The document discusses the evolution of language, highlighting the communication methods in various species, particularly primates, and the development of human language over time. It outlines several theories concerning the origin of language, the role of social interaction in language acquisition, and the advantages and disadvantages of language evolution. Ultimately, it concludes that the origin of language remains uncertain and is influenced by various factors.

1. Topic - Evolution of language (Animal Behavior)
Synopsis: -
1) Introduction
2) Definition
3) Organ of Vocalization
4) Vocalization in Primates
5) Evolution of Language Theory
6) Social Interaction Source
7) Evolution of Language in Human
8) Advantage of Evolution of Language
9) Disadvantage of Evolution of Language
10) Conclusion
11) Reference
1. Introduction:-
‘’The origin of language are a mystery evidence of limited availability’’.
 Who believe that members of different-different species must have
gathered together for different purpose. Such as food production,
aggression, migration, etc.
 These tasks are communicated through different process.
Generally lower chordate animals use visual chemical auditory mode for
communication.
NAME - GIRDHARI YADAV
CLASS - M.Sc 1ST
Sem
ZOOLOGY
GOVERNMENT S.G.G R COLLEGE LAILUNGA

2.  Higher vertebrate specific primates use their special sound as
language, thus these animals transmit information through oral
communication. Language is a communication system that includes
sounds, word and grammar which is believed to have originated
1500000 years ago.
2. Definition: - ‘’Language development is the process of language
history and changes in language over time’’.
Henry sweet. “According to Henry sweet language is the expression of
thoughts through words and sounds which are combined into words and
our language is formed from this word combination’’.
3. Organ of vocalization: -
primates convey their messages and attract species members through
facial and body expressions. For biological communication, developed
vocal organs are found in species through which they produce special
types of sounds. Special useful organs for human vocal communication
are lip tongue larynx.
Through this spoken language is produced, which is controlled by three
parts of the brain. 1st
motor cortical area
2nd
left side area of cerebrum
The Motor cortical: it mainly controls delivery and voluntary actions.
Whereas the cerebrum area collects various auditory, visual and verbal
information. Another cerebellum area is responsible for the response.
Human primates produce simple and extra noise through various facial
expressions.
4. Vocalization in primates: - A wide variety of vocalizations are
found in different primates. Which is difficult for humans to
understand?
For example, monkeys are unable to articulate words for their object
and specific apex, but they produce articulated sounds to communicate
their feelings, through which they express their mood.

3. T. Helma: according to helma primates produce two types of sounds,
which are sound with gesture and sound without gesture.
Sound with gesture occur when the sender and receiver are in a position
to look at each other. These sounds are produced along with facial
expressions.
Sound without gesture is produced when the sender and receiver are
not in a position to see each other.
Ex. Deep forest monkey.
5. Evolution of language theory: - the origin of language goes back
to the time when humans started speaking. And started learning the
language. There are many theories in this subject which are based on
concept base and conjecture.
1. Divine theory:- The ancient opinion on the origin of language is that,
if God has created many things in the world, then language has also
been created by god. For example, this proved when Sanskrit is called
the language of god. similarly, in Panini’s grammar ashtadhyai, 14 basic
sutras have emerged from the drum of maheshwar i.e. lord Shankar.
‘’But this theory also does not make sense in terms of the origin of the
language because if something like this happens then the whole world
will have one language and the child will start speaking that child will
start speaking that language from birth’’.
Root theory:- According to the main thinker of this theory was plato
who was a great philosopher. Everything in the world has a sound. If we
hit iron, wood or cloth or paper tec. Then sound also comes out from it.
Even the early human has such power that when humans came in
contact with them, they were impressed by them. And using these
sounds he started forming some words.
Bow- Bow theory:- This theory states that language originated form
imitation of nature and especially the sounds of animals. For example, if
a human had to tell that a dog is nearby, he would do so by imitating its
sound.

4. Ding-Dong theory:- This theory tells that language is linked to nature.
And man reacts according to this environment.
For ex, early humans might have used the word “boom” to describe the
sound of a falling tree.
La- La-La theory:-This theory proposes that language developed
through song & music. For example, like whistling or humming.
6. Social interaction source:
In the first hall of the 1900s, American philosopher, sociologist
and psychologist George Herbert Mead and later his student,
Herbert Blumer, developed this theory.
Social interactions theory is an explanation of language
development emphasizing the role of social interaction between
the developing child and linguistically knowledgeable adults.
 This theory emphasizes the importance of social interactions with
others and how they shape a person’s self-concept or identity which in
turn, influence behavior.
 There are five common forms of social interaction- exchange,
competition, conflict, cooperation, and accommodation.

5. 7. Evolution of language in Human:- Human is the most developed
creature among all the primates. He can express all types of processes
and emotions happening in his life through his facial expressions or
through words. According to some ecologists, due to the linguistic gap
between humans and other primates, the origin of human language has
not may have learned to speak about 30000 to 50000 year ago. whereas
writing in the form of a language of words must have started 50000
years ago.
a) World Human Language:- The first and most use language
group in the world belongs to European family. Which includes
English, French, Hindi, Russian, Bengali Language. 300 types of
languages from Africa are used in the world, hence it is called the
house of Languages.
b) Number Of Human Language :- There are approximately 7151
human languages prevalent all over the worlds. The first and
strongest and unusual of which is silbo language. Which canary is
use by shepnor of Iceland. It is communicated as a language city.
8. The evolution of language has many advantages, including:
Cultural adaptation:
Language has helped humans adapt to culture, and has allowed them to
occupy almost every habitat on Earth.
Knowledge transfer:
Language allows humans to pass on knowledge and information to the
next generation. Communication.
Language allows humans to communicate with each other, make plans,
and express new ideas.
Survival:-
Language helps humans survive such as farming, self-defense, and by
allowing them to communicate and cooperate with each other.

6. 9. There are a few disadvantages to the evolution of
language, including:
Language extinction:
The extinction of languages means the loss of unique cultures. In the last
century, around 400 languages have become extinct, and it’s estimated
that half of the remaining languages will be extinct the next century.
Challenges for non-native speakers:
Non-native speakers may face challenges in the sciences, especially
when publishing scientific literature.
Difficulty In Understanding Language Evolution:-
Language evolution is a difficult problem to understand because
language is constantly changing and is both a pattern of neural
connectivity in the brain and a transitory utterance.
Lack of evidence:-
There is lack of evidence to explain how and why linguistic computations
and representations evolved.
10. Conclusion :-
From the overall study, it is found that, overall study the origin of
language is still uncertain. There are many different theories
about the origin of language. Language is constantly evolving.
This is necessary to make communication more effective and
simple. Language is not the result of a single change.
11. Reference:- Animal Behavior Text Book By-
1. Dr. Reena Mathur
2. by Net.