The document discusses collision and broadcast domains in Ethernet networking. It defines a collision domain as a set of devices that could experience frame collisions and a broadcast domain as a set of NICs that will receive broadcast frames from one another. It describes Ethernet implementations like 10Base2, 10Base5, 10BaseT with hubs and switches. Hubs create a single collision domain while switches create multiple collision domains with full-duplex ports. The document also covers Ethernet addressing, framing, cabling, encapsulation, and LAN design models.
In 1985, the Computer Society of the IEEE started a project, called Project 802, to set standards and to enable inter communication among equipment from a variety of manufacturers.
Project 802 is a way of specifying functions of the physical layer and the data link layer of major LAN protocols.
In 1985, the Computer Society of the IEEE started a project, called Project 802, to set standards and to enable inter communication among equipment from a variety of manufacturers.
Project 802 is a way of specifying functions of the physical layer and the data link layer of major LAN protocols.
Advanced TCP/IP-based Industrial Networking for Engineers & TechniciansLiving Online
This manual is for engineers and technicians who need a practical and extensive knowledge of the design and troubleshooting of Industrial Ethernet networks, as well as the selection, installation, and configuration of components such as routers and switches.
It deals in-depth with the underlying TCP/IP protocols, and specifically addresses both design and configuration issues related to IPv4 and the more recent IPv6.
It also covers the more advanced aspects and applications of Ethernet such as advanced switching and routing, CCTV over IP, OPC and Modbus/TCP over Ethernet, industrial security, intrinsically safe applications, switched rings (included the latest IEC 62439-3 redundant ring standard), and highly-deterministic Ethernet-based field buses (e.g. for servo control) capable of 1 millisecond repetition rates and jitter of less than 1 microsecond.
http://www.idc-online.com/content/advanced-tcpip-based-industrial-networking-engineers-and-technicians-21
Advanced TCP/IP-based Industrial Networking for Engineers & TechniciansLiving Online
This manual is for engineers and technicians who need a practical and extensive knowledge of the design and troubleshooting of Industrial Ethernet networks, as well as the selection, installation, and configuration of components such as routers and switches.
It deals in-depth with the underlying TCP/IP protocols, and specifically addresses both design and configuration issues related to IPv4 and the more recent IPv6.
It also covers the more advanced aspects and applications of Ethernet such as advanced switching and routing, CCTV over IP, OPC and Modbus/TCP over Ethernet, industrial security, intrinsically safe applications, switched rings (included the latest IEC 62439-3 redundant ring standard), and highly-deterministic Ethernet-based field buses (e.g. for servo control) capable of 1 millisecond repetition rates and jitter of less than 1 microsecond.
http://www.idc-online.com/content/advanced-tcpip-based-industrial-networking-engineers-and-technicians-21
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Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
1. IST 228Ch1Internetworking 1
Collision/Broadcast Domain
• The term collision domain defines the set of
devices for which their frames could collide
• A broadcast domain is a set of NICs for which a
broadcast frame sent by one NIC will be received
by all other NICs in the broadcast domain.
• Hub?
• Bridge?
• Switches?
• Routers?
3. IST 228Ch1Internetworking 3
10-Mbps Ethernet
• No hub, switch, or wiring panel. The series of cables
creates an electrical bus
• the carrier sense multiple access collision detect
(CSMA/CD)
• 10Base2: 10Mbps, baseband technology, almost 200
meters
• 10Base5: 10Mbps, baseband technology, almost 5 00
meters
4. IST 228Ch1Internetworking 4
Ethernet Networking with a Hub
Half-Duplex 10BaseT
1. The network interface card
(NIC) sends a frame.
2. The NIC loops the sent frame
onto its receive pair.
3. The hub receives the frame.
4. The hub sends the frame
across an internal bus so that
all other NICs can receive the
electrical signal.
5. The hub repeats the signal to
each receive pair to all other
devices.
5. IST 228Ch1Internetworking 5
Ethernet Networking with a Switch
Full Duplex Ethernet
• Full-duplex means that an
Ethernet card can send
and receive concurrently.
• Use a switch or direct
connection from host to
using a crossover cable.
• The switch interprets the
electrical signal as an
Ethernet frame and
processes the frame to
make a decision.
• Hub – Layer 1
• Switch – Layer 2
6. IST 228Ch1Internetworking 6
Basic Ethernet Features
10Base2, 10Base5 Single bus cabled serially between devices using coaxial
cable.
10BaseT with a Hub One electrical bus shared among all devices creating a single
collision domain, cabled in a star topology using twisted-pair
cabling
10BaseT with a Switch One electrical bus per switch port creating multiple collision
domains, cabled in a star topology using twisted-pair cabling
Half Duplex Logic that requires a card to only send or receive at a single
point in time. Used to avoid collisions
Full Duplex Logic that enables concurrent sending and receiving, allowed
when one device is attached to a switch port, ensuring that
no collisions can occur.
7. IST 228Ch1Internetworking 7
Ethernet Addressing
• Ethernet uses MAC address burned into
each NIC.
• 48 bits (6 bytes)
• First 3 bytes assigned by IEEE
• Unicast MAC Address
• Broadcast MAC Address (FFFF.FFFF.FFFF)
• Multicast Address
8. IST 228Ch1Internetworking 8
Ethernet Frames
• Framing defines how
a string of binary
numbers is
interpreted
• Preamble
• SD: Start frame eliminator
• Destination MAC address
– Unicast
– Broadcast
– Multicast
• Source address
• Length of file
• DSAP SSAP, SNAP (Subnet Network Access Protocol)
• Control/Data
• Frame Check Sequence (FCS)
9. IST 228Ch1Internetworking 9
Ethernet Cabling
Straight-Through Cable
• Host to Switch or hub
• Router to Switch or hub
Crossover Cable
• Switch to Switch
• Hub to Hub
• Host to Host
Rolled Cable
• Serial Port
10. IST 228Ch1Internetworking 10
Data Encapsulation
• Step 1: Data Conversion
• Step 2: Data segmentation
Hello! &@$
Application
Presentation
Session
hello 101010011100100100100
PDU1
101010011100100100100
PDU1
PDU2
101010011100100100100
PDU1
PDU2
PDU3
Transport
Name: Data Stream
0101010
0100100
PDU1
PDU2
PDU3
PDU1
PDU2
PDU3
TCP
TCP
: : Name: Segment
11. IST 228Ch1Internetworking 11
• Step 3: Packet creation for routing
• Step 4: Frame Header
• Step 5: Transmission
10010100001
Network
Name: Packet or Datagram
0101010
0100100
PDU1
PDU2
PDU3
PDU1
PDU2
PDU3
TCP
TCP
: :
Name: Frame
IP
IP
Data Link
0101010
PDU1
PDU2
PDU3
TCP
IP
LLC
MAC
LLC 802.2
MAC 802.3
FCS
Physical
Layer
12. IST 228Ch1Internetworking 12
LAN Design Models
• Mesh design
• Hierarchical design
– Three-layer network
model
– Two-layer network
model
– One-layer network
model
13. IST 228Ch1Internetworking 13
Three Layer Model
• Core-layer
• Distribution Layer
– a backbone network
connecting all LANs
– no end user at this
level
– implementation of
security and network
policies
• Access Layer