The estradiol test measures the level of estradiol, a female sex hormone produced by the ovaries, breasts, adrenal glands, and placenta during pregnancy, and in small amounts by testes in males. It is used to diagnose various conditions related to hormonal imbalances in both females and males, including issues with puberty and infertility. The test is performed with a blood sample and can indicate high or low levels of estradiol associated with specific medical conditions.