This document discusses different categories of ethics including descriptive ethics, metaethics, normative ethics, and applied ethics. It defines an ethical dilemma as a situation requiring a choice between equally unfavorable options. The document then discusses public administration issues and accountability, describing accountability as being answerable for one's actions and the expectation of explaining them. It outlines different types of accountability including traditional, managerial, program, social, and process accountability. The document emphasizes that public office is a public trust in the Philippines according to the 1987 Constitution.

1. Ethics and
Accountability
Educ 611
MPA 617
Angelica T. Requina

3. CATEGORIES OF ETHICS
• DESCRIPTIVE ETHICS
-describing how people
behave/moral standards they claim
follow
What do people think is right?
• METAETHICS
-investigate where ethical principle
come from
What does "right" even mean?

4. • NORMATIVE ETHICS
-is concerned with classifying actions as
right and wrong without bias
How should people act?
• APPLIED ETHICS
-involves examining specifics
controversial issues
- most practical
How do we take moral knowledge and
put it into practice?

5. WHAT IS AN ETHICAL DILEMMA?
• Is a situation that requires
choosing a course of action.
• State of uncertainty or perplexity
especially as requiring a choice
between equally unfavourable
options

6. • How do you apply your ethics as a
teacher?
• How are the ethics of your
student?in your workplace?
• What are your good work ethics?

7. PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
ISSUE
S

8. 1987 Constitution; Article XI, Section 1
Public Office is a public trust. Public
officers and employees must at
all times be accountable to the people,
serve them with utmost responsibility,
integrity,
loyalty, and efficiency, act with
patriotism and justice, and lead modest
lives.

9. • Under a democracy such as in the
Philippines, the people’s fundamental faith
in the integrity of political institutions is
what holds the system together even under
the most difficult times.
• As Foster (1981) states: as the public
becomes better educated, they also become
more aware, more demanding, less
understanding, and less willing to accept
average performance

10. The Concept of Public Accountability
-The activities of civil servants and
public agencies must follow the will of
the people .
- The obligation of an individual/
organization to account for its
activities, accept responsibility for
them and to disclose the result in a
transparent manner

11. Eight norms of conduct
• Commitment to public interest
• Professionalism
• Justness and sincerity
• Political neutrality
• Responsiveness to the public
• Nationalism and patriotism
• Commitment to democracy
• Simple living

12. ACCOUNTABILITY VS. RESPONSIBILITY
•Is answerability,
blameworthiness,
liability and the
expectation of
account giving
•owed explanation
•you hold as a person
to only after a task is
done or not
•may refer to being in
charge, being the
owner of task or
event
•explanation not
necessary
•can be before and/or
after a task

13. Three Phases of Classical Cycle of
Public Administration
–
Planning
Evaluation
Implementation

14. Four standard questions are central to
accountability
oWho is considered
accountable?
oTo whom he is
considered
accountable?
oTo what standard or
values is he
accountable?
oBy what means is he
made accountable?

15. Types of Accountability

16. Traditional Accountability
• Focuses on the regularity of fiscal
transactions and the faithful compliance to
legal requirements and administrative
policies (Mckinney1981:144 as cited by
Cariño 2003: 808)
• Concerns with efficiency and economy in
the use of public funds, property and
manpower (Tantuico 1982:8 as cited by
Cariño 2003:808);
• Determining if an act is within the
provisions of laws and regulations

17. Managerial Accountability
• These programs range from attempt at
work simplification and revision of forms
all the way to systems improvements and
agency reorganization;
2 Standards:
1. Economical operation -elimination or
reduction of needless costs.
2. Efficient operations-decreasing costs at a
lower rate than benefits

18. Program Accountability
• Whether the government unit is carrying
out only authorized activities or programs
in the manner contemplated and whether
they are accomplishing their objectives.
• Is concerned with the results of
government operations.

19. Social Accountability
• the main inquiry is whether the
administrative activities inspire general
confidence and secure what are widely
regarded as desirable social ends
(Normanton 1981:34 and cited by
Cariño 2003:911)

20. Types of Accountability
Process Accountability.
• It implies emphasizes on procedures and
methods of operation and focuses on the
black box inside systems which transforms
inputs (the concern of traditional and
managerial accountability).

21. Enforcing Accountability:
• Sandigan Bayan
• Anti Graft court
• Ombudsman
• Public Prosecutor
• Civic consciousness

22. Republic Act No. 3019 Section 1
It is the policy of the Philippine
Government, in line with the
principle that a public office is a
public trust, to repress certain acts
of public officer and private
persons alike which constitute
graft and corrupt practices which
may lead thereto.

23. Problems :
• Ethics are over powered by ego.
• Ethics of the modern society(students)
• Ethics Vs personal interest/advancement
• Ethics influenced by bias
• Trustworthiness of public servants
• Promotion and commitment to ethics and
accountability in the public sector.
• Inability or unwillingness of the society to
call powerful and prominent
• people in their wrongdoings

28. Thank you!!