Essay About Wisdom Sits In Places

Essay about Wisdom Sits in Places
November 29, 2011
Wisdom Sits in Places: Landscape and Language Among the Western Apache
Keith H. Basso's Wisdom Sits in Places: Landscape and Language Among the Western Apache
delivers a strong message regarding human connections between place, identity, and origins in
relation to the idea of place–names. Every place evokes an association to a story and/or a
person/ancestor bearing a moral message that allows the Western Apache to shape their beliefs,
behaviors, identities, etc. It is through this connection to the land that the Apache begin to define
their understanding of their lives. Along with the connection to nature comes a strong connection to
their ancestors. Many of the narratives that come from these places is in ... Show more content on
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For example, the Apache do not believe an individual can claim land, which is not a universally
shared sentiment. On that same note though, as stated in lecture, ethnography is always: partial,
positioned, provisional, and based on dialogue. So, Basso's stance on place–names being a universal
idea is not necessarily a fault in his studies, but instead, his position in his studies and the position of
those whom he studies.
Wisdom Sits in Places is heavy in its dialogue allowing the readers to make their own interpretations
from an etic perspective. It is through the dialogue that the reader is able to really understand the
importance the Western Apache place on the "where" of things that happened, as opposed to, the
"when." The year something happened is not the driving force behind a place–name, in fact, the year
is typically not even mentioned in their dialogues. It seems as far as the Western Apache are
concerned, the past need not be mentioned as the past–put the emphasis in the place–name and that
is enough to feel connected to the past.
"Because nobody knows when these phenomena came into being, locating past events in time can
be accomplished only in a vague and general way. This is of little consequence, however, for what
matters most to Apaches is where events occurred, not
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Research of the Tingunee Essay
Research of the Tingunee
Meghan Shmunes
Cultural Anthropology Professor Pappas June 9 2013
Shmunes 1
After receiving this grant, I cannot wait to go study the people and culture of Tingunee. Before I
embark on this journey to the Tingunee of the lower Quebin river valley though, there are some
important things I must make sure I do first. There has been no known visitors to Tingunee or any
research conducted on their culture, so I will need to take extra precaution with the basic stages I
need to complete. Upon my return, I will hope to be the first person to have a basic understanding of
the Tingunee culture.
Cultural anthropology is the study of people within a particular culture and ... Show more content on
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I plan to answer questions about subjects including marriage, local government, gender roles,
religion/ religious beliefs; more specifically the role females play. I will be figuring these questions
out by collecting data within the community and to do so properly, I will need to have an emic
approach. An emic approach is how the Tingunee people think, perceive other people, how they
behave, and how they imagine and explain things. I decided to take the emic approach over the etic
approach because the etic approach would involve me emphasizing what I think is important about a
culture after interpreting it and because the Tingunee people have not been studied before, I want
other people to know their culture and thought processes without including my opinions. An emic
approach will allow me to be a part of the community while taking in information without bias.
After being amerced in the community with my emic approach, I will be able to determine what
distinct cultural characteristics separate this culture from the rest. I plan on interviewing individual
people, both male and female, to get different perspectives on everyday life within the tribe and the
roles each individual plays in the community. Being a female myself will have advantages when
talking to Shmunes 3 the females of the Tingunee tribe. I hope to

The Theory Of Personality Traits
The study of personality is very important in the field of psychology because it aims to provide an
account for individuality of human beings (Pervin and John, 1999). There are many psychological
definitions which attempt to explain personality in terms of characteristics or typical qualities of an
individual. Gordon Allport, defined it as "a dynamic organization, inside the person, of
psychophysical systems that create the person's characteristic patterns of behavior, thoughts and
feelings' (Allport, 1961, p. 11). Throughout the existence of this idea, psychologists have attempted
to find ways to assess personality, creating different tests and theories, for example the Big Five
Model of personality traits. This model, also known as the Five Factor Model (FFM), included five
main personality traits: openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness and neuroticism.
The FFM was developed by Costa and McCrae (1985; 1989; 1992; 1997), who are argued to be the
most distinguished psychologists in the area of personality.
One of the main criticisms of this model is that it isn't universal across all cultures and that it is not
the right approach to assessing personality among different cultures of the world. Culture is very
important in the area of psychology and there have been many definitions of it throughout the
centuries. Edward Burnett Tyler (1871/1996), a British anthropologist, is believed to have offered
the first definition of culture in his field of study. He

Emic Vs Etic Anthropology
In the field of Anthropology there are two small terms that define your work, they are "emic" and
"etic". Inside and outside. Synthesizing and dissecting. When you look at the fields of documentary
and journalism you can see a sketch of the same dichotomy. Like emic and etic anthropology, they
may be different in execution but they do serve a similar purpose; to inform people about the world
and what is happening in it. Documentary being the more emic art, looking at the subject in a
holistic and encompassing way; hoping to inform the audience about the issue at hand. On the
flipside, journalism is etic it takes the boiled–down, "important" information in a compressed form
and feeds it to the audience in order to inform the audience about the issue at hand. As defined by
Stephen Smith in his article, "What the Hell is a Radio Documentary?" a documentary is a
"character driven story" one which "conveys a rich sense of character and detail–or a substantial
body of original investigative material." The emphasis on the depth and detail of knowledge is
important when comparing the two forms. Smith describes this difference as "time spent in the field
is often what distinguishes a documentary" such as Travis Fox's "Crisis in Darfur Expands:
Testimonials" " from a feature or ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In a documentary, the artist is rarely seen, his or her character, personality, and opinion are shown in
the shots they choose or the way in which they commentate on their surroundings. A journalist is a
main focal point in their piece, they are a recognizable face ever–present in the film. They walk
through the environment explaining the events to the viewer face–to–face. A journalist's opinion or
style is often shown in their commentary choices and they way they hold themselves in front of the
camera. Their emotion is shown on their

The Multicultural Self Assessment And Gain An...
Journal: Multicultural Awareness The purpose of this paper is to examine oneself by taking the
Multicultural–Self Assessment and gain an understanding about the "Other" of oneself based on
previous experience. This paper will also cover a type of human development this writer identifies
with and how they to relate to the field of mental health counseling. These topics will assist one in
connecting with clients from different cultures. Multicultural Self–Assessment The findings of the
Multicultural Self–Assessment were not unexpected to me. Nine of the answers were four (4), which
is not expected to me due to being taught by my mother and grandmother to not to talk too much
and listen to other people. I was also taught to not judge "Others" based on who they are, what they
have, or what they say. I avoided judging other people because I did not want to be judged in the
same manner. The five questions I answered with a five (5) were not ones I had to think hard about.
I do not assume anything in any situation to avoid looking like a donkey. I go out the majority of
time to watch people interact with each other and find humor in what is taking place. I like to hear
all sides of an issue in order to make a good decision, regardless of outcome. I am mindful of the
impact my upbringing and education (In school and out of school) have on my values and beliefs. I
am aware of what I say to avoid offending other people. The only question I answered a three (3)
was based on my

Ant101 Final Research Paper
Final Research Paper
Tanya
ANT 101: Introduction to Cultural Anthropology Final Research Paper
Different societies exist throughout the world and within these societies each society develops
culture that works best for them. Within these cultures they pass all their acquired knowledge and
traditions down from generation to generation. Nevertheless, each culture has their own way of life,
own marriage beliefs, their own values and feelings on life and religious beliefs. Cultures tend to
have their own way to run their government, and ways to keep their economy up to their standards.
Most importantly in cultural anthropology it is imperative to value culture relativism. This is the
view in which no culture is superior to other ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Meanwhile, the segregation of jobs by gender and other factors affect pay equity. A term used back
in the 1980's as a metaphor for the invisible and artificial barriers that blocked women and
minorities from advancing up the corporate ladder to management and executive positions is called
the glass ceiling (Hill, 2013). Louisville Women's Careers Examiner argues " Glass ceilings are still
found in the workplaces, not only in the discrimination of pay scales, but also marked by sexual
harassment, exploitation at work and as a feeling of insecurity in women due to conduct of the
opposite sex" (Hill, 2013, p.33). Societal barriers that women tend to face are prejudice and bias,
cultural, opportunity and attainment, gender, and color–based differences. Moreover, several other
barriers women run into are governmental, business structural and internal businesses all of which
have ramifications on their chances of success.
One of the best forms of family structures is polygyny which has been eroded through modernity
and changes in culture. A unique culture, polygyny, particularly practiced in the Sub–Saharan
Africa. According to Grey (2008), "Of the twenty–nine nations in the world classified as having
high rates of polygyny, twenty–seven are located in sub–Saharan Africa, where the incidence of co–
wives is ten times that found in other polygynous

The Effects Of Domestic Violence On The United States
The study of human culture provides us with a look into other cultures from an up–close and distinct
perspective, which allows us to better understand their culture and way of life. Taking an objective
look at another culture without being somewhat biased can be a difficult task. This being the case,
we must examine culture by using emic and etic perspectives. An emic perspective is an insider
views; observing the culture from within the culture itself. An etic perspective is an outsider's view
of a culture; evaluating the culture through the eyes of someone who is not part of the culture.
Therefore, I will use the etic perspective, over the course of this paper, to evaluate an aspect of my
own culture. Additionally, I will also examine an aspect of another culture from an emic perspective,
to better comprehend the behaviors, culture systems and beliefs. I will specifically be analyzing the
topic of domestic violence in the United States, by examining the leading causes to this major issue,
I will not only be able to better comprehend the magnitude of the affects this issue has in women but
also the lasting consequences it has on today's children. On the other hand, I will be taking an emic
approach into Fiji's teenagers today. As an insider into this culture, I will be able to analyze the
impact of the introduction of television to a rural community in Western Fiji and how issue has lead
to a rapid social and economic change.
Part I
In this section, I will examine the

The Impact Of Budget Cuts On Educational Institutions And...
A society's culture is built through time and consists of many variables that can depend on many
different factors. For a person to understand the relativism of other cultures they must open their
mind and try to see from another perspective. Through this assignment I will put my shift my mind
to an outsider's etic view to enable me to examine my own culture. Furthermore, I will jump on the
side of an insider to gain the emic perspective of a culture as if I have lived in it. In this paper I will
specifically examine my own cultures educational crisis from an outsider's perspective to understand
where the failures are in our education. I will then dive into an insider's perspective to the act and
reasons behind suicide terrorism, and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Different American educational policies and practices can be determined by multiple factors such as
demographic considerations, budget concerns, economic impact and cultural values Shapiro (2013).
American higher education is described by Engell and Dangerfield (2005) as "The fastest–
expanding and often strongest motivation in American higher education is now money" (as quoted
in Bean, 2007, page 240). For instance, budget cuts have been administered nearly all over the
country but how does it affect the institutions within that state. When states are unable to provide aid
to school districts due to budget cuts in our economy it in turn takes away needed courses that
educate students that can be an economic contributor later in life, Carter (2011). The United States
Census Bureau (2013) conducted a statistical analysis which analyzed the debt for each states school
system finances, and the analysis showed the annual debt for the state of Alabama school system
was $5 million dollars by the end of the fiscal school year. This will continue to increase with
budget cuts increasing every year for education across the United States and will be detrimental to
the educational abilities of the school districts to perform at a high level. According to the Center on
Budget and Policy Priorities, cuts to educational funding will

Neurotheology: The Relationship Between The Brain,...
The Brain, Perception, and Reality
The brain is the control center of the body. While common in most animals, it is an intricate fusion
between technology and biology. The brain controls every move the body makes and every breath it
takes. It controls the ability of perception, or the ability to see, hear, or become aware of something
through the senses. The world's fastest computer is only close to 4 times faster than the human brain.
The brain has been around for millions of years and only just now have we caught up to it in terms
of processing speed. The evolution of the human nervous system has allowed them to dominate the
Earth. The five senses all correspond with the nervous system through their own nerve pathways.
Humans are the only ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This definition is flawed, because each person sees things "as they actually exist" in their own way.
One way to see into how someone perceives the world around them is through a method called the
emic and etic approaches. They are described in an article by Harvard University called Foundations
of Qualitative Research in Education. In reference to the emic approach it states "In taking an emic
approach, a researcher tries to put aside prior theories and assumptions in order to let the
participants and data "speak" to them and to allow themes, patterns, and concepts to emerge"
(Harvard) and for the etic approach it states "An etic approach (sometimes referred to as "outsider,"
"deductive," or "top–down") uses as its starting point theories, hypothesis, perspectives, and
concepts from outside of the setting being studied" (Harvard). To comprehend what would
supposedly be an average reality, both emic and etic approaches must be used. In order to
understand what each individual believes to be his own reality, the one responsible for discerning
this information must ask the patient himself what he feels, sees, lives, etc. An etic approach is
required only after enough information has been gathered through emic methods to have a database
to compare new information with. Once the foundation is set to begin the etic methods, comparisons
between

Etic And Emic Analysis On Suicide Terrorism
Etic and Emic Analysis on Suicide Terrorism Exploring different cultures as well as your own in
order to understand the various ways they do things compared to our own can be enlightening as
well as challenging. The main challenge comes from being used to your own culture that it is
difficult to view a different culture without any personal bias. Being born and raised in a culture and
getting used to those norms of everyday life contributes to the bias that one may show, believing that
their own culture is superior to another. This type of thought process is called ethnocentrism. But
with the use of an etic and emic approach to analyze your own culture and different cultures will
help eliminate ethnocentrism. Using an outsider's ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The reader eventually figures out that "Nacirema" culture is indeed the American culture. This
article is very helpful in understanding that just because cultural aspects of America are the norm for
you, those same aspects can seem eccentric to people of a different culture. Suicide terrorism is one
of those acts of violence that is almost impossible to defend against. In his article, Atran (2003)
explains suicide terrorism as "the targeted use of self–destructing humans against noncombatant–
typically civilian–populations to effect political change" (pg. 1534). One of the most remembered
dates is American history is September 11, 2001. This was a day in which suicide terrorism took the
lives of nearly 3,000 Americans (History.com, 2010). This suicide attack is where 19 Al–Qaeda
followers hi–jacked four airplanes and used them to crash them into the World Trade Center in New
York and into the Pentagon in Washington D.C. This triggered the then President, George W. Bush
to declare war to "destroy Osama bin Laden's terrorist network based there" (History.com, 2010).
Osama bin Laden was Al–Qaeda leader that claimed responsibility of the suicide attack on the
United States. This type of use of suicide terrorism was not only used to kill many innocent people,
but to be televised and reported on to put fear into the

The World We Used to Live In by Vine Deloria Essay
Vine Deloria, author of The World We Used to Live In, not only introduces his readers to indigenous
Native American spirituality and traditional practices including ceremonies but also brings several
important ideas of native spirituality to the forefront. He discusses the importance of having and
maintaining a relationship with mother earth and all living beings; an interconnectedness with nature
in all forms that is crucial to the understanding and practice of Native American spirituality. Dreams
and visions were discussed as an important form of communication in indigenous spirituality. The
important relationships with animal and plant spirits are discussed. The concept of power and what
is considered power in Native Spirituality. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They are at peace with themselves and their surroundings. Dreams and visions are another way to
communicate with nature and maintain balance and harmony. Through dreams and visions, Deloria
explains how people can receive guidance from ancestor spirits about how to survive on the land
and also about how to live a good and moral life. "Observations however were not enough. People
had dreams in which aspects of the living universe came forward to urge them to take certain well–
defined paths of behavior." While all Native Americans are capable of having dreams and visions,
there are some who are in tuned to a higher level of communication with nature. These people are
called medicine men and women. Medicine men and women are special individuals chosen by
animal and ancestor spirits who are thought to be living good and moral lives. They are given
certain powers which allow them to heal people. In his book, Deloria gives us many emic
encounters and stories told by Native Americans as well as etic encounters by outsiders
perspectives. Through these encounters such as "Thunder Cloud Receives Healing Powers" (Deloria
44) and "Red Bird's Yuwipi" (Deloria 86) we can see the special and unique connection medicine
men and women have with nature and spirits through their healing and ceremonies. The Yuwipi
ceremony is of great importance and a demonstration of the powers of the medicine men that

The Importance Of Culture In Education
Studying about the human culture lets us look into other cultures from an up–close and more
personal perspective to understand their culture from there stand point. We must use a different
approach, as anthropologists who conduct their research by understanding that there are two
approaches for evaluating a culture and that is emic and etic. I will be examining an aspect of my
own culture and I will also examine an aspect of another culture from an emic perspective. I will
demonstrate a culturally relativistic perspective, without using opinionated or judgmental language.
Throughout this paper I will also try to examine an aspect of my own race and its cultural practices
and behaviors. The main topic of my paper is Education. I want to be able to show that no matter
what culture you come from, education is for anyone. I will examine the rights of education in the
United States and discuss anti–school culture among Sweden boys to show why girls perform better
in school than boys.
Part 1
According to Crapo (2013), an "etic perspective is an outsider's or observer's allegedly objective
account" (p. 27). Looking from an etic point of view, looking at my own culture, in comparison to
the Nacirema culture discussed in Miner's article, there are some similarities. Some people may
think how can these two cultures have anything in common. Although the African– American
culture have no dealings with the Nacirema's, there are some aspects that are similar with their
culture. I will

The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
1. Cognitive anthropology emerged in the 1960s and is concerned with folk taxonomies and
semantic domains as they are practiced in ethnolinguistics and by ethnoscientists in the New
Ethnography. The New Ethnography is a name for cognitive anthropology known for investigative
techniques devised by Harold Conklin, Charles Frake, and Ward Goodenough .Cognitive
anthropology's theoretical orientation was emic (the insider point of view, which is different from
etic or the outsider point of view).
Cognitive anthropology is rooted in both Boasian cultural relativism and anthropological linguistics
as well as cognitive processes. One major precursor for cognitive anthropology was the Sapir–
Whorf Hypothesis. The Sapir–Whorf Hypothesis was shaped by Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee
Whorf and states that languages classify experiences differently. Other than Edward Sapir and
Benjamin Lee Whorf, Kenneth Pike (a linguist) was influential on cognitive anthropology. He
contrasted emic with etic and made the analogy between phonemics, which is the linguistic meaning
created by sounds, and phonetics, which is the linguistic sounds that create meaning. The other
major figures of cognitive anthropology include Ward Goodenough, Charles Frake, Harold Conklin,
Roy D'Andrade, Floyd Lounsbury, Stephen Levinson, and Susan Weller. ... Show more content on
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In addition to ethnolinguistics there's the New Ethnography, semantic domain (a mental domain of
cultural meaning that is the focus of inquiry in cognitive anthropology), componential analysis
(research technique used to generate folk taxonomies of semantic domains), and folk taxonomies
(culturally conditioned maps of semantic domains). Early on in the development of cognitive
anthropology, folk taxonomies were focused on things like diseases and

Analysis Of Michael Schaap 's ' Mom ' Why Did You...
The film, Mom, Why Did You Circumcise Me, the narrator, Michael Schaap, explores the
conversation of MC (male circumcision) within his community. Schaap initiates the discussion by
speaking to the cultural aspects and traditions of why MC may occur as well as the medical
implications and the sometimes involuntary occurrences of the practice. Schaap's clear argument –as
it pertains to MC– is stated at the beginning of the film. But before we dig into his perspective, let 's
understand the types of perspectives presented in the film. The emic perspective is the experiences
and perspectives of people within the culture (natives) while the etic perspective is the limited
experience of an outsider viewing the culture. The many emic perspectives – from the circumcised
men Schaap interviews and himself– present themselves within the film; however, I will focus on
the emic perspectives of the Muslim convert, Abdulwahid van Bommel, and the Jewish Man, Leo
Mock. Bommel states that nowhere in the Koran was MC mentioned, but that it derives from the
people who teach the Koran focusing on the verse of Ibraheem and compares MC to upkeep of the
body (compared to cutting hair and nails) for hygiene 's sake. Bommel states he was circumcised at
age 23 and it "felt like an initiation ritual" and "now [he] had become a real Muslim". Through this
emic perspective, the scope of the cultural significance behind the practice of MC is implicated. It
signifies manhood, it signifies being a part of

Body Ritual Among The Nacirema
It is so easy to access your own culture to examine aspects; however, this paper will flip the script
using an etic view to gain a better understanding of American culture from an outsider's perspective
while taking on an insider's perspective to examine another culture, Japan using an emic view.
Cultural relativism tells us that we must examine beliefs and activities of other cultures with a
meaningful understanding of the context of that particular culture, background, history, and
practices from an emic perspective without prejudice or superiority (Crapo, 2013). Rituals connect
something beyond the person through the shared sentiments and meaning that they create. Rituals
are meaningful to the person and to the society as ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Memories of everyone being together where all adults sat and ate at the big dining table; and
children sat at a smaller table where everyone was together and thankful to be there with family and
friends. This tradition is passed on from generation to generation because rituals promise a sense of
continuity, order, and predictability. They are important times in life of special moments, changes,
and transitions. A ritual practiced in the Black American culture is the family reunion which is an
annual event, usually held in the warm weather season, kicking off the event with a barbeque picnic
at a park or resort, with planned activities for a weekend. Where cultural meanings and knowledge is
shared and passed between generations and elders are honored. Grandmothers, grandfathers, great–
grandparents to aunts and uncles are recognized and honored for their wisdom, guidance, and
longevity. So, the aging ritual in American is a process of going from independency to dependency,
from living alone to a shared environment with a high probability of living in a multigenerational
household with

Etic In Powdermaker
The concept of emic and etic is whether or not one can be an insider or outsider. Emic is insider
perspectives, while etic is outsider perspectives. When conducting fieldwork and ethnographic
assignments depending on whether or not you are emic or etic can provide great differences in data.
In Powdermaker Jim Crow Mississippi she studied the differences between black and whites.
Powdermaker herself had to fit into the society, in order to be able She studied the segregation that
she does not usually encounter. In this one case Powdermaker was able to become an insider as she
interviews a white man. He was incredibly shocked as she explained to him that she regarded black
people with respect such as saying Ms. and Mr. The way he abruptly began

The Dobe Ju/'Hoansi Essay
Cultural Anthropology
The Dobe Ju/'hoansi
Commonly referred to as Bushmen by the general public and thought of as being harsh wild people
that live in the "unlivable" Kalahari Desert. The Ju /'hoansi tribe native to the southern African
desert, located along the border of Namibia and Botswana, have been misunderstood and
stereotyped for a long time. This is until a man by the name of Richard B. Lee came along and wrote
an ethnography about the local systems of the Ju and completely changed how an outsider might
view this rural tribe, along with being a fine example of proper long–term field research in social
anthropology. This highly regarded book on the Ju /'hoansi is titled "The Dobe Ju /'hoansi."
Although Lee states in the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A large contributing factor has to be the desire and efforts put forth by Lee to not only see the Ju
lifestyle, but to feel it. The desire and effort by Lee is conveyed in a quote about him getting
initiated into a family's kin by saying, "I signified my pleasure with the turn of events. Here was a
whole family to be a part of, one with genealogical links to throughout the Dobe area." (Lee 2003:
60) Lee started to become a member of the Ju /'hoansi as a tool to learn more about the culture they
live in. After Lee was given a name, /Tontah, by the adoptive family it led him to believe that, "It
was clear I had a lot to learn about the kinship system and social organization."(Lee 2003: 60) Lee's
subjects are portrayed as having individual personalities rather than grouping the whole tribe based
on a few personalities. This sums up how Lee approached his work and how with the emic
perspective he was able to uncover much more than from an observational standpoint. Regardless on
Lee's expressed neutrality in The Great Kalahari Debate his book has been prompted to the front
lines of the clash between traditionalists and revisionists. Being used as the poster book for the
traditionalist side Lee obviously demonstrates the holistic approach by stating that no one "had
bothered to systematically ask the Ju people themselves for their views of their own history."(Lee
2003: 213) This attitude combined with the extensive amount of time spent doing fieldwork

The Power of Working Out Essay
The Power of Working Out
Wherever I go, whenever I go, whoever I see, I am always astonished by the way that people want
to present themselves. The principle of working out reminds me of nothing else but a song titled "
wherever, whenever, whoever " by Shakira. It is for the pure sense that everyone wants to look good
and become popular by looking good. The media brings about popularity just by looking this so
called " good. " Take for example Britney Spears, Christina Aguilara, Shakira, and other teen pop
sensations. Many of these pop stars are not even old enough to drink, however they are making
millions of dollars from their performances and cd's that have sold. But it is not just the music that
has created such ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
So the JCC is a very ideal place for someone to go work out having it a very nice and clean facility
with many benefits.
The weight room itself is a very nice big open room which is surrounded by treadmills, weights that
range from 1–100 pounds. Ski machines, bench press machines, sit up benches, curling bars and
other machines that makes it a very nice place for people to work out while above them is a T.V
screen maybe about the size of 20 inches where people watch sports, the discovery channel, or
anything else that may please the people to make it a more enjoyable work out. It seems as if the
weight room evolves around an age group of all sorts. People within the ages of 15 to 70 years old,
perhaps even older come to this weight room to work out and increase their health. It seems not to
only be a health
Elkin 2
issue but also a place for people to come and be social with one another and talk about sports, their
work out, or anything else.
On Saturday, November 24, 2001 I arrived into a giant parking lot where I was only one of a few
cars parked. This is because the JCC opens at 1:00 PM, however I am
supposed to be there early so I can turn all the TV's on, as well as all the machines, and put out the
towels

How Culture And Perception Are Directly Influenced By...
The idea behind language as culture is explained succinctly by dividing the description into a
framework of separate ideas. By breaking down how perception is developed through environment
and the presence of norms, culture is demonstrated as the provider that perpetuates this social
environment. The cohesion required of large populations begins with cooperation and
communication. From the expression of traditions, the reinforcements of norms through stories and
the passing of knowledge, language is the cohesive glue of people to environment. This can be
exemplified further by a pursuit that transcends individual populations to create a separate culture
and therefore maintains its own environment. In this paper I hope to analyze and illustrate how
culture and perception are directly influenced by language.
Beginning with the knowledge that perception drives the creation of anything from human minds or
hands, it can easily be suggested that interactions with the surrounding world are subject to this
same perception. The very experience of living is sensory and and dependant on what is presented to
stimulate those senses. Following this logic what has been created through the influence of
environment is, according to the author and Material Culturalist Richard Grassby, "subject to both
etic and emic analysis" (592). The reality of social interactions within a given environment, and the
people who inhabit this space, must also "be structured to be perceived and understood"

Personal Narrative-Emic Or Etic?
Selwyn, Thanks for your lesson on how to view a situation. Thanks for new words! I too am
questioning why the variance in the different approaches: emic and etic because I would think
objectivity would have resulted in similar conclusions. I am forever grateful to my undergrad
freshman course anthropologist professor. He literally terrorized a whole cohort of college freshmen,
in fact very few people passed his class and had to take it over. He would call on people in class (no
one volunteered) listen intently to their answer and then literally barked, "where did you get your
data from?" (Dr. Becker used this phrase to rammed precept into teenaged minds: a statement should
have sound evidence?) "How can you say that?" Keep in mind, we were still teenagers, a cohort who
learned to regurgitate facts and get excellent grades. So, when he would have asked, "do you think a
paternal or maternal society is better," the class would have rattled out their ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
I have some complex health conditions, but because of Dr. Becker, I have been able to critically vet
their proposed treatments. The treatments I declined, have been recalled or banned, the ones I
elected to undergo are keeping me alive. (example: morcellator) Historically I never drink or
indulged in recreational drugs. So, when I had my accident, my medical team in Florida gave me a
plethora of opioids. But when I noticed, I was feeling so happy as well as fuzzy. I said to myself,
"you are so happy", which is red–flag for a lifelong pessimist. I confronted my doctor. He blamed
me for not knowing the euphoria I was feeling could lead to addiction. I found other ways to
manage my pain. {aspirin derived from a natural plant not mixed with chemicals) Point is: had I not
questioned this new world of prescription I too could be wrestling opioid addiction. Now when I
need opioids, I use them very short periods to bring acute episodes under

Positionality: Scientific Method and Research
[pic]
[pic]
In Partnership with University of Wales, Lampeter
A Critical Review of My Positionality and Its Impact On The Research I Undertake
Business Research Methods
MBA2010–L–A1
Submitted By: – Suraj Rai
Student ID: – 072078 – 77
University ID: – 27003380
Abstract
In this paper I have tried to explain the concept of positionality and its various parameters like emic
and etic, positivist, interpretivist, empiricist and rationalist, constructivist and reductionist. Then, I
tried to analyze my positionality on the basis of these points and how these will effect on the
research that I select and the methodologies that I choose. Society in which I grew up, religion,
beliefs, norms and values that I accepted, race, language, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
In other words, who I am determines, to a large extent, what I want to study.'
I am, as a researcher, a product of who I am as a person, and who I am as a person is a result of my
race, class, gender, and sexuality. I am the researcher I am because I have experienced life in a
certain manner. Additionally, what I believe about research cannot be separated from who I am
(Harding, 1987).
Mehra (2002) explains further –'A researcher's personal beliefs and values are reflected not only in
the choice of methodology and interpretation of findings, but also in the choice of a research topic.
In other words, what we believe in determines what we want to study.'

Positivism verses Interpretivism Approach:
"Interpretive research begins and ends with the biography and self of the researcher." (Denzin, 1989,
p.12). The positivist researcher is not affected by the subject of the research because he makes
generalizations. (Saunders, 2003 p. 83). When the investigator is a positivist, he tends to use
methods like experiments, surveys and field studies to generate data. In this approach, the
interviewer is more likely to be an outsider which means that the investigator does not have any
relation with the study group.
From the other point of view, interpretivism is about opinions, views and perceptions the people
experience in every day life. For example, people interpretation happens according to the situation
in which they experiences; which means the way

The Pros And Cons Of Suicide Terrorism
Suicide terrorism does not always have to be an attack on the United States from a different country
with different cultural values. Suicide terrorism can come from American citizens. More current
events are mass shootings by American citizens against their own people. One event is the attack on
Sandy Hook Elementary. This attack was where Adam Lanza started by killing his own mother, and
then moved on to Sandy Hook Elementary where he took the lives of "Twenty children and six
adults" (Connecticut Shootings Fast Facts, 2017, para. 2). After this act of violence, Adam Lanza
committed suicide. Another more recent mass shooting attack was the mass shooting in Las Vegas.
This attack was carried out by Stephen Paddock. Stephen Paddock, in his attack killed 58 and
wounded around 500 people before taking his own life (Yan, & Park, 2017). Whether suicide
terrorism is being used by domestic or foreign enemies, the message is clear. They want to hurt
innocent people but at the same time scare the rest of the American people. Also, after these attacks
many political battles were pushed. Whether it be going to war with another country, or making far
stricter laws to possess a firearm and to outlaw certain types of fire arms. These political battles
have sparked many debates among the American people. It seems with the loss of innocent lives,
certain groups in America try to use this to push their own personal views of what America should
do to prevent any further acts.

Why Is Rite Of Passage And Varieties Of Human Beings And...
If we take a close look at human origins, development and varieties of human beings and their
societies from a personal perspective, we can to comprehend ones culture from their point of view.
Observing another culture without your personal convictions influencing your hypothesis is nearly
impossible. With this being said, we must utilize the emic and etic methods during observation, as
instructed by anthropologists. These two different methods let the researcher obtain perspective
from the outside and from within the social group. In most cases we observe from an outsiders view
(etic), but to actually understand and experience another culture or society, one must become an
insider (emic), or become part of the culture to fully understand the viewpoints of another social
group. During the course of this paper I will examine and explain the importance of rite of passage
through etic perspective in order to portray the view of an outsider. The experience that I
encountered and its importance in the society in which I lived in will be discussed. I will explain the
significance of the rite of passage and the consequences based on historical events. Rites of passage
are something that was more accepted in past generations, still existing today just not as evident as
they once were. I will also examine the extreme following of suicide terrorists in the Middle East
region, their methods of recruiting and motivations that drive them to execute these evil orders. I
will compare the

Relationship Between Customers And Employees At Caje And...
Introduction:
The focus of my study will be examining the relationships between customers and employees at
CAJÉ and what behavioral patterns customers conduct when reacting with one another. I will be
looking at the motivations behind customers to go to CAJÉ and the sense of trust that strangers
share with one another while at the Café. I wanted to ask why students are more inclined to trust
others to watch their belongings while they leave the CAJÉ? Additionally, what motivates people to
go to CAJÉ?
Methods:
In order to collect my data, I practiced participant–observation through going to CAJÉ and sitting at
various tables each time. I took typed up observations on my computer which looked similar to
studying, helping me immerse ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
During my participant–observation I chose to ask a female student if I could sit across from her. She
told me of course. A few minutes later she asked if I would watch her belongings which included her
laptop and background, while she quickly used the restroom. Over the course of the hours I sat there
I noticed that a few other students asked others to watch their stuff. When interviewing an student
employee she told me that "I leave my stuff at a table and will leave for up to an hour and nothing
bad has ever happened to any of my things".
Students come to CAJÉ for various reasons. The majority of come to CAJÉ because they enjoy
doing school work there, it's a good meeting spot, friendly staff, to socialize, good coffee & green
tea matcha. During one of my interviews, the interviewee stated that "I love to study at CAJÉ, but I
can never really expect to get a significant amount of work done. I always get distracted by
everyone I know there". I observed the majority of the students in the café were on their laptops and
what appeared to be studying. At closer observation I noticed many were procrastinating through
texting or web surfing. Nearly all of the students had their earphones in while studying, regardless of
the music that was being played from CAJÉ's speakers. The other sounds that you could hear was
the blender, the tapping of the portafilter (used for

Case 4.2: The Case Of The Confused Decision Maker
Case 4.2: The Case of the Confused Decision Maker Kris is a 19–year–old high school graduate
who is seeking counseling to assist her in choosing a major for college. She graduated in the top
10% of her class and seems to identify well with other females in her age group. Kris grew up in a
very traditional family where gender roles are very structured and evident inside and outside the
household. Kris relies heavily on approval from her brothers and struggles to make decisions of her
own. Kris's emotional state can be categorized as dependent and anxious. Because of her traditional
values, Kris has been forced to think and act in a certain way deemed proper by her family. Over the
years, Kris has become dependent on her brothers for ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Over the past years, Inez has held various jobs in various environments. She currently works at a
health food store but seems unhappy. Inez admitted to having problems with depression,
procrastination, and the negligence of trying harder because of her fear of failure. Inez's major
career problem is her inability to identify what she enjoys doing or what occupational area she
would benefit from. If Inez was able to identify her interest and obtain a job she enjoys, it may assist
her in job and emotional stability. Inez's emotional instability has caused friction in both her
occupational and personal life. Without proper control of her depression, Inez in unable for properly
focus on work task and advance in her vocational abilities. Her depression is also destroying her
relationship with her children and other family members. During counseling, Inez made the
statement "I can relate to other people but I resist becoming involved in close relationships".
Individuals with depression tend to steer away from close relationships. This statement alone may
identify Inez's incapability of developing and maintaining relationships with her supervisors and
coworkers. Inez may benefit from work that requires limited customer contact and allows her to
work

Hofstede Cultural Difference Critiques
Contents
Introduction: Etic or Emic? At what extent are McSweeney's critiques valuable? 4
Research Validity 5
Research Reliability: 5
Research Sample 5
Back to Culture 7
Questionnaire and Dimensions 8
History and Research Validations 9
Conclusion 10
Bibliography 12
Introduction: Etic or Emic? At what extent are McSweeney's critiques valuable?
Arguably, Hofstede's work (1980, 1997) represents a pioneering approach of culture as a way of
comparing international management frameworks. First of all, prior to offering any evaluations in
regards to McSweeney's criticism (2002a/b), it is crucial to identify the nature of Hostede's work
within the entire sphere of the culture approach itself.
In contrast to the guarantors of the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As McSweeney's (2002a: 95–99) argues, respondents' cultural framework is made up by three non–
interacting and durable levels of culture (Tab.2).
At the first level, the assumptions which would free this model from any shortcomings would be
that there is only one IBM culture and that there is also a common worldwide occupational culture
for each job (Hofstede 1980a: 181). What are these assumptions based on?
[Tab.2]

According to McSweeney (2002a: 96), these assumptions are "too crude and implausible to
underpin Hofstede's emphatic empirical claims" . Following the thread of his argument we come
across a situation where assuming that an IBM employee, whether in a developed USA head office
or a new opened branch office in Pakistan, will possess the same identical organizational and
occupational culture does become hard to encompass. In response to this argument, Hofstede
acknowledges that considerable differences exist at the "organizational level" (1991: 93), yet it
redefines the entire organizational culture as a mere set of "shared perceptions of daily practices"
(1991: 182–3), therefore distancing from the early–stage value–based definition. According to
McSweeney (2002b), this is only a failed attempt to deliver a straightforward concept and definition
of organizational culture.
Back to Culture
Hofstede's vision of culture is often linked to two different concepts, unique national tendency and
central tendency, respectively. In the

ANT101 Week 1 Vocabulary Concepts
Top of Form
Question 1.
Question :
Which of the following is an example of an etic description of teen pregnancy in America?
Student Answer:
One of my friends in high school got pregnant in her sophomore year. She and the father decided to
keep the baby, got married and just celebrated their 10th anniversary. They both finished college and
have good jobs now. It just goes to show that people can overcome teen pregnancy and become
successful parents.
Although popular opinion sometimes indicates otherwise, according to a statistical analysis from the
US Department of Health and Services (2014), teen pregnancy rates have been steadily declining for
the past twenty years. In America, most teenagers are not yet fully independent ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Student Answer:
Muslim women wear the veil for a variety of reasons, which vary from individual to individual and
from culture to culture.
Muslim women living in North America and Europe often face scrutiny over their choice to wear the
veil, even though many Western people do not fully understand the practice.
There are many misconceptions and stereotypes about why Muslim women wear veils.
I think all Muslim women are stupid and weak, and this is why they are forced to wear the veil in
submission to their husbands. Instructor Explanation:
As Crapo (2013, p.53) notes, cultural relativism is, "the idea that the significance of an act is best
understood by the standards of the actor's own culture." In this statement, the student is drawing
upon opinion, rather than research on the cultural significance of wearing the veil.
Points Received:
1 of 1 Comments:

Question 5.
Question :
According to your textbook, cultural relativism is exactly the same as moral relativism
Student Answer:
True
False Instructor Explanation:
As the author of your textbook, Crapo (2013, p.52) notes, "we need not, for instance, come to value
infanticide in order to understand the roles it may play in peoples' lives in a society where it is
customary. What cultural relativism requires of us is simply that we do not confuse our own feelings
about such a custom with understanding it. To do the latter, we must investigate the meanings

The Between Female And Female Adolescents
A. When traveling to the village, I watched the younger villagers participate in recess. I initially
realized the strong distinction between the two gender's interactions. Through the three days in the
village, I came to realize that the female adolescents were not permitted to participate in contact
sports. In comparison, the male adolescents were consistently shown participating in soccer, the
national sport of Haiti. I would constantly watch the interactions between the two genders of the
adolescents and noticed that they were blatantly distant. The females were shown gossiping on the
playgrounds and playing tag, ignoring the total fact of the males playing soccer very aggressively.
On the last two days in the village, Aina and I attempted to join their game of soccer, but they were
hesitant until we supplied an adequate soccer ball for them. Even when they allowed us to join the
game with them, they still were very hesitant to interact with us in relation to passing us the ball. In
addition, we also gave the girls a ball to play with, but they just put it to the side and neglected to
use it. It was an overall interesting experience, because even when we moved from playing with the
older adolescents to the younger group, the same distinction was present and the only children
playing with us were male.
B. When traveling to the village, there were noticeable differences of the native's culture to the
typical American culture. In accordance to my beliefs, the biggest

Mike Rauser’s article, “War on Christmas” product of...
Mike Rauser's article, "War on Christmas" product of spoiled attitudes, provides an introduction to
help explain the contents learned in this class. His article has viewpoints that can be demonstrated
by the four nodes of religion inquiry, and Ninian Smart's six dimension of religion. His article acts
as a springboard to show our understanding of the course materials.
Rauser used television personals to back up the idea of Christians are the target of persecution in the
United States, by relating to how religion is perceived by both an etic and emic approach. Both Sean
Hannity and Jon Stewart are taking the current topic from an outsider viewpoint or an etic approach,
since they are not affiliated with Christianity. They are taking a ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The fundamentals would hold on to their view of whether the snake was Satan or now, and would
keep it true for years. The liberals would accept new ideas that emerge and shape their thinking
about the snake. Each person is entitled to their thoughts on which the text is telling us.
From Rauser's writing, he expressed passages that pertain to Smart's dimension of ethics. Smart's
ethical dimension can be best described as a code that each person follows that helps benefits not
only themselves, but their community too. Some passages were "Do unto others as you would have
them do unto you," (Luke, 6:31), and love you enemies and pray for those who persecute you. These
are golden rules to live by as it promotes good behavior towards others. These ethics can be split
down into two categories, virtue and value. Virtue takes on the internal aspect on what the individual
should act; it shows the character of the person. Value takes the external aspect, on how a
community of act based on their actions. Both of them are important as they are the basis of our
morals.
During the holiday season, people seem to be more generous and donate to the needy. God's
preferential option was always for the poor. Gustavo Gutierrez explains the definition of poor is
someone who has to wait a week before waiting for health care, or someone who does not have any
social or economic weight. He also explains that God

The Scalpel And The Silver Bear Summary
In the novel The Scalpel and The Silver Bear, Alvord is Native American and specifically has roots
from the Navajo tribe. At the beginning of the novel she is conflicted by coming from a biracial
family where her mother is white and her father is Navajo. This conflict follows her all of the way to
college in choosing an Ivy League school. She later decides on a school known as Dartmouth
because of the fact that they had substantial amount of Native Americans than any other Ivy League
school. Alvord graduated from Dartmouth with a psychology and sociology degree but still had
aspirations to become a doctor. She returns to school at Stanford to study medicine, after fulfilling
her degree she made her way back to New Mexico near Gallup.
Alvord Practiced at Gallup Indian Medical Center where she stood out from her peers. She realized
that all of her peers are Anglos and she was the only Native American. Although she is Native
American she is not seen as such from her Native American Patients because of her modern medical
practices. Alvord felt conflicted for her Native American background by practicing western
medicine. She realizes that trust is the most difficult aspect when having Native American patients.
Since the doctors are mostly Anglos it is difficult to communicate to the Navajo patients. Alvord
realized this conflict and bridged the patient–physician gap by speaking Navajo and touching the
patients. Since Navajo's believe in touching, singing and feeling as a major

Essay about Etic vs. Emic Approaches in Anthropology
Adrian Simons–Wilson
Working in the field as a cultural anthropologist requires participant observation, interviews, and
observation. (Knight) The etic and emic–orientated styles are two different styles that applied
anthropologists use in their field work. The etic–orientated approach is a perspective that in
ethnography uses concepts and categories for the anthropologists culture to describe another culture.
(Ferraro/Andretta) The emic–orientated approach is a viewpoint in ethnography that uses the
concepts and categories that are relevant and meaningful to the culture under analysis
(Ferraro/Andreatta). There has been much debate on whether the etic or emic–orientated techniques
of research should be used in the field. Cultural ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
One will need to look to the humanities to understand the culture. This turn to the humanities is an
emic technique used in the field.
Emic–orientated investigations succeed because it engages applied anthropologists to live with and
live like the people of the culture they are studying. It becomes a personal study under the emic
practice. Being personally involved allows one to connect to the culture and why that culture thinks
and performs a certain way.
Emic–orientated research fails because it gets too personal with its subjects. This can cause one to
stop looking at its subjects as research to be analyzed but as people, which they are, to just befriend
and not critically think about. One may begin sympathizing with those within the culture and not be
able to learn about the culture from an outsider's point of view. It would be difficult from an emic
view to understand why a family may be dehydrated if they are blaming their religious beliefs when
they are in fact dehydrated because it has not rained for a month. Religion in this case would be an
unreasonable rationale.
You cannot understand a culture from just an etic approach; you need emic research methods as well
in order to get accurate information to help you understand that culture. Etic and emic investigations
both have their pros and cons, and together they compliment and support each other. The subsequent
will look at readings that give examples of etic and emic studies.
"Eating Christmas in

Qualitative Research : Quantitative Research Essay
Qualitative research is a kind of of scientific research which consists of an analysis that look for
answers to a question, systematically uses a specific procedures to answer the question, gathers
evidence, generate findings that are legit farther the limits of the study. Qualitative research has
these characteristics. As an addition, it looks for to analyze the research problem or motif from the
aspect of the local people who involves the study. Qualitative research is particularly effective in
gathering culturally specific data about the ethics,behaviors, values and opinions of specific
populations.
The power of qualitative research is its capability to supply complicated definition of how people
reacts about the research issue. It supplies data about the "human" side of a topic. Qualitative
methods are also useful in labeling abstract factors, such as gender roles, religion and ethnicity.
When work with quantitative methods, qualitative research can help to define and better explain the
complicated matter of a given topic and the conclusions of quantitative data.
Even though results of qualitative information can often be enlarged to people with aspects similar
to study population, achieving a productive and compound grasp of a particular social topic or
phenomenon typically can be theorize to other geological areas or populations. In this manner,
qualitative research is different insignificantly from scientific research in common.
There are three most

Body Ritual Among The Nacirema By Horace Miner
Horace Miner, a American Anthropologist wrote an academic essay titled "Body Ritual Among the
Nacirema." In this article Miner described some of the bizarre rituals and practices of the
"Nacirema" which the reader comes to find out that he is talking about North Americans. The way
Miner goes into detail about how these people live makes them seem foreign. Thus making the norm
for an American lifestyle seem odd because the certain type of lingo Miner uses to make this "tribe"
more exotic then the actually are. His point in doing this is to show the reader how obnoxious
anthropologist can be when they are explain a different culture. As a western civilization we are
guilty of making other cultures seem strange and unrelatable by describing their ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
If the article was wrote from a emic standpoint the reader would have good understanding of the
Nacirema lifestyle with no wondering why they do things a certain way. Because the emic method
in inquiring information from a culture is to have in–depth interviews in their native language.
However, there are many times where this article does not explain why the Nacirema does these
strange things. And if a emic anthropologist would have done this evaluation there would not be that
confusion or lack of information because they conduct these in–depth interviews. In paragraph 12
we can see the "lack of information" from the Nacirema culture; "Special women's rites are
performed only four times during each lunar month, but what they lack in frequency is made up in
barbarity. As part of this ceremony, women bake their heads in small ovens for about an hour. The
theoretically interesting point is that what seems to be a preponderantly masochistic people have
developed sadistic specialists." There is a lot of assumptions happening in this observation of the
Nacirema women's "ritual". As an American you'll read this and be confused into what the
anthropologist is trying to describe. Then realizing that all Miner is describing is a women getting
her hair done at the salon. During the 1950's (the time when this essay was

Rites Of Passage In The Japanese Community
Throughout this section, I will explore the rites of passage in the Japanese community from an emic
perspective. Crapo (2013) defines emic, "an insider's or native's meaningful account– may be
written for outsiders but portrays a culture and its meanings as the insider under¬stands it. Exploring
the Japanese community from an emic perspective takes dedication and understandings. The
Japanese community has a wide variety of ceremonies that are practiced both in America and Japan.
Some traditional ceremonies or celebrations are the baptisms, marriages, death and afterlife.
According to Ichihara (2013), a baptisms practice reveals that "The 1959 Prayer Book was
revolutionary in the initiation rites. It combined the traditional three different ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
In the article of rites of passage, by Tsuji (2011) he discusses how Japan culture goes through
different rituals when reaching the point of death and afterlife compared to the United States. When
one speaks of old age in the United States, it refers to an individual who is ready to retire or close to
passing away. In recent research, some typical behaviors upon reaching this milestone are when a
person moves into a senior living capacity, the use of hearing aids, and one might even give up
driving. On the other hand, Japan's culture is different when referring to celebrations and old age.
The rites of passage rituals for those getting old start as early as sixty years old. The reason Japanese
celebrate his or her sixtieth birthday is that many did not survive longer than his or her sixtieth
birthday. In addition to Japanese culture of old age, they also celebrate auspicious birthdays. This
tradition is a sequence of celebrations that occurs different time throughout his or her lifetime. The
Japanese reflect back on the person's life for which they have lived. Another critical fact is that these
birthday celebrations were known to guide death within rites of passage. The rites of passage
continue beyond death into the afterlife with the tradition of worshiping the ancestors. Some of the
cultures of the Japanese afterlife include the offering of tea, flowers, and rice to

Tattoos : Culture And Culture
There are different aspects of every culture and the American culture is no different. One of the
aspects of American culture is the tattoo. Tattoos have been around for centuries, they are also part
of other cultures and appeal to a broad variety of people. Tattoos became part of American culture
through cultural diffusion, which is where one culture shares its culture with another through direct
contact. Recently tattoos have re–assimilated into American culture and society by first being
associated with deviant behavior and rejected by the mainstream culture to being accepted and
popular in the mainstream culture due to its recent association with fashion. The etic perspective or
the outside view varies because outside cultures, both agree and disagree with tattoos. Before tattoos
were incorporated into American culture, they were part of other cultures. Therefore, the cultures
and countries that have tattoos as a part of their culture are more accepting of the tattoo culture in
America. However, not everyone in these cultures approves of tattoos becoming part of American
culture because they see it as disrespectful and offensive to their culture. The reason for this is
several pro–tattoo Americans only appreciate tattoos for their use in body art instead of their
symbolic meaning to other cultures. These Americans just attribute tattoos to identity formation and
fashion. They are offended because Americans do not understand the actual culture and significance
around

Guskey's Matrix
By supporting building administrators in first understanding the Matrix, then having them apply the
principles to their planning and lastly creating a measurement tool that the administrators will use to
determine the effectiveness based on the level of Guskey's Matrix the teachers believe the PD
reaches. The percentage of teachers that believe the professional development they receive helps
them to better meet the needs of their students should increase.
After phase one is completed the researcher will first hold a professional development for building
administrators that will explain Guskey's Matrix. Then the researcher will sit down with every
administrator during the Summer of 2018 and plan out a series of professional development ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This assessment will take place in the Spring of 2018 so the researcher can formulate the correct
intervention for the school system, that will begin in the Fall of 2018. While phase two will be a
reflection on if the intervention is working. During phase one the research will be etic, only
observing what is occurring at the building level. collecting data to better understand the current
reality. During phase two I will be both emic and etic. I will be working closely with the
administrators to plan the professional development and I will probably be delivering some of the
sessions. I will also be an observer when most of the sessions are taking place, which will allow me
to observe the teachers closely.
Bounding the Case
This research project will take place over the course of a year and half, from the Spring of 2018 to
the Fall of 2019. The first six months will be dedicated to performing the needs assessment, while
the full year will be used to implement the three iterations of the intervention. The site of this
research will be three urban middle schools in Stamford Connecticut. Each with a population of
about 500 students from grades six through eight, 45 faculty members and three administrators.
Within the schools the sessions will take place in the administration offices and in the training rooms
where the teachers meet. The participants for this study will include the principals, since

Cultural Culture Courtship And Marriage
Cultural relativism says that we must examine cultural practices within a cultural context, seeking to
understand different practices from the eye of those who practice them. It is sometimes hard to
understand other cultures from an emic perspective, and there is a tendency to favor your culture,
viewing it as superior. It is helpful to change your perspective, assuming an outside view towards
your culture and taking an inside look at another. Over the course of this paper, I will explain my
American Culture courtship and marriage traditions through the etic eye to show the perspective to
an outsider, and I will examine an aspect of the Sub–Saharan African polygyny marriage from an
emic perspective to become familiar with this lifestyle.
In this section, I will examine the American culture in courtship and marriage from an etic
perspective. As Crapo(2013) describes etic as "etic models invariably describe cultures in ways that
seem alien to its participants but facilitate comparisons between cultures and the discovery of
universal principles in the structure and functioning of cultures" (p.27). In the article Body Ritual
among the Nacierema, Miner(1956) describes an aspect of the "Nacierema" culture from an etic
perspective, allowing readers to realize the Nacierema are Americans. From an etic eye, Americans
practice probably seems as strange to an outsider, as their culture is to ours. In American culture,
there is courtship and marriage. Courtship in

Tattoos In American Culture
Tattoos in Culture There are different aspects of every culture and the American culture is no
different. One of the aspects of American culture is the tattoo. Tattoos have been around for
centuries, they are also part of other cultures and appeal to a broad variety of people. Tattoos became
part of American culture through cultural diffusion, which is where one culture shares its culture
with another through direct contact. Recently tattoos have re–assimilated into American culture and
society by first being rejected by the mainstream culture to being accepted and popular in the
mainstream culture. The etic perspective or the outside view varies because outside cultures, both
agree and disagree with tattoos. Before tattoos were incorporated into American culture, they were
part of several other cultures. Therefore, the cultures and countries that have tattoos as a part of their
culture are more accepting of the tattoo culture in America. However, not everyone in these cultures
approves of tattoos becoming part of American culture because they see it as mocking and offensive
to their culture. This is because several pro–tattoo Americans only like tattoos for body art instead of
their symbolic meaning to other cultures and just attribute tattoos to identity formation and fashion.
They are offended because Americans do not understand the actual culture and significance around
tattoos. Except for a few Americans who connect tattoos with some symbolic meaning, the majority

Emic vs Etic
THE EMIC VERSUS ETIC DILEMMA IN CROSS CULTURAL MARKETING RE... Page 1 of 8
THE EMIC VERSUS ETIC DILEMMA IN CROSS CULTURAL MARKETING RESEARCH: A
PERSONAL CONSTRUCT THEORY PERSPECTIVE Richard E. Plank, Western Michigan
University ABSTRACT Cross–cultural research in marketing, particularly involving the
measurement of behaviors and attitudes using methodologies which require the respondent to
respond to scale type questions, is difficult as well as time and resource intensive. A major issue is
the so called emic versus etic dilemma which focuses on whether or not the measure is culture
bound (EMIC) or can be used across all cultures (ETIC). This paper argues, based on personal
construct theory, that behavioral type measures or scales must ... Show more content on
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If the construct is culture or time bound, that means that it may be inappropriate for the particular
culture as well as the time period in question. In the sociology literature Hage (1972) suggested that
such theoretical concepts as bureaucracy were either culture or time bound whereas the construct
degree of complexity was not likely to be time or culture bound. The second issue deals with the
operational definition of the theoretical concept. The question becomes do the indicators have
meaning to the respondent in light of culture and time. In other words, is this how the respondent
defines the construct in their own mind Just because a sentence or idea translates from one language
to another does not mean that the idea is the same for both cultures, or for that matter even among
different people from the same culture. Personal construct theory provides some insights into this
issue as well as some methods for establishing whether or not a measure is culture free. Hofstede
(1980) provides some additional interesting commentary on the general problem. He notes that
ethnocentrism is present in most measures used in cross cultural research, and thus instruments
should be developed cross–culturally. In fact, he notes that ethnocentrism is common not only in
research design and instrumentation, but also in data collection and in

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