining to the QESE is quite encouraging from measurement perspectives and fills the gap in the literature by providing a reliable and valid instrument to measure ELLs’ self-efficacy in various cultures. This paper concludes with evidence for internal consistency, test-retest reliability, structural, generalizability, and external aspects of the construct validity of the QESE. This paper contributes to the growing interest in these skills by reviewing the measures of self-efficacy in the field of second-language acquisition and the findings of empirical research on the development and use of a self-efficacy scale for ELLs.
This study examines written errors in a corpus of 30 compositions produced by 15 students of English as a second language (L2), whose first language (L1) is Spanish. Their ages range from 10 to 11. This paper identifies grammar errors as the most frequent due to L1’s interference in L2 learning. Positive, focused, indirect written feedback is proven to be the most effective, and the L1 seems to help the students to understand the teacher’s metalinguistic explanation to correct errors and avoid mistakes. These results provide insight into language learning given that they offer information regarding the teaching practice.
Reading without proper guidance from the perspective of discourse analysis will be a challenge and torture for English readers. However, most college students are suffering from this sort of tedious reading dilemma due to a sense of failure and anxiety as a result of an inefficient teaching approach. In this paper, the author tries to combine discourse analysis with reading coaching so as to arouse and promote readers’ sense of discourse, with the hope of helping them to read effectively.
In her cross-border debate with Chinese anchor Liu Xin, Trish Regan, an American anchor, behaved differently than what she had done in her previous commentaries. This paper explores the attitudinal differences evinced by Trish Regan on different occasions from a linguistic perspective. Based on the Appraisal System, especially the Attitude subsystem (Martin and White, 2005), this paper examines the attitudinal resources utilized by Trish Regan in her two news commentaries and her online debate with her counterpart Liu Xin—a set of texts which provides a longitudinal account of how Trish has changed her attitude. By annotating the attitude resources used by Trish, positive and negative evaluations are expected to be clarified, with detailed analyses of subsystems in the Attitude System to be given. The results suggest that Trish’s attitude towards China has changed a lot in her commentaries and the debate with Liu Xin—from negative to partly positive. It also appears that Trish maintained a positive attitude towards the United States while she changed her positive attitude towards the trade war into a negative one in her debate with Liu Xin.
The present study examines the role that feedback plays on the development of second language (L2) English learners’ writing accuracy over time. Earlier formal accounts and empirical works have focused on the relevance of corrective feedback (CF) in L2 writing learning (Ellis et al., 2008; Sheen, 2007), and what kind of CF (i.e. direct or indirect) has proved to be the most effective one, especially at low L2 levels (García Mayo and Labandibar, 2017; Ismail et al., 2008). We have analyzed 3 pieces of writing produced by 8 L2 English participants (aged 11 to 12). The participants were randomly divided into two groups, one of them received direct CF on their written tasks and the other group was exposed to indirect CF. Results revealed that both groups seemed to improve their mean scores from the pre-task to the post-task, regardless of the type of CF implemented. However, the direct CF group has proven to benefit more from teacher’s written CF, when compared to the indirect CF group. This is especially the case in the development of grammar accuracy.
Politics is a genre of language, and language is the manifestation of politics (Mazrui, 2008). Political discourse not only plays an important role in the process of national external communication but also conveys certain ideology and political intentions. Based on interpersonal function in Systemic Functional Grammar and using President Xi’s speech at the Extraordinary G20 Leaders’ Summit as the original data, this paper analyzes and explores how this speech can achieve discourse function through personal pronouns, mood, and modality. In addition, this paper reveals how various linguistic resources are used to realize interpersonal meaning in political discourse.
Under the guidance of the theory of theme and rheme as well as thematic progression patterns, two significant components in Systemic Functional Linguistics, this paper discusses the thematic structure and thematic progression patterns of the Queen’s national speech “We will meet again!” which was delivered on April 5, 2020, when both England and the rest of the world were in the throes of the growing pandemic. With the use of quantitative and qualitative research methods, their distributions and the reasons are explored to figure out the thematic features, the effects, or the functions that have been achieved in Queen’s speech.
Pragmatic presupposition focuses on the study of the relationship between the speaker and the hearer at the time of communication and the language they used. It can effectively serve advertising language from the linguistic field. In other words, pragmatic presupposition can meet some of the requirements of the advertisements. Nowadays people confront a variety of commercial advertisements, such as food advertisements, drink advertisements, digital product and cosmetic advertisements, etc. In fact, advertising language is the core factor which determines the success or failure of one commercial advertisement. Most domestic and overseas scholars have studied advertising language through cooperative principles,rhetoric and systemic-functional grammar, etc. However, they do not pay enough attention to the pragmatic presupposition manifested in both Chinese and English cosmetic advertisements. Therefore, this paper conducts a comparative study based on previous studies of pragmatic presupposition with new data. The data analyzed in this study are taken from some major fashion magazines in America, United Kingdom and China, such as VOGUE, Cosmopolitan,Trends health,etc. These cosmetic advertisements were advertised in the recent 20 years. Through the analysis, it is found that there is no significant difference between Chinese and English cosmetic advertisements in terms of types of pragmatic presupposition manifested. Both Chinese and English advertisers mainly adopt four types of pragmatic presupposition: existential presupposition, factive presupposition, state presupposition and behavior presupposition, and state presupposition takes up the largest proportion. The present study provides a more comprehensive analysis of pragmatic presupposition and classification of it. In addition, the results of this study also could help advertisers and consumers increase their mutual understanding.
This paper analyses the structure patterns of code-switching quantitatively and qualitatively based on EFL classroom discourse. Through the detailed analysis, the paper finds that there are different structure patterns in which teachers often switch their codes in English classroom. These structure patterns are reflected in different language levels: words and phrases level, clausal and sentence level. The functions of code-switching are determined by those structure patterns that teachers will choose for different purposes in the process of teaching.
As an open social recourse and special language text, linguistic landscape, visibility and salience of languages on public and commercial signs in a given territory or region Landry and Bourhis (1997), and presented on various signs or billboards publicly, can be used as a useful recourse in language learning. Shenzhen, the first Chinese special economic zone, has developed into a fast-growing innovative city. Compared to other cities, Shenzhen has more frequent communications with worldwide visitors. Therefore, its education should be more international and advanced, especially English learning, since English, the most widely used language, is being used in linguistic landscapes increasingly. However, nowadays tedious English learning content and learning methods are unable to meet training requirements of students’ English level in society. Therefore, considering the significance of linguistic landscape in humanities construction and English learning, the government and schools give great importance to the construction of campus linguistic landscape. Through reference to representative research literatures and comparative analysis, this study intends to explore the importance of linguistic landscape in English learning by analyzing differences in campus linguistic landscape between middle schools and universities within Shenzhen from the form and content by introducing the way in which linguistic landscape is presented. And different purposes of its application are introduced in order to understand the application and design of linguistic landscape in different campuses more comprehensively. The research also explores the influence of campus linguistic landscape on students’ English learning, from the perspective of informal environmental penetration, learning material, stirring interest, broadening vocabulary and knowledge and its close relationship with life. This paper adopts the Constructivist learning theory of Piaget (1970). Students establish knowledge about the external world in the process of interaction with the surrounding environment to develop their cognitive structure. This paper concludes that the integration of linguistic landscape can benefit from its educational function to conduct a practice-oriented, teacher-led and student-centered pattern of English learning and improve students’ English learning ability.
Given Folding Beijing’s great importance to Chinese science fictions after winning the 2016 Hugo Award for Best Novelette and Ken Liu’s active engagement in promoting modern Chinese literary works to go global, this paper endeavors to explain how the influences of ideology, poetics and patronage are displayed in Folding Beijing’s English translation from the perspective of Lefevere’s Rewriting Theory. Instead of focusing on the linguistic elements of the translation, the current study attempts to reveal the cultural, social, ideological, and poetical effects on the translator’s decision-making process and tries to explore the reasons for the novelette’s success. It is believed that this paper can, to a certain extent, not only provide beneficial guidance for future practitioners in this translation field, but also offer some reference for the study of translation of Chinese contemporary science fictions.
Speaking in English confidently is a challenging task but very crucial for university students. Graduates with good communication efficiency especially in the engineering field are greatly demanded in the current work industry. Performing confidently is not only important for scoring academic tasks but also to help expand the revenue of the companies at workplace. Thus, a pilot study was conducted to investigate the perceptions of a public technical university engineering undergraduates’ confidence level in speaking English. A mixed method design was employed where a survey and semi-structured interview were conducted for data collection. The participants were selected using purposive sampling method where a total number of 50 undergraduates provided valid responses to the online questionnaire and 5 undergraduates participated in the semi-structured interview. Descriptive statistics using Statistical Package for the Social Science Version 25.0 (SPSS version 25.0) and thematic analysis were adopted for data analyses. The results revealed three main areas that were identified as important to build the students’ confidence in speaking: applying manual skills, familiarization of vocabulary and correct usage of grammar. The findings also highlighted that the participants felt that more public speaking practices should be provided to them to improve their confidence level further in speaking English fluently.
This article is mainly focused on the protagonist Savitri of the novel The Dark Room and how she is alienated from herself, from the society and from the world and about her quest for marital identity. Savitri also goes through the crisis of discontent to the quest for happiness. Savitri of the ancient legend is a paragon of virtue and courage who confronts even Death to save her husband is finally victorious. Ironically unlike the legendary Savitri, Narayan’s Savitri chooses to leave home, husband and children once she comes to know of her husband’s infidelity. Contrary to the legend, Savitri is just an ordinary, amiable, housewife. She abandons her gambler and drunkard husband and her family. But her independence proves detrimental to Savitri’s familial peace. Narayan skillfully portrays her every action and in his ironic subtle fashion puts across the artificiality behind it. As a qualitative research, this researcher has taken the text as a ptimary source and interpreted it from existential point of view.
This study aims at stylistically analyzing Men in the Sun in terms of the use of rhetorical questions and polyphony. The main objective is to show the contribution of these stylistic features (rhetorical questions and use of polyphony) in construing meaning and heightening the aesthetic values of novella and show how focus on specific stylistic features helps in analyzing a literary text. The researchers used the analytical approach to examine how the use of rhetorical questions and polyphony helps in constructing the meaning of the novella and highlighting its main themes. This study will be helpful to students of literature who want to better understand stylistic analysis and how writers use stylistic devices to enhance the meaning they want to convey. The study could also serve as a springboard for further studies in this area and could promote academic discourse on stylistic analysis of various Arabic literary works in English translation.
Genesis claims that ancient languages were divinely diversified as the linguistic origin. In consistence, this article presents systematic evidence for biblical etymology related to all major body parts and organs. For instance, heart is to heat, brain is to burn, kidney is to kindle burnt offering, and muscle is to slice to the multiple. Sandal is sacred land, scared is sacred scarf, and tragedy is to tear garment. Both objective and abstract words exhibit biblical match, such as random and ransom as escaping scapegoat randomly chosen. Biblical etymology of morals 德, love 愛, real真, eternity 永, memory, necessity 必, secret 秘, accident, pardon 恕 and mister is also presented. Novel interpretation in biblical etymology is also presented for several affixes such as 辰, 者, per, and m/l+vowel+n. In definitive etymology, numerous words such as generation, espionage, pregnancy and agriculture are presented to bilingually match bible, especially the scripture of Moses, reflecting divine creation.
In a consumer society, "discourse" has become a way of creation. The narrative of object sets a new perspective, showing the non-material components of the material as much as possible, and people’s positive attitude towards the narrative mode also changes the focus of fashion design work. It is intended to analyze clothing narrative from the three aspects of fashion narrative suggestion, discourse structure and how fashion narrative is consumed.
Regarding the origin of language, Genesis claims that ancient languages were divinely diversified. This testimony presents systematic evidence for biblical etymology related to prophet and priest. Priesthood was pivotal in ancient culture, and religious worship is central to civilization. This testimony presents systematic and surprising evidence for relationship of prophet and priest to biblical etymology, indicating that the old testament culture and method of worship are extensively reflected by etymology of words.
Seraph on the Suwanee, the last novel of Zora Neale Hurston, criticized for deviating from resolving oppression, class, race and gender, shapes a white woman protagonist instead of a black woman protagonist. But actually, it depicts the story of Arvay’s attempts to reject both oppression and the mental submission to oppression just as the oppression and resistance of class and gender are greatly concerned in Hurston’s previous works. Arvay Henson, an oppressed and repressed white woman, motivated by a tenacious belief in her own intrinsic worth and in her rights to individual freedom and social respect, attempts to preserve her integrity through withdrawal, resistance in order to seek her love and her independence as well as her self-discovery. This thesis applies Need Hierarchy Theory proposed by an American psychologist Abraham Maslow to study Arvay’s strategies for meeting her deficiency needs and to analyze her persistent efforts for love as well as the satisfactions of her needs at different levels.
More from English Literature and Language Review ELLR (20)
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
2. English Literature and Language Review
154
As a talented and sensitive girl, Plath had already sensed and been even instilled by the culture the gender
inequality of her time just as she narrated in her semi-autobiographical novel The Bell Jar about the double social
standards regarding sex for boys and girls and what the heroine‟s boyfriend always told her about his mother‟s
words, “What a man wants is a mate and what a woman wants is infinite security,” and “what a man is is an arrow
into the future and what a woman is the place the arrow shoots off from” (Plath, 1971, 76-79). There is no doubt that
Plath‟s experiences further proved that powerful influence of Freudian ideas about woman‟s inferiority and the
feminine mystique of her time. As a consequence, since her early age, according to her mother, Plath had formed the
habit of catering to boys to satisfy their superiority. However, deep down she was troubled by her own female
identity, and thus buried her real self and constantly tried to find a balance between her writing career and her future
family life as wife and mother. Her two sharply contrasting images of an “all-round,” submissive and proud daughter
and a competent, troubled and struggling woman writer were clearly demonstrated in her Letters Home and Journals
respectively.
The representation of gendered body in one of Plath‟s early poems “Pursuit,” which was written in early 1956
collected in her first published poetry collection titled The Colossus and Other Poems, shows her interest in Freudian
ideas. In the same year, Plath was studying as a graduate student on a Fulbright scholarship in Newnham College at
Cambridge University where she met and later married Ted Hughes. According to one of her biographers Paul
Alexander, “Pursuit” was dedicated to Hughes, whose poem titled “Jaguar” published in a back issue of Chequer
was read by Plath and thus inspired her. The central focus of hers concerns a woman being stalked by a panther,
whom she flees, still believing that she has become his “bait” (Alexander, 1991, 180). In her letter to her mother
dated on March 3 of the same year, Plath admitted that she had written her “best poem” about “the only man I‟ve
met yet here who‟d be strong enough to be equal with” (Plath, 1992, 221). Soon her praise for Hughes tended to be
worship or idealization as it is indicated in her another letter, “I met the strongest man in the world, ex-Cambridge,
brilliant poet whose work I loved before I met him, a large hulking, healthy Adam, half French, half Irish [and a
good deal of Yorkshire farming stock, too], with a voice like the thunder of God-a singer, story-teller, lion and
world-wanderer, a vagabond who will never stop...” (Plath, 1992, 233). The other two subsequent poems published
in the same year titled “Ode for Ted” and “Faun” are more obvious examples for her such a tendency, which also
coincides with her idealization of her dead but God-like father.
In “Pursuit,” her representation of gendered body bears a contrasting and overt Freudian gender dichotomy:
male superiority and female inferiority, though also “about the dark forces of lust” (Plath, 2000, 214) as she herself
states in one of her journal entries. In this poem, at the beginning, the humanized “panther” is described as active and
powerful as a Faun with his divine danger and grace, “His greed has set the woods aflame,/ He prowls more lordly
than the sun./ Most soft, most suavely glides that step,/ Advancing always at my back” (ll. 4-6) (Plath, 1981). In
contrast, the woman is depicted as weak, passive and full of feelings of awe and submission as follows, “Flayed by
thorns I trek the rocks,/ Haggard through the hot white noon./ Along red network of his veins/ What fires run, what
craving wakes?” (ll. 9-12) The virility and lust of the panther with “his mouth‟s raw wound./ Keen the rending teeth
and sweet/ The singeing fury of his fur;/ His kisses parch, each paw‟s a briar” (ll. 16-19), “his starving body” (l. 24),
“fluent haunches” (l. 28), “bright those claws” (l. 31), “hungry, hungry, those taut thighs” (l. 32), “his ardor” (l. 33),
“yellow gaze” (l. 36), “assault of radiance” (l. 44) in comparison to the terrified woman with “snarled thickets of my
eyes” (l. 29), “run[ning] flaring in my skin” (l. 34), whose “blood quickens, gonging in my ears” (l. 48) as she,
“entering the tower of my fears” (l. 45), “bolt[s] the door” (l. 47) or subdued women who lie “charred and ravened”
as his “bait” (ll. 23-24) brings to readers‟ mind the vivid picture of the desirous Apollo pursuing his first love
Daphne in the woods. Though Daphne is rebellious against the former‟s uncontrollable lust, the woman or women in
“Pursuit” seem to have “secret want” (l. 43) or “that dark guilt,” which betrays the double entendres of the poem.
3. Gendered Representation of Body in “Daddy”
The representation of gendered body in one of Plath‟s later poems “Daddy” is much more complex than that of
“Pursuit,” in that, on the one hand it continues with her Freudian interest; on the other, it diverts its attention from
Freudian interest to gender politics.
The Freudian interest, the Electra complex in particular, is quite overt in “Daddy,” as Plath said of this poem in
her reading comments prepared for BBC radio:
The poem is spoken by a girl with an Electra complex. Her father died while she thought he was
God. Her case is complicated by the fact that her father was also a Nazi and her mother very
possibly part Jewish. In the daughter the two strains marry and paralyze each other—she has to act
out the awful little allegory once over before she is free of it Plath (1981, 293).
While Plath continues with her old subject about her persona‟s father-worship with an unsuccessful struggle to
recover his dead body embodied in her first collection The Colossus and Other Poems, her representation of
gendered body focuses not just on the semi-biographical, narrow and incestuous father-daughter relationship, but on
a more broad or relevant level as she mentioned in an interview:
I believe that one should be able to control and manipulate experiences, even the most terrifying,
like madness, being tortured, this sort of experience, and one should be able to manipulate these
experiences with an informed and an intelligent mind. I think that personal experience is very
important, but certainly it shouldn‟t be a kind of shut-box and mirror-looking, narcissistic
experience. I believe it should be relevant, and relevant to the larger things, the bigger things, such
as Hiroshima and Dachau and so on Orr (1966, 172).
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Thus, in the later period of her writing, Plath‟s poetic subjects evolve from her persona‟s Freudian interests in
father-worship to her fury and hatred towards her father and husband and even patricide and self-annihilation,
generally her sense of gender politics or her resistance against the so-called “patriarchal nastiness” by Bloom and
Harold (2001, 9). Though being influenced by the social culture of her time which required women to be
housewives, Plath frequently showed her contempt for the unmarried women professionals in her works such as The
Bell Jar and early poems like “Two Sisters of Persephone,” and “Spinster” both in 1956 and others, she later showed
her sympathy for and identity with Virginia Woolf (Plath, 2000, 269) and her hatred of men due to their prejudice
against women (Plath, 2000, 461-2). This betrays her gradual change of gender and even feminist consciousness.
In “Daddy,” at the very first stanza, the persona narrates the unhealthy and unequal father-daughter relationship
by alluding metaphorically to her father as a powerful and manipulating “black shoe” and her, a passive and
restrained “foot” which is “poor and white” (ll. 2-4). “Black” indicates the death and the following attempted
recovery of the “Daddy,” while the metaphorical pair of “shoe” and “foot” implies her so called Electra complex and
the Foucaultian discipline and punishment. Though with hatred for him as she says, “I have had to kill you” (l. 6),
the persona also shows her worship for Daddy as a patriarchal, “God(ly)” ((l. 8) and “ghastly statue” ((l. 9). The
stunning contrast between the father-and-daughter body images is overtly portrayed, which explicates the patriarchal
power-and-control and oppressor-and-victim relationship between the two. Worse still, as the daughter, the persona
associates her father with a German oppressive Fascist with his scaring image of “Luftwaffe,” “gobbledygoo” and
“neat moustache,” “Arant eye, bright blue” (ll. 41-44), and herself with an oppressed “Jew” with her “gipsy
ancestress,” “weird luck” and “Taroc pack” (ll. 38-40). Accordingly, she denies him as a “God” (l. 46), but
recognizes him as “a devil” with “a cleft” in his “chin” instead of his “foot” (ll. 53-54). And now the Electra
complex of the persona dwindles to blind adoration and submission for every woman, who “adores a Fascist,/ The
boot in the face, the brute/ Brute heart of a brute like you” (ll. 48-50). Plath‟s gender-based construction of
Holocaust informs the readers of the above-mentioned Friedan “comfortable concentration camp” during the 1950s
and early 60s of America. This also shows Plath‟s sense of “relevance” via her description of gendered body, though
Plath‟s invocation of Holocaust once caused much critical controversy among a generation of earlier critics
(Rosenfeld, 1980, 179; Steiner, 1967, 301).
In addition, Plath extends the oppressive gendered body of the persona‟s father to that of her husband who “bit
my pretty red heart in two” (l. 56). As “a model of you,” he is also “in black with a Meinkampf look” (ll. 64-65),
betraying his similar fascist and patriarchal control and torture of her with the “rack” and “screw” (l. 66). The
familial, patriarchal and even racial, social constraint and oppression result in the persona‟s loss of voice and even
complete submission as she admits that “the voices just can‟t worm through” (l. 70) and that “I‟m finally through” (l.
68). Thus, as a marginalized “other,” she loses her voice as well as identity.
Oppression of the power is destined to evoke resistance against it. In order to restore their lost identity, the
muted women have to find their voice from forced silence first, just as the feminist (Irigaray, 1985, 209) holds: there
is a “voix”(voice), there is a “voie” (way). Thus, for women as the “other,” the term “voice” has become a symbol of
identity and power. In “Daddy,” the voice and identity of the persona are both variable: it changes from a silenced
and pitiable little girl with an Electra complex, to an angry imaginary Jew as a victim and lastly a frantic woman like
a witch with spiritual patricide who kills the vampire. Special attention needs to be paid to the end rhyme like “do,”
“shoe,” “Achoo,” “you,” “Jew” and “through,” for the emphasis of anger, the repetition of “I‟m through” like
incantation. According to the critic (Britzolakis, 2006, 114) “Daddy” wreaks its revenge on the patriarchal father and
husband as oppressor through “parody voodoo rituals” against the patriarchal voice and power represented by
Daddy‟s sign (“Ich”). The unleashed voice of the persona not only ritually dismembers the oppressor‟s body into
parts but also ends his life: “There‟s a stake in your fat black heart.” (l. 76) Moreover, the ritual like a carnival of
violence gains its support from the villagers who “never liked you” (l.77) and who “are dancing and stamping on
you” (l. 78). Via the help of the ritual as well as the supporters, the persona restores her voice and new identity. With
the patriarchal body being controled, mutilated and perished, the power is subverted. As Plath herself admits that she
is a political person during a poet interview and her death coincides with the rise of the second wave of the feminist
movement, the final “I‟m through” (l. 80) signifies both the conclusion of the poem and the persona‟s as well as the
poet‟s sacrificial contribution to the feminist movement.
4. Conclusion
According to the recent research, the body in literature has always been a highly controversial site. A good
understanding of it cannot be achieved without a close review of its historical and cultural context in that it is the
locus of socio-political resistance (Hillman and Maude, 2015, 6). There is no exception in the representation of the
gendered body in such poems as “Pursuit” and “Daddy” by Sylvia Plath.
Both of the poems reflect the social and cultural context of Plath‟s time, that is, the great interest in and huge
impact of Freudian theories and the American post-war gender problem. The representation of gendered body in
“Pursuit” indicates Plath‟s early great interest in Freudian theory, whose ideas on femininity incurs the sweeping
influence of the “feminine mystique.” In this poem, Plath skillfully and imitatively caters to the social trend with
materials based on her own personal experience. In the latter poem, the focus on Freudian ideas remains, but it
clearly shifts from its former obvious gender dualism to imaginary gender politics concerning Electra complex and
patricide. The evolution which embodies both her change of poetic subject matter and her concern with gender
politics under the influence of the social culture stands out. The evolution also paves her way to a mature and major
poet of post-war American literature.
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Acknowledgments
This paper is sponsored by the Youth Research Fund Project of Xinyang Normal University (Grant No: 2016-
QN-009) and the Philosophy and Social Sciences Planning Program of Henan Province (Grant No: 2016BWX020)"
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