The Value of Biodiversity Sumantran Orang-utansAndrew Ormerod
- The Sumatran orangutan is critically endangered with only around 7,500 remaining due to habitat loss and hunting. They play a key role in seed dispersal and maintaining the forest ecosystem.
- Major threats include palm oil plantations which have destroyed over 50% of orangutan habitat, as well as illegal logging and hunting. If current rates of habitat loss continue, the population could be extinct in the wild by 2022.
- Conservation efforts like the Sumatran Orangutan Conservation Programme are working to protect remaining populations and habitat, but increased efforts and action are needed to prevent the species from disappearing forever.
This document discusses the impacts of palm oil plantations in Indonesia. It notes that while palm oil brings some economic benefits through jobs and exports, it also causes significant environmental and social problems. Palm oil plantations have led to deforestation, loss of orangutan habitats, pollution, and conflicts with indigenous communities who have lost access to their traditional lands. The rapid expansion of palm oil is also vulnerable to price fluctuations and monocropping issues. While the industry benefits some workers and companies in the short term, many analysts argue that more sustainable agricultural practices would better support local communities and the environment over the long term.
1) Archer Daniels Midland, a major US corn ethanol producer, plans to expand biofuel production into Brazilian sugarcane ethanol and Indonesian palm oil biodiesel to capitalize on growing global biofuel demand.
2) The expansion of palm oil plantations in Indonesia and Malaysia to meet biodiesel demand risks further deforestation and associated environmental impacts like carbon emissions, biodiversity loss, and soil erosion.
3) Indonesia has seen large-scale deforestation, with forest cover declining from 162 million hectares in 1950 to 98 million hectares in 2000. The conversion of forests to oil palm plantations threatens biodiversity and local communities.
This short document promotes creating presentations using Haiku Deck on SlideShare. It encourages the reader to get started making their own Haiku Deck presentation by providing a button to click to begin the process. The document is advertising the creation of presentations on Haiku Deck and SlideShare.
The document discusses planning for building a website. It emphasizes that planning is crucial so the website has clear direction and avoids missed deadlines or backtracking. It discusses organizational structures like hierarchy, sequential, and matrix structures. It also discusses content strategies like blogs, videos, and social media links to provide visitors with information. Finally, it outlines steps to design a website, including getting a domain name, choosing a web host, setting a budget, gathering content, designing pages, and testing the site.
The Value of Biodiversity Sumantran Orang-utansAndrew Ormerod
- The Sumatran orangutan is critically endangered with only around 7,500 remaining due to habitat loss and hunting. They play a key role in seed dispersal and maintaining the forest ecosystem.
- Major threats include palm oil plantations which have destroyed over 50% of orangutan habitat, as well as illegal logging and hunting. If current rates of habitat loss continue, the population could be extinct in the wild by 2022.
- Conservation efforts like the Sumatran Orangutan Conservation Programme are working to protect remaining populations and habitat, but increased efforts and action are needed to prevent the species from disappearing forever.
This document discusses the impacts of palm oil plantations in Indonesia. It notes that while palm oil brings some economic benefits through jobs and exports, it also causes significant environmental and social problems. Palm oil plantations have led to deforestation, loss of orangutan habitats, pollution, and conflicts with indigenous communities who have lost access to their traditional lands. The rapid expansion of palm oil is also vulnerable to price fluctuations and monocropping issues. While the industry benefits some workers and companies in the short term, many analysts argue that more sustainable agricultural practices would better support local communities and the environment over the long term.
1) Archer Daniels Midland, a major US corn ethanol producer, plans to expand biofuel production into Brazilian sugarcane ethanol and Indonesian palm oil biodiesel to capitalize on growing global biofuel demand.
2) The expansion of palm oil plantations in Indonesia and Malaysia to meet biodiesel demand risks further deforestation and associated environmental impacts like carbon emissions, biodiversity loss, and soil erosion.
3) Indonesia has seen large-scale deforestation, with forest cover declining from 162 million hectares in 1950 to 98 million hectares in 2000. The conversion of forests to oil palm plantations threatens biodiversity and local communities.
This short document promotes creating presentations using Haiku Deck on SlideShare. It encourages the reader to get started making their own Haiku Deck presentation by providing a button to click to begin the process. The document is advertising the creation of presentations on Haiku Deck and SlideShare.
The document discusses planning for building a website. It emphasizes that planning is crucial so the website has clear direction and avoids missed deadlines or backtracking. It discusses organizational structures like hierarchy, sequential, and matrix structures. It also discusses content strategies like blogs, videos, and social media links to provide visitors with information. Finally, it outlines steps to design a website, including getting a domain name, choosing a web host, setting a budget, gathering content, designing pages, and testing the site.
Ulli.Ramesh is seeking a position that allows him to utilize his communication and problem solving skills. He has a MBA in Finance and Marketing from Little Flower PG College and over 8 years of experience as an Accountant and Manager at Sri Shubhakara Homes Pvt Ltd. He is proficient in Tally ERP 9.0 and has experience preparing financial reports, handling cash transactions, and coordinating with auditors.
This document contains a professional summary for Vijender, a software tester with over 3 years of experience testing software using both manual and automated methods. Vijender has experience with test automation tools like Selenium and experience testing mobile applications on devices like iPhones and Android phones. He is looking to leverage his experience in test planning, scripting, defect reporting and other testing activities.
This curriculum vitae outlines the educational and professional background of Sohrabasdollahzadehkenari. He received a B.A. in Radiology from Tehran Medical Science University in 1999 and has over 10 years of experience working with MRI systems. His areas of expertise include MRI physics, techniques such as MRA, DWI, and diffusion/perfusion imaging. He is a member of the Iran Radiology Association and his research interests involve studying new pulse sequences and techniques in MRI and MRA.
The document summarizes the growth opportunities in the Indian retail sector. Some of the key points discussed include:
- The Indian retail sector is highly fragmented but growing rapidly, projected to reach $948 billion by 2018-19, up from $534 billion in 2013-14. However, only 4% of retailers are organized.
- Major opportunities exist in serving rural consumers, the growing middle class, youth population, and increasing number of high-net-worth individuals.
- Organized retail is concentrated in the top 10 cities but expanding to tier 2/3 cities. Online retail and luxury retail are also growing segments.
- Private labels, e-commerce, and foreign investment could further drive the modern
A Linha Rosa Damascena contém produtos para banho como shampoo, condicionador e hidratante corporal com propriedades hidratantes e relaxantes que estimulam conforto no banho. Os produtos possuem uma fragrância agradável de rosa.
This document describes a GPS-based school bus tracking system. The system uses GPS to monitor the location of buses and display their status and location at bus terminals using LCD displays. It allows parents to receive SMS updates on the location of buses to know if they are delayed or cancelled. The system provides benefits like helping students know if they missed a bus or how long until the next one. It also automatically logs bus times instead of requiring manual driver logs. The system uses an 8051 microcontroller to store GPS location data and send it via GSM modem. An LED display is also used.
This short document contains photos from two photographers, kishjar? and I_am_Allan, and encourages the reader to get started creating their own Haiku Deck presentation on SlideShare.
Biju Thayyil Chacko is seeking an Administration Officer position with over 9 years of experience in administration and accounts roles in the Gulf region. He holds a B.A. in Economics from Calicut University in India. His most recent role was as an Administration Executive with Emirates Technical Associates in Dubai where he coordinated HR, administration, and project tasks. Prior to that he held similar administration and office executive roles in the UAE and India, demonstrating experience in areas such as payroll, purchasing, documentation, and customer coordination. He declares that the information in his resume is accurate and looks forward to working sincerely with any new organization.
This document is a resume for Manjeet Kumar seeking a position in software automation testing. It summarizes his 2+ years of experience in Selenium automation testing, proficiency in Java and developing automation frameworks using Selenium WebDriver, JUnit, ANT, and experience with projects in CRM and billing software testing. It provides details on his education, skills, technical expertise, and work history at Nouveau Technologies as a Software Test Automation Engineer.
- An experienced banking professional seeking a position in banking and finance that allows applying skills in operations management, business analysis, process management, and relationship management.
- Over 9 years of experience handling end-to-end banking processes including payments, transfers, reconciliations and client management for banks like Citi, Standard Chartered, and United Arab Bank.
- Strong skills in requirements gathering, documentation, testing, and ensuring compliance with regulatory standards while managing teams of up to 21 members.
Este documento describe los fundamentos teóricos y normas de la COVENIN 3049-93 sobre el mantenimiento de sistemas productivos. Explica los tipos de mantenimiento como preventivo, rutinario, por avería y predictivo. También cubre la clasificación, objetivos, políticas, estructura organizacional, programación y ejecución del mantenimiento. La norma provee una guía para planificar y coordinar las actividades de mantenimiento siguiendo procedimientos escritos y principios de calidad.
This document is a resume for Christopher Bee, an executive professional with experience in operations and business development for the hospitality industry. He currently owns and operates a consulting business focused on launching and improving products, processes, and operations for various companies. Previously he held leadership roles at several hotels and country clubs where he managed multi-million dollar renovations, improved financial performance, and increased customer satisfaction.
This document provides information about forest fires and haze pollution in Southeast Asia, particularly Indonesia. It discusses how the annual forest fires are caused by agricultural burning and land clearing practices. The worst fires occurred in 1997 across Indonesia and neighboring countries, resulting in over 200,000 hospitalizations from respiratory issues. The fires destroyed forests and wildlife habitats, released large amounts of greenhouse gases, and had severe economic impacts through lost tourism revenue. Drained peatlands are also a major contributor to the fires and carbon emissions, threatening global climate change. Stakeholders like governments, farmers, businessmen, and local populations are all involved in and affected by the ongoing issue.
This document discusses Indonesia's annual forest fires and resulting haze pollution issue in Southeast Asia. It notes that forest fires commonly occur during dry seasons in Indonesian provinces like Sumatra and Kalimantan, causing major transportation, economic, health, and environmental problems domestically and across borders in countries like Singapore and Malaysia. The worst fires on record were in 1997, affecting over 200,000 people in 6 countries with severe health impacts. Drying and burning of carbon-rich peatlands also significantly contributes to global warming by releasing large amounts of greenhouse gases. Key causes of the fires include land clearing by farmers and plantation companies using the cheap slash-and-burn method.
The palm oil industry in Indonesia provides some short-term economic benefits but has significant environmental and wildlife costs. It employs local workers but under conditions similar to slavery. The industry has cleared much of Indonesia's forests, endangering species like orangutans, tigers and elephants by destroying their habitats. Palm oil plantations are also a major contributor to climate change through carbon emissions released from clearing forests and soils being drained of nutrients. While the industry benefits Indonesia's economy in the short-term, the long-term environmental and social costs of the wildlife and habitats destroyed may outweigh these benefits.
The SCBFWM project aims to address forest and land degradation in Indonesia by empowering local communities and improving coordination between stakeholders. It operates in 6 pilot watershed areas and recognizes community groups as key stakeholders. The project seeks to increase communities' awareness of land degradation issues and empower them to participate in policymaking. It also advocates for stakeholders to work together to contribute to sustainable forest and watershed management policies. The Directorate of Watershed Management implements the project on behalf of the Indonesian government in collaboration with other forestry agencies and sectors. Supportive legal and policy frameworks are still needed to ensure security for community-based forest and watershed management initiatives.
Environmental impact of indonesian crude palm oil industryAbida Muttaqiena
This short paper talks about circumstances around crude oil industry in Indonesia that is being widely talked by environmentalist and politicians alike.
Ulli.Ramesh is seeking a position that allows him to utilize his communication and problem solving skills. He has a MBA in Finance and Marketing from Little Flower PG College and over 8 years of experience as an Accountant and Manager at Sri Shubhakara Homes Pvt Ltd. He is proficient in Tally ERP 9.0 and has experience preparing financial reports, handling cash transactions, and coordinating with auditors.
This document contains a professional summary for Vijender, a software tester with over 3 years of experience testing software using both manual and automated methods. Vijender has experience with test automation tools like Selenium and experience testing mobile applications on devices like iPhones and Android phones. He is looking to leverage his experience in test planning, scripting, defect reporting and other testing activities.
This curriculum vitae outlines the educational and professional background of Sohrabasdollahzadehkenari. He received a B.A. in Radiology from Tehran Medical Science University in 1999 and has over 10 years of experience working with MRI systems. His areas of expertise include MRI physics, techniques such as MRA, DWI, and diffusion/perfusion imaging. He is a member of the Iran Radiology Association and his research interests involve studying new pulse sequences and techniques in MRI and MRA.
The document summarizes the growth opportunities in the Indian retail sector. Some of the key points discussed include:
- The Indian retail sector is highly fragmented but growing rapidly, projected to reach $948 billion by 2018-19, up from $534 billion in 2013-14. However, only 4% of retailers are organized.
- Major opportunities exist in serving rural consumers, the growing middle class, youth population, and increasing number of high-net-worth individuals.
- Organized retail is concentrated in the top 10 cities but expanding to tier 2/3 cities. Online retail and luxury retail are also growing segments.
- Private labels, e-commerce, and foreign investment could further drive the modern
A Linha Rosa Damascena contém produtos para banho como shampoo, condicionador e hidratante corporal com propriedades hidratantes e relaxantes que estimulam conforto no banho. Os produtos possuem uma fragrância agradável de rosa.
This document describes a GPS-based school bus tracking system. The system uses GPS to monitor the location of buses and display their status and location at bus terminals using LCD displays. It allows parents to receive SMS updates on the location of buses to know if they are delayed or cancelled. The system provides benefits like helping students know if they missed a bus or how long until the next one. It also automatically logs bus times instead of requiring manual driver logs. The system uses an 8051 microcontroller to store GPS location data and send it via GSM modem. An LED display is also used.
This short document contains photos from two photographers, kishjar? and I_am_Allan, and encourages the reader to get started creating their own Haiku Deck presentation on SlideShare.
Biju Thayyil Chacko is seeking an Administration Officer position with over 9 years of experience in administration and accounts roles in the Gulf region. He holds a B.A. in Economics from Calicut University in India. His most recent role was as an Administration Executive with Emirates Technical Associates in Dubai where he coordinated HR, administration, and project tasks. Prior to that he held similar administration and office executive roles in the UAE and India, demonstrating experience in areas such as payroll, purchasing, documentation, and customer coordination. He declares that the information in his resume is accurate and looks forward to working sincerely with any new organization.
This document is a resume for Manjeet Kumar seeking a position in software automation testing. It summarizes his 2+ years of experience in Selenium automation testing, proficiency in Java and developing automation frameworks using Selenium WebDriver, JUnit, ANT, and experience with projects in CRM and billing software testing. It provides details on his education, skills, technical expertise, and work history at Nouveau Technologies as a Software Test Automation Engineer.
- An experienced banking professional seeking a position in banking and finance that allows applying skills in operations management, business analysis, process management, and relationship management.
- Over 9 years of experience handling end-to-end banking processes including payments, transfers, reconciliations and client management for banks like Citi, Standard Chartered, and United Arab Bank.
- Strong skills in requirements gathering, documentation, testing, and ensuring compliance with regulatory standards while managing teams of up to 21 members.
Este documento describe los fundamentos teóricos y normas de la COVENIN 3049-93 sobre el mantenimiento de sistemas productivos. Explica los tipos de mantenimiento como preventivo, rutinario, por avería y predictivo. También cubre la clasificación, objetivos, políticas, estructura organizacional, programación y ejecución del mantenimiento. La norma provee una guía para planificar y coordinar las actividades de mantenimiento siguiendo procedimientos escritos y principios de calidad.
This document is a resume for Christopher Bee, an executive professional with experience in operations and business development for the hospitality industry. He currently owns and operates a consulting business focused on launching and improving products, processes, and operations for various companies. Previously he held leadership roles at several hotels and country clubs where he managed multi-million dollar renovations, improved financial performance, and increased customer satisfaction.
This document provides information about forest fires and haze pollution in Southeast Asia, particularly Indonesia. It discusses how the annual forest fires are caused by agricultural burning and land clearing practices. The worst fires occurred in 1997 across Indonesia and neighboring countries, resulting in over 200,000 hospitalizations from respiratory issues. The fires destroyed forests and wildlife habitats, released large amounts of greenhouse gases, and had severe economic impacts through lost tourism revenue. Drained peatlands are also a major contributor to the fires and carbon emissions, threatening global climate change. Stakeholders like governments, farmers, businessmen, and local populations are all involved in and affected by the ongoing issue.
This document discusses Indonesia's annual forest fires and resulting haze pollution issue in Southeast Asia. It notes that forest fires commonly occur during dry seasons in Indonesian provinces like Sumatra and Kalimantan, causing major transportation, economic, health, and environmental problems domestically and across borders in countries like Singapore and Malaysia. The worst fires on record were in 1997, affecting over 200,000 people in 6 countries with severe health impacts. Drying and burning of carbon-rich peatlands also significantly contributes to global warming by releasing large amounts of greenhouse gases. Key causes of the fires include land clearing by farmers and plantation companies using the cheap slash-and-burn method.
The palm oil industry in Indonesia provides some short-term economic benefits but has significant environmental and wildlife costs. It employs local workers but under conditions similar to slavery. The industry has cleared much of Indonesia's forests, endangering species like orangutans, tigers and elephants by destroying their habitats. Palm oil plantations are also a major contributor to climate change through carbon emissions released from clearing forests and soils being drained of nutrients. While the industry benefits Indonesia's economy in the short-term, the long-term environmental and social costs of the wildlife and habitats destroyed may outweigh these benefits.
The SCBFWM project aims to address forest and land degradation in Indonesia by empowering local communities and improving coordination between stakeholders. It operates in 6 pilot watershed areas and recognizes community groups as key stakeholders. The project seeks to increase communities' awareness of land degradation issues and empower them to participate in policymaking. It also advocates for stakeholders to work together to contribute to sustainable forest and watershed management policies. The Directorate of Watershed Management implements the project on behalf of the Indonesian government in collaboration with other forestry agencies and sectors. Supportive legal and policy frameworks are still needed to ensure security for community-based forest and watershed management initiatives.
Environmental impact of indonesian crude palm oil industryAbida Muttaqiena
This short paper talks about circumstances around crude oil industry in Indonesia that is being widely talked by environmentalist and politicians alike.
This document discusses the relocation of swiftlet farming from urban to agricultural land in West Malaysia. A new bylaw was passed requiring all existing swiftlet farmers operating in urban areas to relocate to agricultural land within 3 years. This poses challenges to livelihoods of urban swiftlet farmers. The study aims to understand the economic and environmental impacts of relocating swiftlet farms. Interviews with farmers found they prefer urban locations for economic reasons such as generating rental income. More research is needed to understand the impacts of relocation and how to support growth of swiftlet farms in agricultural areas.
[Challenge:Future] GuineaEffects of Logging in Papua New Guinea Effects of Lo...Challenge:Future
The document discusses the negative environmental, social, and economic impacts of logging by Rimbunan Hijau in Sogeram, Madang Province, Papua New Guinea. Logging has severely impacted the local community by reducing food security as wild meats and fish have declined, contaminating water sources, destroying economic food crops, and increasing social problems. While the PNG government has policies aimed at sustainable forestry, illegal and unsustainable logging continues to damage forests and livelihoods. The document recommends empowering local communities through walkabout sawmills and supporting downstream wood processing as more environmentally friendly alternatives.
Deforestation is a major issue in Malaysia, primarily to make way for oil palm plantations which have become a major export. This has led to Malaysia having the world's highest deforestation rate between 2000-2012. Deforestation and land conversion damages ecologically sensitive forests and habitats. Air and water pollution are also concerns in Malaysia due to factors like agricultural burning, industrial/urban waste, and vehicle emissions. Noise pollution exists in industrial and urban areas from traffic, construction, and other human activities. Protecting Malaysia's environment will require reducing pollution and sustainable land use practices.
Manta Harvesting in the Alor and Solor Waters in Eastern Indonesia 2004Lida Pet
This document reports on monitoring activities related to manta harvesting in the Alor and Solor waters of Eastern Indonesia. It describes the methods used, including site visits and interviews. Key findings include:
1) Manta rays are harvested for their leather and meat, with meat exported for shark fin soup. Catches appear to be high based on preliminary calculations, potentially threatening manta populations.
2) Local communities in Lamakera and Lamalera depend on fishing and harvest mantas. Fishers use specific techniques and operate at certain times/locations. Annual manta catches in the hundreds are reported.
3) The report recommends establishing marine protected areas, enforcement programs, improving infrastructure and markets to reduce pressure
This document summarizes a study that assessed how the establishment of oil palm plantations in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia impacted mammal and herpetofauna species diversity, composition, and feeding guilds. Line transect surveys and visual encounter surveys were conducted in oil palm plantations, shrubland, and secondary forests. Results showed that oil palm plantations negatively impacted species abundance and diversity by favoring generalist species, while forested areas like HCV and HCS areas were important for maintaining forest specialist species. Mammal species in post-plantation habitats belonged to some feeding guilds, while herpetofauna species had terrestrial habitat types and could survive in the oil palm ecosystem.
Rachel Platten's album "Wildfire" experiments with different styles of pop, country, R&B, and includes collaborations. Throughout the album, Platten draws on various genres she was influenced by to find her musical identity. The album maintains an upbeat, catchy pop feel through choruses on each song.
The document discusses the expansion of oil palm plantations in Malaysia and Indonesia and the resulting environmental problems. It notes that in Malaysia, oil palm plantation area increased from 1.7 million hectares in 1990 to 3.37 million hectares in 2002, while in Indonesia oil palm plantations expanded from 1.1 million hectares in 1991 to 4.1 million hectares in 2002. This expansion has led to loss of forests and high conservation value lands, resulting in loss of species and environmental issues like flooding. The document advocates for sustainable practices through better management practices to protect the environment and ensure long term productivity and sustainability of the oil palm industry.
The document discusses transboundary pollution issues in Southeast Asia, specifically the annual haze caused by forest fires in Indonesia. It notes that the fires originate from slash-and-burn agricultural practices as well as land clearing by plantation companies. The worst fires occurred in 1997, spreading haze across multiple countries in the region and negatively impacting the health of over 70 million people. Peatland fires are of particular concern as the drainage and burning of peatlands releases large amounts of carbon emissions and threatens the global environment. Government intervention, farmers' land clearing practices, and companies' use of fires all contribute to the problem.
Thailand has experienced significant environmental problems as a result of its rapid economic growth, including deforestation, pollution, and overfishing. Deforestation rates have dropped due to logging prohibitions but impacts like erosion remain. Overfishing has reduced fish catches by 90% and is causing conflicts. Pollution from industry and waste is reducing air and water quality costing the country 1.6-2.6% of GDP annually. Coastal development also threatens habitats. Conservation groups like WWF Thailand are working to address these problems through initiatives like protected area management, environmental education, sustainable energy promotion, and species conservation research.
The document discusses several causes of deforestation including agriculture, farming, logging, ranching, and fuelwood collection. Deforestation reduces trees and habitats for animals, releases carbon dioxide, and harms the environment as rainforests cannot easily recover once destroyed. The Rainforest Alliance was founded in 1987 to address deforestation by certifying sustainable farms and protecting biodiversity and forests through education programs.
Article published (by EHAI) on demonstration of Sustainability in Nicaragu by...Imelda Winters
The document summarizes the Totoco Project in Nicaragua as an example of true sustainability. The project consists of an eco-lodge, farm, and foundation that together implement various environmentally sustainable practices across waste management, water treatment, energy use, agroforestry, and support for education, health, and local communities. The eco-lodge uses composting toilets, greywater recycling, and solar power, while the farm practices diversified agroforestry and home gardening models. The foundation provides education, healthcare, and loans to support the local community. Overall, the document presents Totoco as a model for achieving sustainability through an integrated approach across its social, economic and environmental initiatives.
The document discusses transboundary pollution issues in Southeast Asia caused by annual forest fires in Indonesia. During the dry season, uncontrolled fires frequently break out across Sumatra and Kalimantan, often started by farmers clearing land. The worst fires occurred in 1997, spreading haze across multiple countries and negatively impacting the health of over 70 million people. The fires destroy valuable rainforests and threaten biodiversity. They also release large amounts of carbon emissions, exacerbating climate change issues. Nearby countries like Singapore and Malaysia are significantly affected by the transboundary haze pollution.
Sustainability for Management and Protection Tin Mining EnvironmentRidho Taqwa
This document discusses sustainability in tin mining environments. It provides background on tin mining in Indonesia, which has occurred for over 200 years and remains an important economic sector. Tin mining companies implement environmental management and protection measures, such as obtaining ISO certification and allocating budgets for rehabilitation. PT Timah Tbk conducts reclamation of former mining sites and provides social programs for local communities to support sustainable tin mining. Overall, the document examines how tin mining can be conducted in an environmentally and socially responsible way to benefit current and future generations.
Indonesia has experienced widespread deforestation over the past 50 years, destroying much of its rainforest habitat. This deforestation is driven by illegal logging, corruption, and land conversion for industrial plantations. It accounts for around 6-8% of global greenhouse gas emissions and has made Indonesia the third largest climate polluter. The deforestation threatens many endangered species and negatively impacts local communities that rely on the forest. The document calls on readers to support Rainforest Action Network's campaigns to reduce demand for environmentally destructive palm oil and paper products from Indonesia.
The document summarizes the activities of Artha Graha Peduli Foundation in Indonesia. The foundation is part of a private network of companies involved in various businesses across Indonesia. It focuses on corporate social responsibility initiatives including environmental conservation, education, health, disaster relief, and empowering local communities. Some of its key projects involve establishing a 45,000 hectare wildlife conservation area in South Bukit Barisan National Park and developing a seaweed industry and marine conservation efforts to help address global warming.
Classical country-based trade theories and Modern Firm-based trade theoriesHelmee Halim
This document provides an overview and analysis of classical country-based trade theories and modern firm-based trade theories. It discusses theories such as Mercantilism, Absolute Advantage, Comparative Advantage, Heckscher-Ohlin theory, Product Life Cycle theory, New Trade Theory of Economies of Scale and First Mover Advantage, and National Competitive Advantage. It analyzes these theories and compares classical country-based theories with modern firm-based theories. The document also provides a case study on Toyota's global strategy applying several of these international trade theories.
Strategic Management - Amazon, LV and CiscoHelmee Halim
This document provides an overview of Amazon, its business strategies and competitive advantages. It discusses Amazon's mission to be the most customer-centric company and provide the best online shopping experience. The document outlines Amazon's main products and services which have expanded beyond books to include CDs, DVDs, toys, apparel and other goods. It also examines Amazon's business level strategy of overall cost leadership through efficient operations alongside technology differentiation. At the corporate level, Amazon pursues strategies of diversifying its products/services, global expansion, and horizontal integration. Some of Amazon's key competitive advantages include its low cost structure, wide product range, innovative technology platforms like Kindle and AWS, and global presence.
Organizational Development, OD, Intervention Process (from a case study)Helmee Halim
The case involves a conflict between the HR and Finance departments that was impacting morale and productivity. To diagnose the issue, the consultant conducted interviews, an online survey, and a Myers-Briggs assessment. This revealed poor communication, assumptions about the other group, and a lack of understanding of different personalities. In a workshop intervention, the consultants provided feedback on the assessments, held breakout sessions to develop communication plans, and had the directors discuss their contributions to the conflict. The intervention improved perceptions and communications between the departments.
Miss X manages a team remotely from Malaysia that is located in India. She displays an affiliative leadership style, focusing on harmonious relationships and connecting with her team on a personal level. She is easygoing, protects her team from unfair criticism, and remembers their birthdays to show she cares. While her style has benefits, it may not provide enough direction during challenges.
Business Research Methods - Consumer Empowerment - assignment 2Helmee Halim
This document describes the methodology used in a study examining how consumer awareness and knowledge influence the consumer behaviors of secondary school students in Cyberjaya, Selangor who use mobile phones. A quantitative research design using a structured questionnaire was used. The sample was selected using simple random sampling from 499 secondary school students aged 15-17 years old. A sample size of 217 was determined using Krejcie and Morgan's sample size table. Data was collected through questionnaires and analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics to test the study's two hypotheses.
Business Research Methods - Consumer Empowerment - assignment 1Helmee Halim
This document provides an introduction and literature review on consumer awareness and knowledge influencing consumer behaviors among mobile phone users in secondary schools in Cyberjaya, Selangor, Malaysia. It discusses definitions of key concepts like consumer behavior and the importance of consumer awareness and knowledge. The background discusses how globalization and technology have increased information and challenges for consumers. Previous studies found relationships between consumer awareness/knowledge and behaviors, showing lack of awareness can lead consumers to make poor decisions or not assert their rights. The problem statement notes Malaysia's growing consumerism poses challenges that consumer awareness and education hope to address.
This document provides an overview of decision making and various theoretical models of decision making. It discusses rational choice decision making as one of the models, outlining its 6 step process. Some problems with rational choice decision making are identified, such as issues with problem identification, goals, information processing and maximization. The document also discusses employee involvement and participation in decision making, identifying it as important for job satisfaction, commitment and motivation. Various practices for employee involvement are outlined, along with advantages like improved decision making and performance. However, disadvantages like potential for poor quality decisions due to lack of skills are also noted. The document will analyze decision making at a multinational company called XXX Malaysia and provide recommendations.
This document provides a marketing plan for Malaysia Airlines Berhad (MH). It includes a situation analysis of MH which discusses the company's background, competitors, customers, collaborators, and the macro environment. A SWOT analysis and segmentation, targeting, and positioning strategy are also outlined. The marketing plan proposes goals, objectives, and strategies for MH's product, price, place, and promotion over the next 5 years with the aim of making MH profitable by 2017. Implementation, evaluation, and control measures are also discussed.
HR - Expats challenges in China, pre-departure training, pre-departure training measurement, Performance Management Issues
Kirk Patrick evaluation process
The document discusses the history and evolution of information systems over six periods from the 1950s to present:
1) 1950s: Transaction processing systems for electronic data processing
2) 1960s-1970s: Emergence of management information systems to provide reports for managers
3) 1970s-1980s: Development of personal computers and decision support systems for interactive analysis
4) 1980s-1990s: Creation of executive information systems and growth of the internet
5) 1990s-2000s: Applications of artificial intelligence like expert systems and knowledge management systems
6) 2000s-present: Rise of e-business, e-commerce, mobile technologies, big data, and cloud computing.
The document discusses corporate social responsibility (CSR). It begins with a brief history of CSR, noting that while Adam Smith saw businesses as having responsibilities to society, Milton Friedman argued their sole responsibility was maximizing shareholder profits. The document then presents arguments both for and against CSR. Arguments for include addressing social problems through initiatives, improving corporate image and generating long-term profits, and creating a better internal work environment. While some debate the degree of social responsibility for businesses, engaging in CSR can provide benefits to both businesses and society.
Neal Elbaum Shares Top 5 Trends Shaping the Logistics Industry in 2024Neal Elbaum
In the ever-evolving world of logistics, staying ahead of the curve is crucial. Industry expert Neal Elbaum highlights the top five trends shaping the logistics industry in 2024, offering valuable insights into the future of supply chain management.
A comprehensive-study-of-biparjoy-cyclone-disaster-management-in-gujarat-a-ca...Samirsinh Parmar
Disaster management;
Cyclone Disaster Management;;
Biparjoy Cyclone Case Study;
Meteorological Observations;
Best practices in Disaster Management;
Synchronization of Agencies;
GSDMA in Cyclone disaster Management;
History of Cyclone in Arabian ocean;
Intensity of Cyclone in Gujarat;
Cyclone preparedness;
Miscellaneous observations - Biparjoy cyclone;
Role of social Media in Disaster Management;
Unique features of Biparjoy cyclone;
Role of IMD in Biparjoy Prediction;
Lessons Learned; Disaster Preparedness; published paper;
Case study; for disaster management agencies; for guideline to manage cyclone disaster; cyclone management; cyclone risks; rescue and rehabilitation for cyclone; timely evacuation during cyclone; port closure; tourism closure etc.
Maximize Your Efficiency with This Comprehensive Project Management Platform ...SOFTTECHHUB
In today's work environment, staying organized and productive can be a daunting challenge. With multiple tasks, projects, and tools to juggle, it's easy to feel overwhelmed and lose focus. Fortunately, liftOS offers a comprehensive solution to streamline your workflow and boost your productivity. This innovative platform brings together all your essential tools, files, and tasks into a single, centralized workspace, allowing you to work smarter and more efficiently.
Small Business Management An Entrepreneur’s Guidebook 8th edition by Byrd tes...ssuserf63bd7
Small Business Management An Entrepreneur’s Guidebook 8th edition by Byrd test bank.docx
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Originally presented at XP2024 Bolzano
While agile has entered the post-mainstream age, possibly losing its mojo along the way, the rise of remote working is dealing a more severe blow than its industrialization.
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The presentation begins by highlighting the alarming statistic that 70% of employees report feeling disengaged at work, underscoring the urgency of addressing this issue. It then delves into each of the nine "morale killers," providing clear explanations and illustrative examples.
1. Ignoring Achievements: The presentation emphasizes the importance of recognizing and rewarding employees' efforts, tailored to their individual preferences.
2. Bad Hiring/Promotions & Broken Promises: It reveals the detrimental effects of poor hiring and promotion decisions, along with the erosion of trust that results from broken promises.
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4. Stifling Growth & Lack of Interest: The presentation highlights the importance of providing opportunities for learning and growth, as well as showing genuine care for employees' well-being.
5. Unclear Communication & Micromanaging: It exposes the frustration and resentment caused by vague expectations and excessive control, advocating for clear communication and employee empowerment.
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Designing and Sustaining Large-Scale Value-Centered Agile Ecosystems (powered...Alexey Krivitsky
Is Agile dead? It depends on what you mean by 'Agile'. If you mean that the organizations are not getting the promised benefits because they were focusing too much on the team-level agile "ways of working" instead of systemic global improvements -- then we are in agreement. It is a misunderstanding of Agility that led us down a dead-end. At Org Topologies, we see bright sparks -- the signs of the 'second wave of Agile' as we call it. The emphasis is shifting towards both in-team and inter-team collaboration. Away from false dichotomies. Both: team autonomy and shared broad product ownership are required to sustain true result-oriented organizational agility. Org Topologies is a package offering a visual language plus thinking tools required to communicate org development direction and can be used to help design and then sustain org change aiming at higher organizational archetypes.
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The Ready-Made Garments (RMG) industry in Bangladesh is a cornerstone of the economy, but increasing costs and stagnant productivity pose significant challenges to profitability. This study explores the implementation of Lean Management in the Sampling Section of RMG factories to enhance productivity. Drawing from a comprehensive literature review, theoretical framework, and action research methodology, the study identifies key areas for improvement and proposes solutions.
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m249-saw PMI To familiarize the soldier with the M249 Squad Automatic Weapon ...LinghuaKong2
M249 Saw marksman PMIThe Squad Automatic Weapon (SAW), or 5.56mm M249 is an individually portable, gas operated, magazine or disintegrating metallic link-belt fed, light machine gun with fixed headspace and quick change barrel feature. The M249 engages point targets out to 800 meters, firing the improved NATO standard 5.56mm cartridge.The SAW forms the basis of firepower for the fire team. The gunner has the option of using 30-round M16 magazines or linked ammunition from pre-loaded 200-round plastic magazines. The gunner's basic load is 600 rounds of linked ammunition.The SAW was developed through an initially Army-led research and development effort and eventually a Joint NDO program in the late 1970s/early 1980s to restore sustained and accurate automatic weapons fire to the fire team and squad. When actually fielded in the mid-1980s, the SAW was issued as a one-for-one replacement for the designated "automatic rifle" (M16A1) in the Fire Team. In this regard, the SAW filled the void created by the retirement of the Browning Automatic Rifle (BAR) during the 1950s because interim automatic weapons (e.g. M-14E2/M16A1) had failed as viable "base of fire" weapons.
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m249-saw PMI To familiarize the soldier with the M249 Squad Automatic Weapon ...
Ethics for Managers - May 2016
1. 1. Table of Contents
Abstract.........................................................................................................2
1. Introduction............................................................................................2
2. Company Background – IJM Plantations ..............................................3
3. The Unethical Environmental Issues......................................................3
3.1 Loss of Biodiversity......................................................................................................... 4
3.1.1 Flora, Fauna and People............................................................................................ 4
3.2 Deforestation.................................................................................................................... 4
3.2.1 Local Communities Activities .................................................................................. 5
3.2.2 Land-use and Human Rights..................................................................................... 5
3.3 Impact to the Firm............................................................................................................ 6
3.3.1 Financial Impact........................................................................................................ 6
3.3.2 Reputation Damage................................................................................................... 6
4. Root Cause of the Problems....................................................................7
4.1 Laws, Policies and Regulation......................................................................................... 7
4.1.1 Customary Land Rights Violation ............................................................................ 7
4.1.2 Weak National Regulations ...................................................................................... 8
4.2 Lack of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) System.............................................. 8
4.3 Unethical Business Conducts - Corruption...................................................................... 9
5. Ethical Models......................................................................................10
5.1 Utilitarianism (Consequentialism) ................................................................................. 10
5.2 Deontological ................................................................................................................. 10
5.3 Virtue Ethics................................................................................................................... 11
6. Recommendation..................................................................................11
6.1 Protect Indigenous People Land Rights ......................................................................... 11
6.1.1 Benefits and Consequences..................................................................................... 12
6.2 Sustainable Palm Oil Development Concept ................................................................. 13
6.2.1 Benefits and Consequences..................................................................................... 14
6.3 Fight against Corruption................................................................................................. 14
6.3.1 Benefits and Consequences..................................................................................... 15
7. Conclusion............................................................................................16
References...................................................................................................17
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Abstract
This report talks about the environmental issues committed by a well-known organization in the
palm oil industry. Subsequently, root causes of the issues are analyzed and based on the common
ethical models – utilitarianism (consequentialist) approach, deontological approach and virtue
ethics approach, recommendation on how the issue could be avoided in the future is presented.
1. Introduction
Environmental issues, damages and concerns are some of many global issues that have been widely
discussed and debated since decades ago. The issues and concerns are usually associated with air
pollution, climate change, river pollution, water quality, land-use change or any harmful human
activity that impacting the variety of life on earth or commonly referred to as biodiversity. In the
early 1970s, global warming was the main subject of discussion among environmentalist after
global temperatures have begun to rise. Prior to that, the temperature has been relatively constant
since 1945 (IPCC, 2016). Later, degradation of natural resources and all parts of biologically
diverse earth became the subject of international debate.
In Asia, particularly Malaysia and Indonesia, palm oil industry is one of the main
contributors of the national economic growth. Together, the two countries were the major
producers in the world contributing million tons of the commodity in yearly basis. Palm oil
plantation is deemed suitable to be planted in the lowland tropical rainforest, particularly peat
swamp area that supports the highest biodiversity of any terrestrial ecosystems and covered almost
all areas in Southeast Asia particularly Malaysia and Indonesia. While the commodity market is
increasingly growing, the industry carries a number of risks. This paper intends to reflect on these
risks by exploring the impacts and root cause of oil palm development activities in Malaysia and
Indonesia by IJM Plantations Berhad, a subsidiary of IJM Corporation Berhad. The impact of said
activities is on the natural resources with rich biodiversity, and at the same time it tarnishes the
image and reputation of the responsible company committing such an unethical activity.
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2. Company Background – IJM Plantations
IJM Corporation Berhad is one of Malaysia’s largest conglomerates with operations in
construction, property, minerals, infrastructure and plantations. The company is listed on Bursa
Malaysia in Kuala Lumpur. Under plantations business unit, the group is run by IJM Plantations
Berhad or “IJMP”. The parent company has 55.11 per cent shareholding of this group which is
also stock-exchange listed in Bursa Malaysia.
In 1985, the company engaged in cultivation of oil palm, selling crude palm oil, crude palm
kernel oil, palm kernel expeller, stone quarrying, cement production and provides plantations agro-
technical and advisory services. The company headquarters is in Sandakan and primarily operates
in Sabah. As reported in the annual report, the company currently has more than 11,000 employees.
The company has 11 plantations totaling 30,000 ha in which 87% is appear to be fully developed.
The company expanded its operation in Indonesia after the stagnation of new land expansion in
Sabah. The company holds majority stakes in nine plantations in Indonesia with a total of 50,000
land-bank. The plantations in Indonesia are still under development as 64% of the trees are
immature between 1 to 3 years (IJMP AR, 2015; AmResearch, 2015).
3. The Unethical Environmental Issues
Many researchers indicate that agricultural expansion activities are causing worldwide tropical
biodiversity loss (Foley et al., 2005; Green et al., 2005). For example, palm oil plantation
development causes major impact to the ecosystem of the forest, causes pollution, it is also
impacting the socio-economy of people living in the development area. In a research conducted
by Norwana et al. (2012) indicates the villagers affected by development are can no longer hunt
or collect wild fruits and they are forced to encroach on surrounding forest reserves for hunting
activities. Typically, any oil palm operators are directly and indirectly responsible for committing
this issue, however the most recent highlights were given to IJMP for the alleged environmental
damages particularly in East Kalimantan, Indonesia (Daily Express, 2015).
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3.1 Loss of Biodiversity
In essence, biodiversity boosts ecosystem productivity. Each living thing on earth has an important
role to play. Nevertheless, human activity in converting forests for oil palm plantations is causing
massive extinctions to this ecosystem (Wilcove & Koh, 2010) and the primary threat is due to
deforestation (Fitzherbert et al. 2008; Koh and Wilcove, 2008). The consequences of native forest
removal always associated with flora, fauna and indigenous people.
3.1.1 Flora, Fauna and People
There are more than 300,000 different animals found throughout of Borneo and Sumatra. One of
the endangered animal species is orangutan. The animal used to be the common icon in these areas,
but due to excessive deforestation for oil palm development, its habitat has been destroyed. In a
related article reported by Dailymail (2011), hundreds of orangutans were killed for food by
villagers in Borneo for survival. In addition, other endangered animals such as Sumatran Tiger,
Sumatran Rhinoceros, Sun Bear and Pygmy Elephant have been reported declining in numbers as
a result of oil palm development (Schoeman, 2015). All animals in the forests depend on each
other to ensure survival, the erosion of animal diversity causes imbalance ecosystem, and therefore
it is important to preserve the diversity in wildlife.
A larger number of plant species means a greater variety of crops which ensures natural
sustainability for all life forms. It provides a food source for the animals to maintain the ecosystem.
In another example, the indigenous communities have adapted their lifestyles to the forest
environment by using hundreds of products from the natural forest such as medicinal herbs, wild
fruits and rattan. Deforest for oil palm development impacted the availability of such products. As
a result, the indigenous people changed their lifestyle by purchasing such products instead of
sourcing it themselves (Norwana et al., 2012).
3.2 Deforestation
Palm oil development has been long associated with deforestation. Deforestation has been
recognized as one of the primary threats to biodiversity in tropical forests around the world.
According to Kricher (1997), deforestation results from activity such as cutting, clearing and
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removal of rainforest or related ecosystems into less bio-diverse ecosystem such as pasture,
cropland, or plantations. Norwana et al. (2012) highlighted the introduction of commercial oil palm
cultivation in Sabah primarily affected in fish stocks, loss of access to forest resources, and loss of
cropland. Every new development of plantation areas continues giving the same negative impact
to the biodiversity.
3.2.1 Local Communities Activities
Fishing – being the main livelihoods activity of the villagers, reduction in fish stocks has led to
substantial economic losses. The use of pesticides and herbicides in the palm oil plantations
polluted the rivers. River pollution affecting fish populations and thus reducing their household
income. As a result, the villagers have to venture further afield to coastal areas to fish (Norwana
et al., 2012).
Limited hunting activities – the loss of forest cover has led to decreasing hunting activities among
villagers. They now have to travel further and deeper into the forest hunting for wild boar and deer.
Commercial logging – while the organization enjoying the profits of commercial logging, the
logging activity affected the non-timber forest products such as wild fruits, rattan and traditional
herbs. As a result, the villagers have no longer access to natural forest resources to make a living
(Norwana et al., 2012).
3.2.2 Land-use and Human Rights
In a research conducted by Norwana et al. (2012) mentioned the villagers or the indigenous had
occupied the land area long before it was converted to oil palm. They have been practicing the
activities for livelihood as well as performing small-scale cultivation of predominantly rice for
household consumption. The villagers claim that most of the time, they were not informed about
the establishment of the plantation in their area. They were forced to give up their land to the firm
as they had no land titles.
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Without formal land titles, they have no rights to continue living in the area. As a result,
the villagers lost their cropland to the firm. Although the firm’s action is legal, but it has been
deemed unethical doing that to the villagers. The research also indicates resistance of the villagers
to the formal plantation employment as it would reduce their “independence” and time for their
household chores. In sum, the oil palm industry has also abuse the indigenous people rights in
many ways as mentioned.
As reported by (Daily Express, 2015), IJMP’s activity in converting natural forest has
resulted irreversible alteration of ecosystems and vegetation, with major consequence of
biodiversity loss due to deforestation and logging. The environmental degradation and human
rights violations mentioned above reflect how complex the impacts have been from the rapid
development of the palm oil industry in Malaysia and Indonesia. Consequently, the impact is also
felt by the company as they have to pay the price on certain actions imposed by its shareholders
and the stakeholders.
3.3 Impact to the Firm
There are at least two significant impacts from the unethical conducts by IJMP;
3.3.1 Financial Impact
IJMP, Genting Plantations Berhad and nine other companies have made major headlines in
newspapers and investment blogs and articles (Daily Express, 2015; Clean Malaysia, 2015;
Rainforest Foundation Norway; 2016; Salt, 2016) after Norway’s Government Pension Fund
Global (GPFG), the world’s largest sovereign wealth fund excluded the companies from its
investment portfolio. The main reason of the exclusion is mainly due to the risks of “severe
environmental damage” by IJMP and Genting Plantations Berhad at Indonesian palm oil
plantations. The immediate consequence is IJMP is no longer receives financial aids from GPFG.
3.3.2 Reputation Damage
Apart from the financial impact, IJMP’s integrity and ethical conduct have been questioned. In a
report produced by GPFG (2014), IJMP has been found clearing forest in the buffer zone outside
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the concession boundaries. The company also failed to provide any information on the location of
its concession, or on forest condition and biodiversity. IJMP is said failed to outline the steps taken
to reduce the loss of biodiversity and IJMP did not conduct any conservation assessment in which
the important action of reducing biodiversity loss due to deforestation. The company is also found
continuing conversion without implementing measures to preserve the ecosystem. IJMP also failed
to respond when GPFG asked about its operations. Such public revelation has tarnished the image
and reputation of IJMP and it has jeopardized the company future endeavors in the industry.
4. Root Cause of the Problems
The root cause of the issues can be viewed from different perspectives such as laws, policies and
regulations, lack of an environment impact assessment system, and corruption.
4.1 Laws, Policies and Regulation
There are a few common areas of interests in this manner;
4.1.1 Customary Land Rights Violation
The customary land rights violation has always been the primary discussion in this weak area.
According to Schoeman (2015), there are over two million indigenous people in Malaysia, and
Indonesia has somewhere between sixty to ninety million people, and many of whom live in or
near tropical forests that rely on these forests for livelihoods. Government and Malaysian courts
have different opinion on these people’s land rights which resulting more customary land rights
have been converted to state forests. Once it is within state jurisdiction, the land is converted into
private concessions for development.
The weak recognition of customary land rights allows government agencies to develop
indigenous lands to palm oil plantations. As timber can be sold to subsidize the initial costs of
planting and maintaining palm oil plantations, the firm started with slash-and-burn as the
traditional approach of logging. The remaining land is then cleared by burning, which then
contribute to greenhouse gas emissions that increase global warming. The deforestation activity is
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to make way for palm oil plantations in which a lot of environmental damage is done in between
the process (Norwana, 2012; Schoeman, 2015). The palm oil development can be done in a
controlled environment and environmental damage can be minimized if standard rules and
regulations of new land acquisition and opening new development areas is in place and enforced
by the authorities.
4.1.2 Weak National Regulations
In 2004, a group of stakeholders formed the Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil or “RSPO”. The
organization is intended to “develop standards that are meant to make an entire commodity chain
more sustainable (Schouten et. al, 2012), and the RSPO seeks to accomplish this by advocating a
balanced, multi-stakeholder approach, with considerable emphasis on environmental
sustainability. According to RSPO (2015), the vision of the RSPO is to transform markets to make
sustainable palm oil the norm. The organization will certify companies that are compliant with the
requirements and allows them to label their products as containing sustainable palm oil. Examples
of the requirements include conducting environmental impact assessment, implementing
mitigation measures, or having appropriate wastewater management systems (RSPO, 2015).
Nevertheless, (Schoeman, 2012) highlighted some institutional weaknesses which have
prevented the vision and transformation of the RSPO. The significant weakness is the RSPO is
already dominated by industry members. As such, it is more difficult for environmental groups to
pursue their interests as the industry members are unlikely to support the rigorous standards to
keep their operating costs lower. Another weakness is the RSPO has not actually banned
deforestation, but only urged against such practices (Schoeman, 2012). This is the case for IJMP
where the company is yet to be RSPO certified (GPFG, 2014) but continue business as usual
without risking serious consequences.
4.2 Lack of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) System
In 2009, the Government of Indonesia imposed a new environmental law that puts a greater
restrictions on industry and harsher penalties for noncompliance. All palm oil companies, must
conduct environmental-impact assessment and obtain a permit as a precondition to securing other
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business permits. Part of the law entails that companies must set up a fund that may be used for
environmental rehabilitation and recovery (Schoeman, 2012).
The companies that are likely to have significant environmental impacts or are already
suspected of noncompliance must conduct periodic environmental audits. However, according to
the findings of Schoeman (2012), lack of enforcement, such as discrepancies and loopholes in the
system, the companies have seen taken the law for granted. It was highlighted in GPFG (2014)
report that IJMP has nothing in place when asked to produce their impact assessment procedures.
While in another research conducted by Varkkey (2013) found that some Malaysian palm oil
operators are “almost untouchable” due to its close relationship with Malaysian Government, as a
result these companies continue its business despite being noncompliance to the impact assessment
policy.
4.3 Unethical Business Conducts - Corruption
Fitzherbert et. al (2008) argue that ambiguities in the land tenure, corruption, bribes and combined
with increased regional autonomy in Indonesia have made it easier for palm oil operators to obtain
permission to clear millions of hectares of forest under the name of plantation establishment.
Schoeman (2012) mentions that decentralization of authority increases corruption in giving out
logging and palm oil plantation permits or license in Indonesia.
Local officials often do not share information on logging and palm oil permits, resulting more
deforestation which including in the protected areas. Foe, (2005), reported approximately 270,000
hectares in six provinces had been excised from protected forest for palm oil project without the
approval of the ministry. Another factor that leads to corruption is because the country is trying to
reach a palm oil production output of forty million tons per year by 2020. Although there is no
evidence of Malaysian company's involvement in such activities, corruption is known to be one of
the contributory factors to the unethical environmental damage.
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5. Ethical Models
Treviño and Nelson. (2014) the authors of “Managing Business Ethics – Straight Talk about How
to Do It Right”, discuss three major ethics theories - utilitarianism, deontological and virtue ethics
that specify and justify moral rules, principles and integrity. In short, utilitarianism is the principle
of the best ethical decision to be taken that has the best benefits of a greater number of people,
while deontology focus on duties, obligations and principles rather than the outcome. Virtue ethics
approach focuses on the integrity of the moral actor than the act which is the decision or behavior.
Nevertheless, ethical decision making in business is not always straight forward as there is
dilemma or ethical dilemmas in between the process in which two or more “right” values are in
conflict. The approaches discussed and used in the given theories will assist in making the
appropriate decision through this tough ethical dilemmas.
5.1 Utilitarianism (Consequentialism)
Utilitarianism is also called consequentialist theory focuses attention on the results or
consequences of the decision or action. The theory is based on the principle of utility where an
ethical decision would maximize benefits to society and minimize harm. The ultimate goal is the
good consequences over bad for society overall.
A utilitarian would approach an ethical dilemma by systematically identifying a particular
situation of stakeholders as well as the alternative actions and their consequences for each.
Consequentialist approach usually conducts consequentialist analysis in a table format to weigh
each stakeholders’ impact or consequences (harm of benefits). This approach can be practical and
helpful in thinking through an ethical dilemma, however, this approach often difficult to obtain
information required to evaluate the consequences for all stakeholders who may have impacted by
an action or decision.
5.2 Deontological
The word “deontological” comes from the Greek “Deon”, meaning “duty”. Deontological
approach, focus on the duties, obligations or process rather than the consequences. According to
Treviño and Nelson. (2014), the moral principles are predetermined regardless of the impact,
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which means deontologist focuses on doing what is “right” based on moral principles or values.
On the other hand, consequentialist focuses on doing and providing the best for others in the
society. In a real life example where a deontologist auditor would insists, telling the truth about
the company’s current financial difficulties in which will cause the company to be out of the
business and employees out of a job. In contrast, consequentialist would be more willing to
compromise the truth and defer the announcement so that the company could take corrective action
to be back on course.
The challenge in the deontological approach is how to determine what rule, principle or
right to follow. Deontologist would rely on three ethical rules in making a business decision, the
ethical rules include 1) Kant’s categorical imperative, 2) Rawl’s veil of ignorance – for deciding
what’s fair and, 3) Golden Rule – treat others as you would have them treat you.
5.3 Virtue Ethics
Lastly, the virtue ethic approach focuses more on the integrity of the moral actor which is the
person than on the moral act itself which is the decision or behavior. The goal is to be a good
person as that is what everybody wishes for. A virtue ethics perspective considers the actor’s
character, motivations and the approach is particularly useful for individuals, who work within a
professional community that has developed high standards of ethical conduct for community
members for example, lawyers, accountants, physicians, and psychologists.
6. Recommendation
Based on the above discussion about the unethical environmental damage, possible root causes of
the issues, the impact of the firm, and brief discussion of the three main ethical theories, the
recommended solutions for the problems are;
6.1 Protect Indigenous People Land Rights
As highlighted earlier, customary land rights violation of the indigenous people has been the main
discussion among environmentalist and other interested party in palm oil development. The land
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of the indigenous people has been acquired easily and converted to palm oil plantation areas. The
land of the peoples must be protected and preserved. Any development in this area must be
restricted. The unethical environmental damage begins soon after land acquisition. It starts with
land clearing, logging and pollution. The damage is uncontrollable due to the size of the
development area. Therefore, through national law or human rights law, the customary land rights
for these people must be protected and preserved for many reasons.
The suitable ethical model for this suggestion is utilitarianism. There are many stakeholders
are involved in the process such as 1) the indigenous people, 2) the palm oil operators, 3) the
government 4) the importers, and 5) the workers of the palm oil operators.
6.1.1 Benefits and Consequences
The benefits and consequences of this suggestion for the stakeholders are;
The indigenous people - this group of people will enjoy the benefits most, as their land will be
protected. As mentioned, deforestation has degraded their quality of life as they are not able to
continue their normal chores like before. Activities like fishing, hunting will continue as usual and
access to natural resource will be secured. As mentioned by Schoeman (2012), the indigenous had
to change their lifestyle by purchasing items like fish and wild fruits instead of sourcing it out
themselves.
With land use regulations become stricter, the negative consequences are likely to;
The palm oil operators – the operators are not able to expand their business to new plantation
areas. The operators will suffer financial loss and may have to cease operations or venture new
businesses.
The government – Similar to the palm oil operators, the government will not able generate income
for the country and will not able to achieve the vision of achieving palm oil yielding rate of six
tons per hectares by 2020 (Alang Mahat, 2012).
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The palm oil importers – China and India are the major importers of Malaysian palm oil (Alang
Mahat 2012; Schoeman, 2012), lack of palm oil production from Malaysia will divert these
importers to other neighboring country like Indonesia.
The workers – Due to cheap labor and other reasons, the operators invested in foreign workers,
mostly Indonesian to work on their palm oil plantations. These workers will be out of a job and
the skills they have learned while working in Malaysia will be brought back to their home country.
Malaysia is on the losing side while Indonesia re-hire them to work for their local operators (Alang
Mahat, 2012; Schoeman, 2012).
Although the decision will have greater impact to many stakeholders, the ultimate reason
implementing or strengthening the rule is to protect the indigenous people and its land. It will
improve the socio-economy of these people as well as to protect the environment and natural forest
from improper deforestation planning. The consequences can be further refined and reduced by
implementing the second recommendation, as below;
6.2 Sustainable Palm Oil Development Concept
Sustainable development can be defined and interpreted in many ways, but its main objective is to
balance between the needs and awareness of the environment, social and economic limitations of
the nation (Alang Mahat, 2012). In other words, it is an approach to oil palm development that
aims to produce palm oil without causing deforestation and biodiversity loss. Part of the
sustainable palm oil development concept is the introduction of Roundtable on Sustainable Palm
Oil (RSPO) in 2004. One of the initiatives of this organization is the introduction of RSPO
certification for all industry players (Schouten et. al, 2012; RSPO, 2015). As discussed, this
concept is not fully embraced by many industry players yet, in fact, many loopholes were found
and industry players have taken advantage of the weaknesses to continue business as usual without
worrying to be penalized. As such, it is imperative for the organization to improve the current
initiative for a better industry standards and the environment is well protected.
Deontological is the most appropriate ethical model for this suggestion. Environmentalist,
public and other stakeholders found there is a sense of urgency to improve the industry standards.
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Using the RSPO certification as an example, all operators must obtain the certification prior
continuing its palm oil development activity.
6.2.1 Benefits and Consequences
RSPO standards are not to ban deforestation or refraining palm oil operators from opening new
plantation area, but urging the RSPO members (industry players) to be compliance with the
guidelines. For instance, operators must conduct impact assessments before de-forest and have a
proper planning of restoration (Norwana; 2012, Schoeman; 2012). There are a lot benefits of being
compliance with the industry standards. The natural resources of the forest, flora and fauna,
indigenous people and the public will enjoy the most of the benefits. For example, the industry
standards do not condone open-burning activity after land-clearing. Open-burning increases
greenhouse gas emissions that lead to global warming. The entire world will enjoy a healthier
environment if the operators follow the industry standards.
However, being compliance comes with a price. For example, RSPO certification is very
costly (Schoeman, 2012), consequently, not many operators are able to invest in obtaining the
certification. IJMP for example, has yet to obtain RSPO certification (GPFG, 2014), although the
company has been operating its palm oil business in Indonesia for many years. Although there is
no indication that cost is the reason for IJMP not being certified, small-scale operators may use
cost as a reason for non-compliance. On the other hand, findings from many research (Colbran,
2011; Schoeman, 2012; Alang Mahat, highlight corruption as one of the consequences of a tighter
policy. The operators chose the unethical manner by committing bribery to keep on its operations.
6.3 Fight against Corruption
Rapid expansion of palm oil industry is caused by the high demand of vegetable oil in the global
markets. Palm oil has become the most important source of vegetable oils due to its advantages
over other oilseed crops such as trans-fat-free edible oil that protect a person from some chronic
diseases as well as delay the ageing process (Alang Mahat, 2012). Due to its popularity and
demand, operators are competing with other operators for expansion of their plantation areas. As
highlighted by Schoeman, (2012), due to lack of control and transparency in the decentralization
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process of giving out plantations permits, it introduced another ethical issue – corruption. Foe,
(2005) suggested bribery is a common activity in Indonesia for illegal expansion of oil palm
plantation and excess of the legally permitted plantation areas. When they are detected, the
authorities are not taking any action as the authorities have been “bought”. As a result, forests are
lost and operators are free to indulge more illegal activities such as open-burning or simply left the
plantation areas undeveloped after illegal land-clearing or illegal logging. This unethical activity
causes many issues and the government or the ministry must revisit the current practices to curb
corruption.
As corruption and bribery are deemed to be a serious offend and unethical, virtue ethics is
the appropriate model to be used. In this particular issue, the authorities, government or the
minister himself must possess a high level of integrity in curbing the issue.
6.3.1 Benefits and Consequences
There are many benefits from fighting the corruption issue. The indigenous people will be
benefited more as their land is protected from illegal expansion of oil palm plantation. A
transparent process in giving out permits and license will impose fair competition among operators
acquiring for an expansion of new palm oil plantation areas. The authorities or government will
also generate stable income from licensing fees as well as tax structure (Foe, 2005) as tax is
calculated based on the plantations land size. Another benefit is by having a clean and transparent
process will facilitate the success of the second recommendation on sustainable palm oil
development concept. It is nearly impossible to have a congruent sustainable palm oil development
without having a clean administration process in place.
While the consequences for having a clean process may sound too flashy as the impact for
an organization with “close” relationship with the government (Varkkey, 2013) may no longer
enjoy the special privilege after fair competition is in place. Regardless of its reputation, the
operators must follow the intended process like any other operators. The other possible impact for
operators being caught committing unethical conduct may face stern action from the authorities
such as operating license is revoked as well as receive negative perception from the shareholders
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about the organization. The closest example is when GPFG (2014) dropped its investment link
with IJMP.
7. Conclusion
In essence, environmental conservation is paramount activity to preserve the natural resources of
the forests. It has been highly debated that organizations from agriculture sector have been the
major contributors to environmental damages. According to ethical theory of utilitarianism, if the
end results justify the activities implied in the ethical decision making process, and therefore the
determination is considered accepted by all stakeholders. Consequentialist will analyze all possible
consequences to justify the final ethical business decision. Being utilitarian or consequentialist
decision maker enables them to provide detailed explanation of why such decision is made. While
the deontologist decision maker is based on predetermined moral principles. The example given
on building sustainable palm oil development illustrates how deontologist works – process
orientation. Virtue ethics decision maker on the other hand, focuses on integrity. In the presented
example, bribery is deemed to be unethical and the decision is to completely put out the unethical
conduct. In sum, when confronted with ethical dilemmas, the three common ethics models provide
a list of choices before a final decision is made.
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