this ppt is made by shantanu milkhe, it contain everthing about black hole, its my full i can share, so please watch it. and follow me at my intagram https://www.instagram.com/shantanu_stark/?hl=en
Small ppt about black holes. Can use for school or University presentation for training. Easy to explain. Less information to talk about and Provides the basic information.
Episode 1 - Sormel & the Teachers From Hamp Radiar (Uranus) (the Lost Arc)Norman Imperial
Solar System (Solaris) Chronicles - Episode 1. Tells the story of Sormel (whose famous face was carved in the Cydonia plain on Mars), the world chief of the planetoids of Uranus (Hamp radiar as called by the ET's / federation) & his fellow teacher race as they taught the Maldekians, the Gracyeans & the other galactic human races throughout the known universe. They have the master knowledge of the sacred geometries, sacred numerals, proportions & formulas known on Earth as the Ra System of Mathematics.
I am Nihal Jani from ahmedabad, studying in Sakar English School, and I found that there are no nice ppt's on this interesting topic, so I made one and shared it.
Small ppt about black holes. Can use for school or University presentation for training. Easy to explain. Less information to talk about and Provides the basic information.
Episode 1 - Sormel & the Teachers From Hamp Radiar (Uranus) (the Lost Arc)Norman Imperial
Solar System (Solaris) Chronicles - Episode 1. Tells the story of Sormel (whose famous face was carved in the Cydonia plain on Mars), the world chief of the planetoids of Uranus (Hamp radiar as called by the ET's / federation) & his fellow teacher race as they taught the Maldekians, the Gracyeans & the other galactic human races throughout the known universe. They have the master knowledge of the sacred geometries, sacred numerals, proportions & formulas known on Earth as the Ra System of Mathematics.
I am Nihal Jani from ahmedabad, studying in Sakar English School, and I found that there are no nice ppt's on this interesting topic, so I made one and shared it.
stars life .. how they are formed ... supernova , what is black hole, worm hole ..... very very interesting topic in very simple language and many images that make u understand easily
It is said that fact is sometimes stranger than fiction, and nowhere is this more true than in the case of black holes. Black holes are stranger than anything dreamt up by science fiction writers, but they are firmly matters of science ~fact.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
9. IF THE STAR THE
WENT SUPERNOVA
WAS BETWEEN 1.4
AND 3 MSUN , THEN
THE REMNANT WILL
BE A NEUTRON STAR
OTHERWISE,
MFINAL > 3MSUN , AND
THE RESULT IS A
BLACK HOLE
BECAUSE THE IS NO
SOURCE OF
OUTWARD PRESSURE
STRONG ENOUGH.
10. FIRST, IT’S NOT REALLY A HOLE! A BLACK
HOLE IS AN EXTREMELY MASSIVE
CONCENTRATION OF MATTER, CREATED WHEN
THE LARGEST STARS COLLAPSE AT THE END OF
THEIR LIVES. THERE IS A INFINITY CALLED
SINGULARITY
11. CONVECTIONALTHEORY
OF BLACKHOLE
THIS THEORY IS BASED
ON THEORY OF
RELATIVITY
BLACK HOLE IS DEFINED
AS A REGION OF SPACE
HAVING A
GRAVITATIONAL FIELD
SO INTENSIVE THAT NO
MATTER OR RADIATION
CAN ESCAPE
ESCAPE VELOCITY FROM
BLACK HOLE IS MORE
THAN THE SPEED OF
LIGHT AND THEORY OF
RELATIVITY STATES THAT
NOTHING CAN TAVEL
FASTER THAN SPEED OF
LIGHT
12.
13. “NORMAL SIZED”
BLACK HOLES
MICROSCOPIC
(PRIMORDIAL) SIZED
SUPER-MASSIVE
BLACK HOLES (ON THE
ORDER OF MILLIONS
TO BILLIONS OF
SOLAR MASSES)
14. GRAVITATIONAL FORCE ATTRACT ALL MATTER
INTO A CENTRE OF BLACK HOLE CALLED
SINGULARITY
15. EVENT HORIZON:-THE EDGE OF THE BLACK HOLE
FROM WHERE NO MATTER OR RADIATION CAN
ESCAPE. IT IS INVISIBLE TO DISTANT VIEWERS
DISTANCE FORM SINGULARITY TO EVENT
HORIZON IS CALLED Schwarzschild RADIUS
16. Event horizon
the event horizon, is
formed by the light
rays that just fail to
escape from the black
hole, hovering forever
just on the edge. It
is a bit like running
away from the police
and just managing to
keep one step ahead
but not being able to
get clear away!
17. Apparent Horizon
This zone is
proposed by sir
stephen hawkings
that in this
horizon matters
energy is trapped
and suspended and
eventually released
18. .
The light rays in this
event horizon never
approch each other.
It would be like meeting
someone else running
away from the police in
the opposite direction
and you both will be
caught! the event
horizon might stay the
same or increase with
time, but it could never
decrease because that
would mean that at least
some of the rays of light
in the boundary would
have to be approaching
each other. In fact, the
area would increase
whenever matter or
radiation fell into the
black hole
19. .
if two black holes
collided and merged
together to form a
single black hole, the
area of the event
horizon of the final
black hole would be
greater than or equal to
the sum of the areas of
the event horizons of
the original black holes.
This nondecreasing
property of the event
horizon’s area placed an
important restriction on
the possible
behavior of black holes
20.
21.
22. 22
Mass distorts space by“curving” it
Objects and light moving near the massive object
are forced to take a curved path around the
object.
Just like the Moon orbiting Earth.
23.
24. THE BLACK HOLE ITSELF MAY BE INVISIBLE, BUT THE
GHOSTLY FINGERS OF ITS GRAVITY LEAVE BEHIND
FINGERPRINTS. SOME STARS FORM IN PAIRS, CALLED
BINARY SYSTEMS, WHERE THE STARS ORBIT EACH OTHER.
EVEN IF ONE OF THEM BECOMES A BLACK HOLE, THEY
MAY REMAIN IN ORBIT AROUND EACH OTHER.
ONLY A FEW BINARY SYSTEMS HAVE BLACK HOLES,
THOUGH, SO YOU HAVE TO KNOW WHICH BINARIES TO
OBSERVE. FORTUNATELY, ASTRONOMERS HAVE
DISCOVERED A SIGNPOST THAT POINTS THE WAY TO
BLACK HOLES: X-RAYS.
26. IF A BLACK HOLE IS “EATING” MATTER FROM A COMPANION STAR,
THAT MATTER GETS VERY HOT AND EMITS X-RAYS. THIS IS LIKE A
SIGNATURE IDENTIFYING THE SOURCE AS A BLACK HOLE. IN FACT,
BLACK HOLES ARE SO GOOD AT EMITTING X-RAYS THAT MANY
THOUSANDS CAN BE SPOTTED THIS WAY.
27.
28.
29.
30. Black holes are everywhere! As far as
astronomers can tell, there are probably
millions of black holes in our Milky Way Galaxy
alone. That may sound like a lot, but the
nearest one discovered is still 1600 light years
away— a pretty fair distance, about 16
quadrillion kilometers! That’s certainly too far
away to affect us. The giant black hole in the
center of the Galaxy is even farther away: at a
distance of 30,000 light years.
31. NO THERE IS NO WORMHOLE IN THE SINGULARITY
OF BLACK HOLE BECAUSE THE WORMHOLE IS
HIGHLY UNSTABLE TO EXSIST.
32. THE ENERGETIC X-RAY IMAGING SURVEY TELESCOPE (EXIST) IS A
PROPOSED NASA SATELLITE THAT WILL LOOK AT THE ENERGETIC
X-RAYS EMITTED FROM BLACK HOLES AND OTHER EXOTIC
ASTRONOMICAL OBJECTS. IT IS A STRONG CANDIDATE TO BE THE
BLACK HOLE FINDER PROBE, ONE OF THE THREE “EINSTEIN
PROBES” IN NASA’S BEYOND EINSTEIN PROGRAM. EXIST COULD BE
LAUNCHED EARLY IN THE NEXT DECADE, AND, WITH UNPARALLELED
SENSITIVITY, WILL BE USED TO STUDY BLACK HOLES OF ALL SIZES.
33. THERE ARE
PROBABLY MILLIONS OF
STELLAR-MASS BLACK HOLES IN
OUR OWN MILKY WAY GALAXY, BUT
ONLY ONE SUPERMASSIVE BLACK HOLE,
RIGHT IN THE CENTER, TIPPING THE COSMIC
SCALES AT 4 MILLION TIMES THE MASS OF THE
SUN CALLED SAGITTARIO. BUT DON’T WORRY —
AT NEARLY
30,000 LIGHT YEARS AWAY, IT’S TOO
FAR AWAY FOR US TO FALL INTO IT.
34. THE BIRTH OF A STELLAR-
MASS BLACK
HOLE PRODUCES A FLASH
OF RADIATION
SO BRIGHT IT CAN
OUTSHINE ENTIRE
GALAXIES, AND BE SEEN
CLEAR ACROSS
THE OBSERVABLE
UNIVERSE!
35.
36. MANY GLAXIES ARE FROMED BY BLACK HOLE.
WHEN A SUPER MASSIVE BLACK HOLE
ATTRACTS MANY STAR AND OTHER MATTER .
THEY FROM A CLUSTER OF STARS , PLANETS
ETC.
AND CLUSTER OF STAR IS KNOWN AS
GALAXIES.
37. From “Lumps” in
the early universe
Collapse of a
whole star cluster
52. Time dilation- Just as a clock
runs a bit slower closer to sea
level than up on a space station,
clock run really slow near black
holes which all has to do with
gravity.
61. IN SOME PLACES WHERE POINT SOURCES OF
RADIO WAVES WERE FOUND, NO VISIBLE
SOURCE OTHER THAN A STELLAR-LOOKING
OBJECT WAS FOUND (IT LOOKED LIKE A
POINT OF LIKE --- LIKE A STAR DOES). THESE
OBJECTS WERE CALLED THE "QAUSI-STELLAR
RADIO SOURCES", OR "QUASARS" FOR
SHORT.
LATER, IT WAS FOUND THESE SOURCES
COULD NOT BE STARS IN OUR GALAXY, BUT
MUST BE VERY FAR AWAY --- AS FAR AS ANY
OF THE DISTANT GALAXIES SEEN. WE NOW
THINK THESE OBJECTS ARE THE VERY BRIGHT
CENTERS OF SOME DISTANT GALAXIES,
WHERE SOME SORT OF ENERGETIC ACTION IS
OCCURRING.