Evaporation: a key component of water cycle
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Evaporation is a key part of the water cycle that moves water around the planet. It is the process where liquid water transforms into water vapor due to energy, mainly from the sun. Several factors affect the evaporation rate, including temperature, humidity, wind speed, surface area, and salinity. Evaporation impacts cloud formation, water availability, climate regulation, and salinity balance. It can be measured directly using pans, lysimeters, and float gauges or indirectly through energy balance, water balance, and remote sensing methods.
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Presentation on Evaporation, its process and factors affecting evaporation.pptx
Sohail Akhtar is presenting on the topic of evaporation. The presentation will cover what evaporation is, the factors that affect evaporation, and methods to measure evaporation. Evaporation is when a liquid turns to a gas, such as water evaporating into water vapor. It is influenced by temperature, surface area, humidity, and wind speed. Evaporation can be measured directly using lysimeters, pans, or indirectly through the water budget, aerodynamic, or energy budget methods.
Solar radiation and evapotranspiration
Evaporation is a process by which water changed from the liquid or solid state into the gaseous state through the absorption of heat
It is always related to the loss of water from a free surface over a fixed time interval. Either direct observation or calculation based on the factors involved in the transfer of thermal energy.
One of the fundamental component of hydrological cycle
Essential requirements in the process are
The source of energy to vaporize the liquid water (solar or wind)
The presence of gradient of concentration between the evaporating surface and the surrounding air.
Lecture Three on evaporation and evapotranspiration
This document discusses evaporation and evapotranspiration. It provides terminology for evaporation, transpiration, and evapotranspiration. Factors controlling evaporation include meteorological factors like solar radiation, relative humidity, temperature, and wind, as well as the nature of the evaporating surface. Methods to estimate evaporation include water budget, energy budget, mass transfer, combination methods, and evaporation formulas. Evaporation from free water surfaces can be estimated using these methods or evaporation pans with a pan coefficient. The document also discusses potential and actual evapotranspiration and methods to estimate them, including the Penman-Monteith equation and empirical methods.
Evaporation and transpiration for hydrology subject
Evaporation is the process where liquid water is converted to water vapor and moves from water and land surfaces into the atmosphere. Factors that influence the evaporation rate include temperature, humidity, wind speed, radiation, and vapor pressure difference between the air and water surface. Evaporation can be measured using evaporation pans, empirical equations, or analytical methods like water and energy budgeting. Reducing the surface area exposed, using wind breaks, or installing mechanical covers can help reduce evaporation from bodies of water.
3. Hydrologic and Hydraulic Design Concept.ppt
Hydrology is the scientific study of the movement and distribution of water on Earth. The water cycle is driven by energy from the sun, which causes evaporation of water from oceans, lakes, rivers, and soil into water vapor in the atmosphere. Water vapor then condenses to form clouds and precipitation falls back to the ground through rain or snow, completing the cycle. A hydrograph provides information on discharge, maximum and minimum run-off, average run-off, and total discharge volume during a given period by showing the flow rate over time.
Hydrology and water management(EVAPORATION & INFILTRATION)...
The document discusses evaporation and infiltration, which are major losses from precipitation. It defines evaporation as the process where water is converted from liquid to vapor and returns to the atmosphere. Infiltration is the process where precipitation water seeps into the soil. Several factors affect each process, and various methods are used to measure and estimate evaporation and infiltration rates, including pans, lysimeters, and equations like Horton's equation. The Φ index and W index provide simplified measurements of infiltration rates.
Biogeo chemical processes
Most of Earth's water is found in oceans, which cover most of the planet's surface. The water cycle describes the continuous movement of water on, above, and below the Earth's surface, including evaporation, condensation, precipitation, and runoff. Evaporation occurs when water is heated by the sun and turns into water vapor, which rises up into the atmosphere and can form clouds and precipitation that falls back to Earth. [END SUMMARY]
Hydrological cycle
Water is hydrosphere is made up of all the water on Earth. This includes all of the rivers, lakes, streams, oceans, groundwater, polar ice caps, glaciers and moisture in the air (like rain and snow). The hydrosphere is found on the surface of Earth, but also extends down several miles below, as well as several miles up into the atmosphere. So, there is a need for study of water as a scarce resource.
WHAT IS HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE
SYSTEM APPROACH IN HYDROLOGY
HYDROLOGIC INPUT & OUTPUT
VARIATION IN HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE
COMPONENTS
EVAPORATION
EVAPOTRANSPIRATION
PRECIPITATION
INTERCEPTION
INFILTRATION
GROUND WATER
RUN-OFF
HUMAN IMPACT
EARTH SURFACE
CLIMATE CHANGE
ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION
MULTI PURPOSE PROJECTS
WATER WITHDRAWAL
MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL
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Presentation on Evaporation, its process and factors affecting evaporation.pptx
Sohail Akhtar is presenting on the topic of evaporation. The presentation will cover what evaporation is, the factors that affect evaporation, and methods to measure evaporation. Evaporation is when a liquid turns to a gas, such as water evaporating into water vapor. It is influenced by temperature, surface area, humidity, and wind speed. Evaporation can be measured directly using lysimeters, pans, or indirectly through the water budget, aerodynamic, or energy budget methods.
Solar radiation and evapotranspiration
Evaporation is a process by which water changed from the liquid or solid state into the gaseous state through the absorption of heat
It is always related to the loss of water from a free surface over a fixed time interval. Either direct observation or calculation based on the factors involved in the transfer of thermal energy.
One of the fundamental component of hydrological cycle
Essential requirements in the process are
The source of energy to vaporize the liquid water (solar or wind)
The presence of gradient of concentration between the evaporating surface and the surrounding air.
Lecture Three on evaporation and evapotranspiration
This document discusses evaporation and evapotranspiration. It provides terminology for evaporation, transpiration, and evapotranspiration. Factors controlling evaporation include meteorological factors like solar radiation, relative humidity, temperature, and wind, as well as the nature of the evaporating surface. Methods to estimate evaporation include water budget, energy budget, mass transfer, combination methods, and evaporation formulas. Evaporation from free water surfaces can be estimated using these methods or evaporation pans with a pan coefficient. The document also discusses potential and actual evapotranspiration and methods to estimate them, including the Penman-Monteith equation and empirical methods.
Evaporation and transpiration for hydrology subject
Evaporation is the process where liquid water is converted to water vapor and moves from water and land surfaces into the atmosphere. Factors that influence the evaporation rate include temperature, humidity, wind speed, radiation, and vapor pressure difference between the air and water surface. Evaporation can be measured using evaporation pans, empirical equations, or analytical methods like water and energy budgeting. Reducing the surface area exposed, using wind breaks, or installing mechanical covers can help reduce evaporation from bodies of water.
3. Hydrologic and Hydraulic Design Concept.ppt
Hydrology is the scientific study of the movement and distribution of water on Earth. The water cycle is driven by energy from the sun, which causes evaporation of water from oceans, lakes, rivers, and soil into water vapor in the atmosphere. Water vapor then condenses to form clouds and precipitation falls back to the ground through rain or snow, completing the cycle. A hydrograph provides information on discharge, maximum and minimum run-off, average run-off, and total discharge volume during a given period by showing the flow rate over time.
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The document discusses evaporation and infiltration, which are major losses from precipitation. It defines evaporation as the process where water is converted from liquid to vapor and returns to the atmosphere. Infiltration is the process where precipitation water seeps into the soil. Several factors affect each process, and various methods are used to measure and estimate evaporation and infiltration rates, including pans, lysimeters, and equations like Horton's equation. The Φ index and W index provide simplified measurements of infiltration rates.
Biogeo chemical processes
Most of Earth's water is found in oceans, which cover most of the planet's surface. The water cycle describes the continuous movement of water on, above, and below the Earth's surface, including evaporation, condensation, precipitation, and runoff. Evaporation occurs when water is heated by the sun and turns into water vapor, which rises up into the atmosphere and can form clouds and precipitation that falls back to Earth. [END SUMMARY]
Hydrological cycle
Water is hydrosphere is made up of all the water on Earth. This includes all of the rivers, lakes, streams, oceans, groundwater, polar ice caps, glaciers and moisture in the air (like rain and snow). The hydrosphere is found on the surface of Earth, but also extends down several miles below, as well as several miles up into the atmosphere. So, there is a need for study of water as a scarce resource.
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SYSTEM APPROACH IN HYDROLOGY
HYDROLOGIC INPUT & OUTPUT
VARIATION IN HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE
COMPONENTS
EVAPORATION
EVAPOTRANSPIRATION
PRECIPITATION
INTERCEPTION
INFILTRATION
GROUND WATER
RUN-OFF
HUMAN IMPACT
EARTH SURFACE
CLIMATE CHANGE
ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION
MULTI PURPOSE PROJECTS
WATER WITHDRAWAL
MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL
Module-2.pptx
This document discusses various types of water losses from the landscape, including evaporation, evapotranspiration, and infiltration. It provides information on the processes, factors affecting them, and methods for measuring and estimating evaporation, evapotranspiration, and infiltration. Specifically, it describes evaporation pans and the process of pan evaporation, factors influencing evapotranspiration, and using a double ring infiltrometer to measure infiltration rates.
Evapotranspiration
This document discusses evapotranspiration, which is the total amount of water lost as vapor from soil, plant surfaces, and water bodies. It defines evaporation as movement of water to the air from sources like soil and water bodies, while transpiration is movement of water within plants and subsequent loss of water vapor through leaf stomata. The document outlines different types of evapotranspiration and factors that affect the process, like plant/crop characteristics, soil properties, and geographical factors. It also describes methods to determine evapotranspiration rates, including indirect methods like water balance and energy balance approaches, and direct methods like using lysimeters to measure actual evapotranspiration.
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HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE.pptx
The hydrological cycle involves the continuous movement of water on, above, and below the surface of the Earth. Water evaporates from surfaces into the atmosphere, condenses to form clouds, and precipitates as rain or snow back onto the Earth's surface, where it collects in lakes, oceans, soil, and underground aquifers before returning to the atmosphere through further evaporation or transpiration from plants. The sun drives the hydrological cycle by providing the energy needed for evaporation and transpiration. This cyclic movement of water is crucial to life on Earth and is known as the hydrological cycle.
Hydrological Cycle
This document discusses the hydrological cycle and properties of water. It notes that water is essential for life and makes up 71% of the Earth's surface. The water cycle is driven by solar energy and involves evaporation from bodies of water into the atmosphere, condensation and precipitation on land, runoff into water bodies, and eventual return to the oceans. Water moves through this cycle in vapor, liquid and solid forms through various processes like evaporation, transpiration, infiltration, and percolation. The cycling of water through the biosphere maintains a balanced system over thousands of years through natural recycling powered by solar energy.
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The document discusses the hydrologic cycle and field water balance. It provides details on:
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© eScience Labs, 2013 Lab 5 – Weather and Climate Change.docx
© eScience Labs, 2013
Lab 5 – Weather and Climate Change
Lab 5 - Demonstration 1: Modeling the Water Cycle
POST LAB QUESTIONS
1. Which water cycle processes are represented in this model and by what components?
Answer =
2. Which processes are not represented? How could the model be altered to include these
processes?
Answer =
3. How would the “weather” be affected if the water was at a decreased temperature?
What about at an increased temperature?
Answer =
© eScience Labs, 2013
Experiment 1: Water Movement
POST LAB QUESTIONS
1. Develop a hypothesis predicting the effect of sunlight on evaporation?
Hypothesis =
2. Based on the results of your experiment, would you reject or accept the hypothesis that
you produced in question 1? Explain how you determined this.
Accept/reject =
3. What parts of the water cycle are represented in this experiment?
Answer =
4. How would increasing the proportion of land (sand) to water affect the amount of water
vapor released?
Answer =
© eScience Labs, 2013
5. How would drought conditions impact infiltration and evaporation from the ground?
Answer =
References
Any sources utilized should be listed here.
Lab 5 – Weather and Climate Change
Lab 5 - Demonstration 1: Modeling the Water Cycle
POST LAB QUESTIONS
1. Which water cycle processes are represented in this model and by what components?
Answer =
2. Which processes are not represented? How could the model be altered to include these processes?
Answer =
3. How would the “weather” be affected if the water was at a decreased temperature? What about at an increased temperature?
Answer =
Experiment 1: Water Movement
POST LAB QUESTIONS
1. Develop a hypothesis predicting the effect of sunlight on evaporation?
Hypothesis =
2. Based on the results of your experiment, would you reject or accept the hypothesis that you produced in question 1? Explain how you determined this.
Accept/reject =
3. What parts of the water cycle are represented in this experiment?
Answer =
4. How would increasing the proportion of land (sand) to water affect the amount of water vapor released?
Answer =
5. How would drought conditions impact infiltration and evaporation from the ground?
Answer =
References
Any sources utilized should be listed here.
© eScience Labs, 2013
Lab 5
Weather and Climate Change
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• Atmosphere
• Weather
• The Water Cycle
• Climate
Introduction
The Earth’s atmosphere is composed of 21% oxygen (O2), 78% Nitrogen (N2) and approximately 1% other
gases (including water vapor, argon, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, and helium). Oxygen is essential for life and is
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photosynthesis.
Figure 1: Clouds are visible accumulation of water droplets that accumula.
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Water education ppt
Hydrology is the study of water flow across and through near-surface environments. The document discusses key aspects of the hydrologic cycle including precipitation, evaporation, transpiration, runoff processes, factors affecting water movement in soils, groundwater flow, and human impacts. It provides explanations and examples of different types of precipitation, runoff, and groundwater mechanisms. Dams and their various structures are also described along with issues like leakages and safety considerations in seismic areas.
Water cycle(1)
The document discusses the water cycle, which is the continuous movement of water on, above, and below the surface of the Earth. It explains that the sun drives the water cycle by heating water in the oceans, which evaporates and rises into the atmosphere as water vapor. When the vapor cools and condenses, it forms clouds, and precipitation occurs when clouds become too heavy. Precipitation falls as rain or snow and runs into rivers and streams as runoff, eventually making its way back to the oceans, to repeat the cycle. The water cycle is crucial for sustaining life on Earth.
Hydrology
Evaporation can be measured using lysimeters, which are devices that measure actual evapotranspiration from plants and soils. There are two main types of lysimeters - non-weighable lysimeters that measure percolation, and weighable lysimeters that directly measure weight changes. Weighable lysimeters can use mechanical scales, load cells, or hydraulic principles to continuously record the weight of the soil and calculate evapotranspiration from changes in water content over time. Lysimeters provide useful data for measuring actual evaporation and water budgets in agricultural and natural areas.
Hydrogeology
This document discusses hydrogeology, which is the study of groundwater. It begins by explaining the hydrologic cycle, in which water evaporates from bodies of water and transpirates from plants, condenses into clouds and precipitates back to the ground as rain or snow. Some precipitation infiltrates into the ground to become groundwater. The document then discusses groundwater occurrence, movement through aquifers, and factors that influence it like porosity, permeability and lithology. Finally, it describes the vertical distribution of groundwater into the unsaturated zone above the water table and saturated zone below it.
15 evaporation transpiration sublimation
This document discusses various processes by which water changes phase from liquid to gas, including evaporation, transpiration, and sublimation. It provides details on the factors that control evaporation rates, such as energy inputs, temperature, humidity, wind, and water availability. It explains the differences between potential evapotranspiration (PET) and actual evapotranspiration (AET). Transpiration from plants and how it is affected by various environmental factors is also covered. Common methods for measuring and estimating evaporation and evapotranspiration are presented.
Lab 5 – Weather and Climate ChangeLab 5 - Demonstration 1 Mod.docx
Lab 5 – Weather and Climate Change
Lab 5 - Demonstration 1: Modeling the Water Cycle
In this experiment you will observe how entrapped water moves from land to the atmosphere and determine how weather conditions affect this movement.
POST-LAB QUESTIONS
1. Which water cycle processes are represented in this model, and what component of the model represents that process?
Answer = The cycle processes represented in the model are condensation and evaporation. With the warm water evaporating water vapor, it produced condensation under the lid of the canning jar.
2. Which processes are not represented? Propose a change to the model in which two of these processes would be included.
Answer = The processes I see not represented in the model are; sublimation, precipitation, transpiration, infiltration, surface run off, and percolation. The way to improve or include the processes would be to add sand and soil to the experiment.
3. How would the processes in question 1 be altered by an increase or decrease in temperature?
Answer =
Experiment 1: Assessing Infiltration
In this experiment, you will observe how entrapped water moves from land to the atmosphere and determine how weather conditions affect this movement.
POST-LAB QUESTIONS
1. Develop a hypothesis predicting the effect of sunlight on evaporation.
Hypothesis =
Table 1: Infiltration Observations
Sample
Observations at 1 Hour
Observations at 12 Hours
Sunny Location
Shady Location
2. Would you reject or accept your hypothesis? Why?
Accept/reject =
3. What parts of the water cycle are represented in this experiment?
Answer =
4. How would adding more sand to the bag affect the amount of water vapor released?
Answer =
5. As a period of drought begins, how would infiltration and condensation change initially? What would happen to these two processes as the drought continues over time?
Answer =
References
Any sources utilized should be listed here.
© eScience Labs, 2016
Lab 5
Weather and Climate Change
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Weather and Climate Change
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The Earth’s atmosphere is composed of 21% oxygen (O2), 78% Nitrogen (N2), and ~1% other gases
(including water vapor, argon, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, and helium). Oxygen is essential for life and is used
by most organisms for cellular respiration while carbon dioxide is used by plants and certain bacteria for pho-
tosynthesis.
Our atmosphere is composed of five layers:
1. Troposphere - nearest to the Earth’s surface; layer in which weather occurs (rising and falling air);
comprises one half of total atmosphere; air pressure is decreased to 10% of that at sea level.
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Weather
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Figure 1: Clouds are visible accumulation of water droplets that accumulate in the Earth’s lowest
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Weather and Climate Change
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Water cycle
I AM HAFIZ MUHAMMAD WASEEM from mailsi vehari
BSc from science college Multan
MSC university of education Lahore
i love Pakistan and my teachers and my parents
Water cycle
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The rates of movement of water and the quantities involved the cyclic processes are the major aspects involved in the hydrological sciences. There is an endless circulation of water among all the spheres of the earth. It is popularly known as the hydrologic cycle. It is necessary to learn about the hydrologic cycle, when we intend analyse the water resources of the region and the world.
Geography
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2) The types of surficial materials present influences landform evolution.
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4) Climate determines the active geologic agents and affects the rates of physical and chemical weathering.
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2) The types of surficial materials present influences landform evolution.
3) The tectonic setting determines what rock materials are exposed and how they are distributed across the surface.
4) Climate determines the active geologic agents and affects the rates of physical and chemical weathering.
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This document discusses various types of water losses from the landscape, including evaporation, evapotranspiration, and infiltration. It provides information on the processes, factors affecting them, and methods for measuring and estimating evaporation, evapotranspiration, and infiltration. Specifically, it describes evaporation pans and the process of pan evaporation, factors influencing evapotranspiration, and using a double ring infiltrometer to measure infiltration rates.
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2) Components of the hydrologic cycle like green water, blue water, infiltration, recharge, and groundwater flow.
3) The field water balance accounts for all water inputs, outputs, and storage within a soil area over a period of time based on the law of conservation of mass. It considers precipitation, runoff, evapotranspiration, and changes in water storage.
© eScience Labs, 2013 Lab 5 – Weather and Climate Change.docx
© eScience Labs, 2013
Lab 5 – Weather and Climate Change
Lab 5 - Demonstration 1: Modeling the Water Cycle
POST LAB QUESTIONS
1. Which water cycle processes are represented in this model and by what components?
Answer =
2. Which processes are not represented? How could the model be altered to include these
processes?
Answer =
3. How would the “weather” be affected if the water was at a decreased temperature?
What about at an increased temperature?
Answer =
© eScience Labs, 2013
Experiment 1: Water Movement
POST LAB QUESTIONS
1. Develop a hypothesis predicting the effect of sunlight on evaporation?
Hypothesis =
2. Based on the results of your experiment, would you reject or accept the hypothesis that
you produced in question 1? Explain how you determined this.
Accept/reject =
3. What parts of the water cycle are represented in this experiment?
Answer =
4. How would increasing the proportion of land (sand) to water affect the amount of water
vapor released?
Answer =
© eScience Labs, 2013
5. How would drought conditions impact infiltration and evaporation from the ground?
Answer =
References
Any sources utilized should be listed here.
Lab 5 – Weather and Climate Change
Lab 5 - Demonstration 1: Modeling the Water Cycle
POST LAB QUESTIONS
1. Which water cycle processes are represented in this model and by what components?
Answer =
2. Which processes are not represented? How could the model be altered to include these processes?
Answer =
3. How would the “weather” be affected if the water was at a decreased temperature? What about at an increased temperature?
Answer =
Experiment 1: Water Movement
POST LAB QUESTIONS
1. Develop a hypothesis predicting the effect of sunlight on evaporation?
Hypothesis =
2. Based on the results of your experiment, would you reject or accept the hypothesis that you produced in question 1? Explain how you determined this.
Accept/reject =
3. What parts of the water cycle are represented in this experiment?
Answer =
4. How would increasing the proportion of land (sand) to water affect the amount of water vapor released?
Answer =
5. How would drought conditions impact infiltration and evaporation from the ground?
Answer =
References
Any sources utilized should be listed here.
© eScience Labs, 2013
Lab 5
Weather and Climate Change
Weather and Climate Change
Concepts to Explore
• Atmosphere
• Weather
• The Water Cycle
• Climate
Introduction
The Earth’s atmosphere is composed of 21% oxygen (O2), 78% Nitrogen (N2) and approximately 1% other
gases (including water vapor, argon, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, and helium). Oxygen is essential for life and is
used by most organisms for cellular respiration while carbon dioxide is used by plants and certain bacteria for
photosynthesis.
Figure 1: Clouds are visible accumulation of water droplets that accumula.
Ess topic 2.2 measuring abiotic components of the ecosystem
This document discusses methods for measuring various abiotic factors in marine, freshwater, and terrestrial ecosystems. It lists factors such as salinity, pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen, turbidity, flow velocity, light intensity, wind speed, particle size, slope, soil moisture, drainage, and mineral content. For each ecosystem and factor, it describes tools and techniques that can be used to measure or indicate the level of that factor, such as hydrometers, refractometers, pH meters, thermometers, Secchi disks, anemometers, and particle sieving. The document emphasizes that abiotic factors can vary with depth, time of day, distance, and season within a given ecosystem.
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Hydrology is the study of water flow across and through near-surface environments. The document discusses key aspects of the hydrologic cycle including precipitation, evaporation, transpiration, runoff processes, factors affecting water movement in soils, groundwater flow, and human impacts. It provides explanations and examples of different types of precipitation, runoff, and groundwater mechanisms. Dams and their various structures are also described along with issues like leakages and safety considerations in seismic areas.
Water cycle(1)
The document discusses the water cycle, which is the continuous movement of water on, above, and below the surface of the Earth. It explains that the sun drives the water cycle by heating water in the oceans, which evaporates and rises into the atmosphere as water vapor. When the vapor cools and condenses, it forms clouds, and precipitation occurs when clouds become too heavy. Precipitation falls as rain or snow and runs into rivers and streams as runoff, eventually making its way back to the oceans, to repeat the cycle. The water cycle is crucial for sustaining life on Earth.
Hydrology
Evaporation can be measured using lysimeters, which are devices that measure actual evapotranspiration from plants and soils. There are two main types of lysimeters - non-weighable lysimeters that measure percolation, and weighable lysimeters that directly measure weight changes. Weighable lysimeters can use mechanical scales, load cells, or hydraulic principles to continuously record the weight of the soil and calculate evapotranspiration from changes in water content over time. Lysimeters provide useful data for measuring actual evaporation and water budgets in agricultural and natural areas.
Hydrogeology
This document discusses hydrogeology, which is the study of groundwater. It begins by explaining the hydrologic cycle, in which water evaporates from bodies of water and transpirates from plants, condenses into clouds and precipitates back to the ground as rain or snow. Some precipitation infiltrates into the ground to become groundwater. The document then discusses groundwater occurrence, movement through aquifers, and factors that influence it like porosity, permeability and lithology. Finally, it describes the vertical distribution of groundwater into the unsaturated zone above the water table and saturated zone below it.
15 evaporation transpiration sublimation
This document discusses various processes by which water changes phase from liquid to gas, including evaporation, transpiration, and sublimation. It provides details on the factors that control evaporation rates, such as energy inputs, temperature, humidity, wind, and water availability. It explains the differences between potential evapotranspiration (PET) and actual evapotranspiration (AET). Transpiration from plants and how it is affected by various environmental factors is also covered. Common methods for measuring and estimating evaporation and evapotranspiration are presented.
Lab 5 – Weather and Climate ChangeLab 5 - Demonstration 1 Mod.docx
Lab 5 – Weather and Climate Change
Lab 5 - Demonstration 1: Modeling the Water Cycle
In this experiment you will observe how entrapped water moves from land to the atmosphere and determine how weather conditions affect this movement.
POST-LAB QUESTIONS
1. Which water cycle processes are represented in this model, and what component of the model represents that process?
Answer = The cycle processes represented in the model are condensation and evaporation. With the warm water evaporating water vapor, it produced condensation under the lid of the canning jar.
2. Which processes are not represented? Propose a change to the model in which two of these processes would be included.
Answer = The processes I see not represented in the model are; sublimation, precipitation, transpiration, infiltration, surface run off, and percolation. The way to improve or include the processes would be to add sand and soil to the experiment.
3. How would the processes in question 1 be altered by an increase or decrease in temperature?
Answer =
Experiment 1: Assessing Infiltration
In this experiment, you will observe how entrapped water moves from land to the atmosphere and determine how weather conditions affect this movement.
POST-LAB QUESTIONS
1. Develop a hypothesis predicting the effect of sunlight on evaporation.
Hypothesis =
Table 1: Infiltration Observations
Sample
Observations at 1 Hour
Observations at 12 Hours
Sunny Location
Shady Location
2. Would you reject or accept your hypothesis? Why?
Accept/reject =
3. What parts of the water cycle are represented in this experiment?
Answer =
4. How would adding more sand to the bag affect the amount of water vapor released?
Answer =
5. As a period of drought begins, how would infiltration and condensation change initially? What would happen to these two processes as the drought continues over time?
Answer =
References
Any sources utilized should be listed here.
© eScience Labs, 2016
Lab 5
Weather and Climate Change
54
Weather and Climate Change
Introduction
The Earth’s atmosphere is composed of 21% oxygen (O2), 78% Nitrogen (N2), and ~1% other gases
(including water vapor, argon, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, and helium). Oxygen is essential for life and is used
by most organisms for cellular respiration while carbon dioxide is used by plants and certain bacteria for pho-
tosynthesis.
Our atmosphere is composed of five layers:
1. Troposphere - nearest to the Earth’s surface; layer in which weather occurs (rising and falling air);
comprises one half of total atmosphere; air pressure is decreased to 10% of that at sea level.
Concepts to Explore
Atmosphere
Weather
The Water Cycle
Climate
Figure 1: Clouds are visible accumulation of water droplets that accumulate in the Earth’s lowest
layer of the atmosphere, the troposphere.
55
Weather and Climate Change
2. Stratosphere - contains the ozone layer (important for UV ray abs ...
Transpiration.pptx
1) Water moves through the xylem vessels from roots to leaves where it is lost through transpiration, the evaporation of water from mesophyll cells and diffusion out of stomata.
2) Transpiration creates a suction that pulls water up the xylem vessels through cohesion and adhesion of water molecules.
3) The rate of transpiration is affected by environmental factors like light, temperature, and humidity, with higher light, temperature, and lower humidity increasing the rate.
Water cycle
I AM HAFIZ MUHAMMAD WASEEM from mailsi vehari
BSc from science college Multan
MSC university of education Lahore
i love Pakistan and my teachers and my parents
Water cycle
The water cycle describes how water evaporates from the surface of the earth, rises into the atmosphere as water vapor, condenses into clouds, and falls as precipitation. Most precipitation infiltrates into the ground, where some percolates into streams and groundwater, while the rest runs off directly as surface water into rivers and lakes, eventually flowing back into the oceans to repeat the cycle. The sun provides the energy that drives evaporation and transpiration from plants, which releases water vapor into the air, where it condenses into clouds and falls as rain or snow through precipitation.
The hydrologic cycle
The rates of movement of water and the quantities involved the cyclic processes are the major aspects involved in the hydrological sciences. There is an endless circulation of water among all the spheres of the earth. It is popularly known as the hydrologic cycle. It is necessary to learn about the hydrologic cycle, when we intend analyse the water resources of the region and the world.
Geography
The document discusses several key factors that control landform development:
1) Geomorphic agents and processes such as weathering, erosion, and sediment transport affect how rocks and sediment are shaped over time.
2) The types of surficial materials present influences landform evolution.
3) The tectonic setting determines what rock materials are exposed and how they are distributed across the surface.
4) Climate determines the active geologic agents and affects the rates of physical and chemical weathering.
Geomorphology Topic 1 (Part 2) - Basic Concept
The document discusses several key factors that control landform development:
1) Geomorphic agents and processes such as weathering, erosion, and sediment transport affect how rocks and sediment are shaped over time.
2) The types of surficial materials present influences landform evolution.
3) The tectonic setting determines what rock materials are exposed and how they are distributed across the surface.
4) Climate determines the active geologic agents and affects the rates of physical and chemical weathering.
Similar to Evaporation: a key component of water cycle (20)
© eScience Labs, 2013 Lab 5 – Weather and Climate Change.docx
© eScience Labs, 2013 Lab 5 – Weather and Climate Change.docx
Ess topic 2.2 measuring abiotic components of the ecosystem
Ess topic 2.2 measuring abiotic components of the ecosystem
Lab 5 – Weather and Climate ChangeLab 5 - Demonstration 1 Mod.docx
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Evaporation: a key component of water cycle
- 1. Evaporation: A Key Component of the Water Cycle Understanding the Mechanism, Factors and measurement of Evaporation
- 2. Overview of Evaporation ● A crucial component of the water cycle, responsible for the movement and distribution of water across the planet. ● It is the process by which liquid water transforms into water vapor, occurring primarily due to the transfer of energy from the sun or other sources. Photo by Pexels
- 3. Mechanism of Evaporation ● Evaporation occurs when water molecules gain enough energy to overcome intermolecular forces. ● This energy can come from sunlight, geothermal heat, or friction. ● As water molecules gain energy, they vibrate more rapidly and eventually transition from the liquid phase to the gaseous phase, forming water vapor. Photo by Pexels
- 4. Factors Affecting Evaporation Rate ● Temperature: Warmer temperatures provide more energy to water molecules, making it easier for them to evaporate. ● Humidity: The amount of water vapor already present in the air affects evaporation rate. ● Wind Speed: Wind helps remove water vapor, increasing the rate of evaporation. ● Surface Area: Larger liquid surface area leads to a faster evaporation rate. ● Salinity: Saline solutions have slower evaporation rates than freshwater. Photo by Pexels
- 5. Impact of Evaporation on the Hydrologic Cycle ● Water Transport: it contributes to the movement of water around the planet. ● Cloud Formation: Evaporation leads to the formation of clouds, crucial for precipitation. ● Water Availability: Evaporation influences groundwater recharge, soil moisture, and streamflow. ● Climate Regulation: Evaporation releases heat into the atmosphere, affecting temperature and energy balance. ● Salinity Balance: Evaporation influences salt distribution and aquatic ecosystems. Photo by Pexels
- 6. Measuring evaporation rate Direct Measurement Methods: 1. Pan Evaporation It is a direct measurement method that utilizes an open container, typically a Class A pan, to measure the amount of water that evaporates over a period of time. The rate of evaporation is calculated by dividing the change in water level in the pan by the time interval. Class A pan
- 7. 2. Lysimeter A device that measure the amount of water evaporating from a soil column. It consists of a large container filled with soil, with a weighing mechanism to monitor changes in mass due to evaporation and transpiration. 3. Float-Gauge Method It involves by placing a float on the surface of a water body and measuring the vertical displacement of the float over time. The change in water level is indicative of evaporation. Lysimeter
- 8. Indirect Measuring methods 1. Energy Balance Method: It directly measures the energy used for evaporation by considering the incoming and outgoing energy fluxes at the evaporating surface. It requires detailed measurements of radiation, temperature, and wind speed. 1. Water Balance Method: It estimates evaporation by balancing the water inputs and outputs of a system. It involves measuring precipitation, runoff, and changes in soil moisture storage. 1. Remote Sensing Methods: Satellite imagery and other remote sensing techniques can provide estimates of evaporation over large areas. These methods utilize spectral reflectance data to infer land surface temperature, vegetation cover, and other parameters related to evaporation.