Ethnography may also involve the fullimmersion of the researcher in the day-to-day lives or culture of those under study.Ethnography as a method has specific and certain distinctive characteristics. Primarily, it is conducted on-site or in a naturalistic setting in which real people live. Secondly, it ispersonalized since you as the researcher are both observer and the participant in the lives ofthose people. Ethnography also collects data in several ways for triangulation over anextended period of time. The process is inductive, holistic and requires a long-termcommitment. Finally, ethnography is the dialogic since conclusions andinterpretations formed through it can be given comments or typically feedback from those who areunder study(Ritchie et al.,2013). Qualitative research methodologies are quite inductive and focus on meaning; approaches are diverse with different purposes, reflecting differing ontological and especially the epistemological underpinnings. With roots in thesociology and anthropology, ethnography is one of the early qualitative approaches and is mainly concerned with learning about people, in contrast to the studying people,Traditionally ethnography is characterized by in-depth observation of the groups of individuals, being cognizant of the influences of the historical and cultural contexts on social interactions.This phenomena of immersion in the real world context and detailed analysis enables the researcher to discover and delineate the complexities and shared cultural nuances of the social world, and to interpret the meaning of the process under investigation. Exploring health and care organizations at the macro level can result in better understanding of the processes, activities and also the practices through the researchers „observations and engagement with participants and the setting. Although it has been argued that the ethnography is purely the data collection method, epistemologically it is about immersion in a culture and the artistry of seeing, learning and basically interpreting reality by engaging with participants, either overtly or covertly in their natural environment(Angrosino et al.,2008).

1. BY Dr. SREEREMYA.S
FACULTY OF BIOLOGY

2.  Ethnography may also involve the fullimmersion of the researcher in the
day-to-day lives or culture of those under study.Ethnography as a
method has specific and certain distinctive characteristics. Primarily, it is
conducted on-site or in a naturalistic setting in which real people live.
Secondly, it ispersonalized since you as the researcher are both observer
and the participant in the lives ofthose people. Ethnography also collects
data in several ways for triangulation over anextended period of time.
The process is inductive, holistic and requires a long-termcommitment.
Finally, ethnography is the dialogic since conclusions andinterpretations
formed through it can be given comments or typically feedback from
those who areunder study(Ritchie et al.,2013).
 Qualitative research methodologies are quite inductive and focus on
meaning; approaches are diverse with different purposes, reflecting
differing ontological and especially the epistemological underpinnings.
With roots in thesociology and anthropology, ethnography is one of the
early qualitative approaches and is mainly concerned with learning about
people, in contrast to the studying people,

3.  Traditionally ethnography is characterized by in-depth
observation of the groups of individuals, being cognizant of the
influences of the historical and cultural contexts on social
interactions.This phenomena of immersion in the real world
context and detailed analysis enables the researcher to discover
and delineate the complexities and shared cultural nuances of
the social world, and to interpret the meaning of the process
under investigation. Exploring health and care organizations at
the macro level can result in better understanding of the
processes, activities and also the practices through the
researchers „observations and engagement with participants and
the setting. Although it has been argued that the ethnography is
purely the data collection method, epistemologically it is about
immersion in a culture and the artistry of seeing, learning and
basically interpreting reality by engaging with participants, either
overtly or covertly in their natural environment(Angrosino et
al.,2008). RESEARCH

4.  METHODS DO ETHNOGRAPHIC RESEARCHER
 Ethnographic methods are quiet diverse and a
range of approaches can be adopted, they are
based on observation, often complemented with
the interviews, and detailed analysis often at a
micro level. Although the methods used are not
exclusive to the ethnography, it is the depth of
the fieldwork and the continuous process of
engaging with participants and their natural
environments that is quiet central and adds
strength to the findings of ethnographic studies.
Participant observation requires immersion in
setting under investigation, observing the
language, behaviors and values of participants.

5.  Consequently, the paramount to undertaking an
ethnographic studies is the role of the researcher in data
collection. Engaging with participants in real world poses
several challenges; first the researcher must decide
whether to adopt an overt or covert approach to
information collection and observation. In an overt
approach the participants know they are much being
observed, whereas in a covert approach the participants
are quiteunaware they are being observed. The rationale
for undertaken covert information collection in healthcare
contexts needs careful consideration because of ethical
implications, and the tensions with principles of good
research governance such as the right to the choice
whether to participate, information provision and gaining
consent.

6.  Broadly, an emic approach is mainly aligned with
immersing into the culture, observing and recording
participants‟ way of life and the activity, in contrast to the
etic approach that observes and describes communities
and the cultures. Both methods produce rich, in-depth
data aiming to mainly make sense of the context or
phenomena under investigation, and require the
researcher to be reflexive when undertaking the fieldwork,
accounting for their own assumptions and
thepresuppositions to strengthen the findings. Auto
ethnography seeks to specifically communicate the
mechanisms of the “inner world” of an individual from the
perspective of the researcher. It is key to recognize that
auto ethnography not only places the researcher within the
experiences of an individual or group, but it mainly sees
the researcher reflecting upon their own, personal
experience of the

7.  Experiences being researched. The phenomena involves
writing the „self‟ into the history and projecting it into the
present, by availing various writing and communication
techniques and forms(Smith et al.,2011). It is mainly the
investigations of the „self‟ as „other‟ and when linked with
culture, involves a negotiation between the ethnographer
stories (us) and their relevance to theculture. It exposes
the hidden „I‟ in the accounts, to mainly allow for a more
authentic process. The aim of auto ethnography is always
to challenge the norms of themethodological practices in
order to achieve a much more egalitarian and just society,
making clear where power, privilege and biases lie, in the
process of assessing those who have been hidden or
represented as “abject, abnormal, exotic, and the
uncivilized”, and to critique the master narratives of
western white history writers(Brink et al.,2003).

8.  Journal of Nursing Practice, Management and
Education, Ethnography, Dr.S.Sreeremya ,
2019.Vol 1(2):1-9.