The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Eruptive anomalies /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental acad...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Eruptive anomalies /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental acad...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Establishment of occlusal relationship in rpd/endodontic coursesIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Interceptive orthodontics /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dent...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting
training center with best faculty and flexible training programs
for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental
practice,Offers certified courses in Dental
implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic
Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Implant designs and materials/certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian d...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting
training center with best faculty and flexible training programs
for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental
practice,Offers certified courses in Dental
implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic
Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training
center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental
professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified
courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry,
Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Implants in esthetic zone. / implant dentistry course/ implant dentistry courseIndian dental academy
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Teeth arrangement in balanced occlusionNAMITHA ANAND
teeth arrangement in balanced occusion describing arrangement of each tooth and in two methods,arrangement of maxillary posteriors first and mandibular posteriors first
Eruptive abnormalities and their treatment /certified fixed orthodontic cours...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Titanium Button With Chain by Watted For Orthodontic Traction of Impacted Ma...Abu-Hussein Muhamad
Abstract: Advances in bonding techniques and materials allow for reliable bracket placement on ectopically positioned teeth. This prospective study evaluates the outcome of forced orthodontic eruption of impacted canine teeth in both palatal and labial positions. Eighty-two impacted maxillary canines in 2200patients were included in the study and were observed for 2006 to 2013 ,in Center for Dentistry research and Aesthetics, Jatt/Israel after exposure. Following exposure by means of a palatal flap or an apically repositioned buccal flap, an orthodontic traction hook, with a Titanium Button with chain by Watted (Dentaurum) attached, was bonded to each impacted tooth using a light cured orthodontic resin cement. A periodontal dressing was placed over the surgical site for a period of time. All teeth were successfully erupted. Complications consisted of: failure of initial bond, at the time of surgery, which required rebonding; premature debonding at the time of pack removal and; debonding of brackets during orthodontic eruption. There was no infection, eruption failure, ankylosis, resorption or periodontal defect (pocket greater than 3 mm) associated with any of the exposed teeth. Forced orthodontic eruption of impacted maxillary canines with a well bonded orthodontic traction hook and ligation chain, used in conjunction with a palatal flap or an apically repositioned labial flap, results in predictable orthodontic eruption with few complications. Key Words: cuspid/surgery; orthodontics, corrective; tooth, impacted/therapy
Establishment of occlusal relationship in rpd/endodontic coursesIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Interceptive orthodontics /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dent...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting
training center with best faculty and flexible training programs
for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental
practice,Offers certified courses in Dental
implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic
Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Implant designs and materials/certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian d...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting
training center with best faculty and flexible training programs
for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental
practice,Offers certified courses in Dental
implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic
Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training
center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental
professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified
courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry,
Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Implants in esthetic zone. / implant dentistry course/ implant dentistry courseIndian dental academy
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Teeth arrangement in balanced occlusionNAMITHA ANAND
teeth arrangement in balanced occusion describing arrangement of each tooth and in two methods,arrangement of maxillary posteriors first and mandibular posteriors first
Eruptive abnormalities and their treatment /certified fixed orthodontic cours...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Titanium Button With Chain by Watted For Orthodontic Traction of Impacted Ma...Abu-Hussein Muhamad
Abstract: Advances in bonding techniques and materials allow for reliable bracket placement on ectopically positioned teeth. This prospective study evaluates the outcome of forced orthodontic eruption of impacted canine teeth in both palatal and labial positions. Eighty-two impacted maxillary canines in 2200patients were included in the study and were observed for 2006 to 2013 ,in Center for Dentistry research and Aesthetics, Jatt/Israel after exposure. Following exposure by means of a palatal flap or an apically repositioned buccal flap, an orthodontic traction hook, with a Titanium Button with chain by Watted (Dentaurum) attached, was bonded to each impacted tooth using a light cured orthodontic resin cement. A periodontal dressing was placed over the surgical site for a period of time. All teeth were successfully erupted. Complications consisted of: failure of initial bond, at the time of surgery, which required rebonding; premature debonding at the time of pack removal and; debonding of brackets during orthodontic eruption. There was no infection, eruption failure, ankylosis, resorption or periodontal defect (pocket greater than 3 mm) associated with any of the exposed teeth. Forced orthodontic eruption of impacted maxillary canines with a well bonded orthodontic traction hook and ligation chain, used in conjunction with a palatal flap or an apically repositioned labial flap, results in predictable orthodontic eruption with few complications. Key Words: cuspid/surgery; orthodontics, corrective; tooth, impacted/therapy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
A single complete denture is a complete denture that occludes against some or all of the natural teeth, a fixed restoration, or a previously constructed removable partial denture or a complete denture.
Opposing natural teeth that are sufficient in number and do not necessitate a fixed or removable partial denture.
Opposing a partially edentulous arch in which the missing teeth have been or will be replaced by a fixed partial denture.
Opposing arch with an existing complete denture.
Management of impacted teeth /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indi...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
00919248678078
Posterior crossbite in_primary_and_mixed_dentition_-_etiology_and_management_...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Buccolingual malrelationship of upper and lower
teeth.Anterior or posterior (unilateral or bilateral) with or
without mandibular displacement.
Buccal crossbite: Lower teeth occlude buccal to
corresponding upper teeth .
Lingual crossbite (scissors bite): Lower teeth occlude
lingual to palatal cusps of upper teeth.
Opportunity for Dentists (BDS/MDS )to relocate to United kingdom -Register as a DENTAL HYGIENIST/ DENTAL THERAPIST without Board exams and after approval you can register in GDC as a DH/DT and start working as a DH/DT Immediately and get paid.
You can complete the whole process in 3-4 months.Salary range for DH/DT is around 2500-3500 Pounds per month.
Eligibility / requirements-
1. An International English Language Testing System (IELTS) certificate
at the appropriate level.(Within 2 yrs of application date )
2: A recent primary dental qualification that has been taught and examined in English..(Within 2 yrs of application date )
3: A recent pass in a language test for registration with a regulatory authority in a country where the first language is English.
If you are interested Please contact us for more details.
1ST, 2ND AND 3RD ORDER BENDS IN STANDARD EDGEWISE APPLIANCE SYSTEM /Fixed ort...Indian dental academy
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals
who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry,
Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
I –Aligners are made with FDA approved transparent thermoplastic materials using 3D scanning, 3D Printing and finally Trays with Pressure vacuum formers.
Dear Doctor,
Indian Dental Academy Now offers comprehensive online Orthodontics course.
Course includes:
1.whiteboard lecture presentations
2.Case Discussions
3.with hundreds of pictures.
4.Demo on Models
5.Demo on Patients
6. subtitles in your own language
12 months unlimited access and support @350 USD only.
For Demo please visit :www.idalectures.com/preview/
For more details visit: www.idalectures.com
Please contact us for any clarifications:
idalectures@gmail.com
indiandentalacademy@gmail.com
Thanks & Regards
Indian Dental Academy
--
Indian Dental Academy
Leader in continuing dental education
www.indiandentalacademy.com
skype:indiandentalacademy
+919248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Cytotoxicity of silicone materials used in maxillofacial prosthesis / dental ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Diagnosis and treatment planning in completely endntulous arches/dental coursesIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Properties of Denture base materials /rotary endodontic coursesIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Use of modified tooth forms in complete denture occlusion / dental implant...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
4. Tooth eruption involves the migration of the teeth from a
nonfunctional position within the bone to a functional position in the
jaw.
In orthodontic practice, it is inevitable that one
will encounter eruptive abnormalities such as impacted, ectopically
erupting, transposed, congenitally missing, and supernumerary teeth.
The treatment plans were developed to address these anomalies and
soft tissue reactions to the movements are considered.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
5. Impaction
Impaction is defined as the total or partial lack of eruption of a
tooth well after the normal age for eruption. An impacted tooth
may appear blocked by another tooth, bone, or soft tissue, or
displaced so that it cannot erupt .
Descending order of occurrence: maxillary and mandibular
third molars, maxillary cuspids, second premolars, maxillary
central incisors, mandibular cuspids, second molars, lateral
incisors, and first premolars.www.indiandentalacademy.com
6. Bishara and associates summarized Moyer's theory that impaction is caused by:
1. Primary causes:
A. Rate of root resorption of deciduous teeth.
B. Trauma of the deciduous tooth bud.
C. Disturbances in tooth eruption sequence.
D. Availability of space in the arch.
E. Rotation of tooth buds.
F. Premature root closure.
G. cleft area in persons with cleft palate.
2. Secondary causes:
A. Abnormal muscle pressure.
B. Febrile diseases.
C. Endocrine disturbances.
D. Vitamin D deficiency.
Other pathological causes for impacted teeth are cysts, tumors
and odontomes.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
7. CLINICAL EVALUATION.
(1) Delayed eruption of the permanent teeth and prolonged retention
of the deciduous teeth beyond 14 to 15 years of age
(2) absence of a normal labial bulge through intraoral palpation of
the alveolar process
(3) presence of a palatal bulge,
delayed eruption, distal tipping, or migration (splaying) of the
adjacent teeth.
SEQUELAE OF IMPACTION
Shafer suggested the following sequelae:
(a) labial or lingual malpositioning of the impacted tooth,
(b) migration of the neighboring teeth and loss of arch length,
(c) internal resorption,
(d) dentigerous cyst formation,
(e) external root resorption of the impacted tooth, as well as the
neighboring teeth,
(f) infection particularly with partial eruption,
(g) referred pain,
www.indiandentalacademy.com
8. RADIOGRAPHIC DIAGNOSIS OF IMPACTED TEETH
PERIAPICAL RADIOGRAPHS
It is two dimensional and gives no information in buccolingual plane.
To evaluate the position of the canine buccolingually, a second periapical
film should be obtained by one of the following methods.
a) Buccal object rule.
If the vertical angulation of the cone is changed by approximately 20° in two
successive periapical films, the buccal object will move in the direction
opposite the source of radiation. On the other hand, the lingual object will
move in the same direction as the source of radiation.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
9. b) Tube-shift technique or Clark's rule.
Two periapical films are taken of the same area, with the horizontal
angulation of the cone changed when the second film is taken. If the
object in question moves in the same direction as the cone, it is lingually
positioned. If the object moves in the opposite direction, it is situated
closer to the source of radiation and is therefore buccally located.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
10. OCCLUSAL RADIOGRAHS
It depicts all the posterior and anterior standing teeth in cross section
and provides buccolingual and mesiodistal information of the impacted
teeth .A palatally placed tooth will appear within this arc of small
circles. An angled tooth will show up in its elliptical oblique cross
section representing a tilted long axis.
Disadvantage:Relative height of the object cannot be made out.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
11. EXTRAORAL RADIOGRAPHS:
OPG gives a good scan of teeth in mesiodistal and vertical direction.
Lateral cephalograms gives information regarding the vertical and
anteroposterior position of the impacted tooth especially in cases of
dilaceration.
PA view defines the height and the buccolingual relationship.
By combining these,three dimensional view is obtained.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
12. CT SCANNING
By viewing serial radiographic slices of the maxilla, the
relation ship of the impacted tooth to the adjacent teeth in all
three planes of space may be accurately assessed.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
13. TREATMENT OPTIONS
1.Extraction of impacted tooth and movement of adjacent tooth in its
position
2.Autotransplantation of impacted tooth
3.Prosthetic replacement of impacted tooth either with crown or with
implant
4. Surgical exposure and placing a traction force to bring it into the
arch
Sufficient space is achieved by
1.Extraction of succedaneous tooth or some other tooth or teeth
2.Molar distalisation or expansion
Once space is achieved ,surgical exposure of the tooth is performed
www.indiandentalacademy.com
14. APICALLY REPOSITIONED FLAP
The apically positioned flap is a split-thickness pedicle reflected from
the edentulous area (lateral to the area in the case of an impaction).
The flap was sutured apically to the periosteum, leaving one-half to
two-thirds of the crown uncovered.
Negative esthetic effects, such as increased clinical crown
length, increased width of attached tissue, gingival scarring, and
intrusive relapse were evident in the teeth treated with an apically
positioned flap.
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15. CLOSED ERUPTION TECHIQUE
The crown of the tooth is exposed, an attachment is fixed to it, and the
flap is sutured back over the crown.
ADVANTAGES
- produces the best esthetic and periodontal results.
DISADVANTAGE
- High profile brackets may lead to button holing or breakdown of
overlying tissue
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16. If the tooth is impacted in the middle of the alveolus or high in the
vestibule near the nasal spine, the closed-eruption technique may be
the treatment of choice. If the tooth requires more attached gingiva or
is displaced lateral to the edentulous area, an apically positioned flap
may be the best choice.(Johnston,Gaulis)
Vanarsdall and Corn suggested that keratinised tissue be placed to
cover CEJ and 2-3mm of crown as the new gingival attachment
prevents the marginal bone loss and the gingival recession.The
attached gingival is made available by apically repositioned flap, a
laterally repositioned pedicle graft , or a free gingival graft.
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17. TUNNEL PROCEDURE ( by Cresicini)
The extraction of the deciduous tooth provided a natural osseous
tunnel, which was easily extended by drilling, to reach the cusp of
the impacted tooth. Traction through the tunnel ensured an eruption
path that closely follows the physiologic pattern.
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18. INDICATION
Deep infraosseous teeth associated with persistent deciduous teeth.
ADVANTAGE
Physiologic attachment levels without gingival recession and
adequate amounts of gingiva may be obtained. No gingival
augmentation procedure is required and the natural appearance of
the tissues may be preserved.
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19. METHODS OF ATTACHMENT
In the surgical exposure of an impacted tooth, only enough bone should
be removed to allow for the placement of a bracket and that during the
procedure the CEJ should not be intentionally exposed. Different
methods of attachment to the impacted tooth have been suggested,
including lasso wires, threaded pins,orthodontic bands, simple eyelet,
crowns, wire ligatures, chain links, auxillary springs directly bonded
brackets and magnets.
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20. MODE OF TRACTION
By using ligature wire ,elastic thread, elastomeric chains, coil springs,
NiTi archwire, Ballista spring, Killroy spring, Cantilever spring
ANCHOR UNIT
It is necessary to develop a rigid anchor base against which to pit the
forces required to reduce impaction.Headgear ,intramaxillary elastics,
modified removable appliances and soldered palatal or lingual bars
also provides a solid anchorage base.
RETENTION PROTOCOL
Fibrotomy and bonded fixed retainers are
necessary
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21. Dentigerous cysts involved with the impacted teeth
Large dentigerous cysts in the mixed dentition are generally associated
with jaw deformity and dislocation of one or more germs of permanent
teeth.
TREATMENT OPTIONS
Treatment by enucleation will result in incomplete removal of the
epithelium around the neck of the tooth crown or accidental
dislodgement of the tooth during the curettage process.
Marsupialization involves opening the cyst into the oral cavity at its
most superficial point and maintaining the patency of this orifice with
the fusion of the cut linings of the cyst and the oral mucosa.
Any attempt to apply orthodontic traction to the tooth at this time will
extrude ahead of the advancing bone, thereby weakening its bony and
periodontal support..Orthodontic treatment is deferred only after
enough filling in of the bone takes place.
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22. WHEN TO EXTRACT AN IMPACTED TOOTH
(1)If it is ankylosed and cannot be transplanted
(2)if it is undergoing external or internal root resorption,
(3) if its root is severely dilacerated,
(4) if the impaction is severe
(5) if the occlusion is acceptable, without the impacted teeth
(6) if there are pathologic changes (e.g., cystic formation,
infection), and the patient does not desire orthodontic treatment
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23. Incisor Impaction
An impacted maxillary central incisor is more conspicuous to parents
Typically, this occurs when the child is between 8 and 10 years of age
CAUSE
The incisor is prevented from erupting into the arch because of the presence of a
heavy band of tissue physically obstructing eruption
TREATMENT
Treatment consists of surgically making a "window" in the tissue at the incisal edge
of the tooth. This opening is packed with a periodontal dressing for 1 to 2 weeks so
that the tissue does not heal back over the incisal edge,. The incisor tooth is then
allowed to erupt through the opening.
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24. Second Molar Impaction
Incidence 3 in every 1000 mandibular second molars.
The usual age at presentation is between 11 and 13 years
More often than not, the mesial marginal ridge of the second molar is
"caught" below the distal contact of the first molar.
The methods of uprighting these impacted teeth include
1. surgical repositioning and orthodontic repositioning
2.extract the second molars and allowing the third molars to erupt in
their place
3. autotransplantation;
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25. SURGICAL UPRIGHTING
Involves judicious amount of bone removed and exposure of the occlusal
surface of the tooth with deliberate wedging of the tooth between the
distal bone and the distal surface of the first molar tooth.
Drawbacks
Loss of vitality, stunted root formation, ankylosis, and resorption of the
second molar
Advantages
quick and easy procedure with minimal morbidity and good long-term
prognosis since the tooth is not removed from the socket, and in many
cases the apical vessels probably remain intact..
TRANSPLANTATION
There has also been very limited success in extracting the second molar
and transplanting the third molar into the second molar socket probably
because of the lack of bone remaining distal to the second molars. Pulpal
calcification and degenerative changes has been noted with transplanted
teeth.
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26. ORTHODONTIC UPRIGHTING
It is usually necessary to effect distalizing as well as eruptive forces.
To optimize distalization, it is advantageous to remove the third molar
teeth, if present.A variety of methods include separators, superelastic
wire ,open coil springs, and segmental springs. In mild impactions, all
that may be necessary is to "dislodge" the second molar from its
trapped position under the distal bulge of the first molar. This can be
accomplished either by a simple elastic separator or by using a twisted
brass wire inserted around the contact point.
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27. Mandibular second premolar
CAUSE
Crowding and space loss due to early extraction of the decidous
predecessor
Abnormal premolar orientation due to abnormal angulation of tooth
germ
Infraoccluded second decidous molars
TREATMENT OPTIONS
1.Space created for the impacted tooth
2. A single rigid bar may be bonded
or banded to the first premolar and
molar tooth.The impacted tooth is
directed with labial and extrusive
force www.indiandentalacademy.com
28. Ectopic Eruption
Ectopic eruption can be broadly defined as the emergenceof a tooth in a
site different from its normal location, in all three planes of space.
TREATMENT
The clinician needs to decide whether
the cuspid can be moved to its normal
position without causing or
exacerbating resorption of the adjacent
teeth. If the latter is not possible, then
canine extraction may be the best
treatment
Canine Ectopic Eruption
Incidence of approximately 0.9% to 2%.
Females are affected more often than are males.
Resorption is present in 12.5% of ectopically erupting canines.
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29. If the canine can be moved to its normal position without passing in
close proximity to other tooth roots or is actually moved from the
vicinity of a resorbing root, then orthodontically moving the tooth is
likely to be the best option.
If the amount of root structure resorbed by the ectopically erupting
canine was significant to reduce the lifespan of the resorbed tooth,
then it may be prudent to extract the resorbed tooth and allow the
canine to erupt in the place of the extracted tooth.Prosthodontic
treatment especially porcelain veneers are used.
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31. INTERCEPTIVE ORTHODONTICS
Selective extraction of the deciduous canines as early as 8 or 9
years of age has been suggested by Williams as an interceptive
approach to canine impaction in Class I uncrowded cases. Ericson
and Kurol suggested that removal of the deciduous canine before
the age of 11 years will normalize the position of the ectopically
erupting permanent canines in 91% of the cases if the canine crown
is distal to the midline of the lateral incisor. On the other hand, the
success rate is only 64% if the canine crown is mesial to the midline
of the lateral incisor
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32. Ectopic Eruption of First Permanent Molar Teeth
Local disturbance characterized by eruption of these teeth under the
distal undercut of the second primary molars and failure of the first
permanent molars to erupt to the normal occlusal plane.
Seen more in children with clefts.
Higher incidence in the maxilla (2% to 6%) than in the mandible
(~0.2%).
Two classes
Reversible defines a situation in which the permanent molar
can free itself from under the distal portion of the second deciduous
molar.
In the irreversible form, the permanent molar cannot free
itself. .
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33. CAUSES
small maxilla, posteriorly positioned maxilla relative to cranial base,
path of eruption of the maxillary first permanent molar, premature
eruption of this tooth with inadequate anterior movement of deciduous
dentition, mesiodistal widths of the maxillary first and second primary
molars, asynchronization between eruption of the maxillary first
permanent molar and tuberosity growth, and retarded eruption of the
dentition. Genetic influence is also postulated
CLASSIFICATION using the width of the marginal ridge of the first
permanent molar, was adapted from Harrison and Michal as follows:
0 normal or no sign of impaction
1 minimal lock or impacted less than half the width of the distal marginal
ridge
2 moderate lock or impacted more than half the width of the distal
marginal ridge but less than the width of the distal marginal ridge
3 severe lock or impacted more than the width of the distal marginal
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34. SEQUELAE
Ectopic eruption of the first permanent molar will result in premature
exfoliation of the second deciduous molar with a resultant loss of arch
length. The longer the impaction is continued, the more arch length will
be lost and the more difficult it will be to move the permanent molar
tooth from beneath the distal side of the deciduous molar tooth
TREATMENT OPTIONS
Should an unacceptable loss of arch length have occurred, space should
first be regained and then maintained. The space can be regained by a
removable appliance with a finger spring, headgear, bands on first
permanent molar, and second or first deciduous molars with an open coil
spring in between. These appliances may be useful regardless of
whether the second deciduous molar required extraction.
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35. If the second deciduous molar is kept in place, and its coronal mesial-
distal length has been unaltered, it may serve as a space maintainer.
However, if the second deciduous molar tooth has been lost, one of a
number of devices can be used to maintain the space. These include,
among others is, the band and loop appliance, a Nance appliance, a
lingual holding arch, and a removable retainer.
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36. Tooth Transposition
Tooth transposition is the eruption of a tooth in a space normally
occupied by another tooth..
Incomplete transposition is a condition describing an interchange in the
positions of the crowns of two permanent teeth within the same quadrant
of the dental arch, while the root apices remain in their relative
positions.
Complete transposition is a similar situation in which both the crowns
and the entire root structure are transposed.
Unilateral transposition on the left side is more frequent
seen often in females and in the maxilla.
Canine and first premolar transposition (55%) more often seen than
canine and lateral incisor (45%).
Mandibular tooth transpositions are seen less frequently
Decreasing order of occurrence : canine-first premolar; canine lateral
incisor; lateral incisor-central incisor; and canine-central incisor.
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37. CAUSE
Shapira and Kuftinec list the following: tooth buds interchange, retained
deciduous canines, migration of the erupting canine, heredity, bone
disease, and trauma to deciduous teeth in cases where dilaceration of the
permanent incisor roots is found adjacent to transposed teeth
Hitchin (1956), Platzer (1968), and Mader(1979) stated that it probably
occurs as a result of change in the usual preeruptive path of the
canine.Trauma to the deciduous dentition was suggested as the possible
cause for transposition in the cases with dilacerated teeth adjacent to
transposed teeth.
In the mandible the distal migration of the lateral incisor appears to be
the primary reason for the developing transposition.
Genetic factors have been offered as an explanation to the anomaly.
Bone disease,tumor or cyst, also may be responsible for the displacement
of the single canine, causing its transposition
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38. Characteristic features of maxillary canine and first premolars:
1.retained deciduous canine
2.permanent canine often blocked out buccally and mesio-labiall
rotated
3.the transposed first premolar rotated mesio-palatally upto 90o
4.transitional crowding in the transposed area
Characteristic feature of Maxillary canine and lateral incisor:
1retained deciduous canine
2.labially blocked out and often roated canine and lateral incisor
3.small lateral incisor and missing second premolars
4.Impaction of the canine and central incisor, most often on th
transposition side.
•
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39. INTERCEPTIVE APPROACH
When incipient transposition is detected early enough, interceptive
treatment should be initiated to remove retained deciduous teeth and
guide the ectopic tooth to its normal place in the arch.
TREATMENT OPTIONS
Generally it is preferable to move teeth to their correct positions in the
dental arch. 1.alignment of teeth in their transposed positions
2. extraction of one or both transposed teeth,
3.orthodontic movement to their correct positions in the arch.
CLINICAL FEATURES of Mn.I2.C transposition severe distal
tipping, displacement and rotation of the mandibular lateral incisor
as it erupts ectopically into the area normally reserved for the same-
side canine and first premolar. Later, the mandibular canine erupts
transposed mesially to the ectopic lateral incisor.
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40. Transpositions in the maxillary arch
In incomplete transposition, uprighting and rotating the involved teeth is
most often required.
To avoid root interference or resorption during treatment, and to prevent
bony loss at the cortical plate of the labially positioned canine, the
transposed tooth (premolar or lateral incisor) should first be moved
palatally, enough to allow for a free movement of the canine to its
normal place. Subsequently, the other transposed unit can be moved
labially, back to its normal position in the arch.
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41. Sometimes due to the difficulty of moving the roots past one another
without causing other damage, these teeth are optimally treated in their
transposed positions. They are orthodontically positioned as if they
belong in the space in which they have erupted and made aesthetically
more pleasing.
,
Transpositions in mandibular arch
If the mandibular canine and lateral incisor have already erupted in
their transposed position, correction to their normal position should
usually not be attempted.www.indiandentalacademy.com
42. Transmigration of mandibular canines
Displacement of teeth from one quadrant across the midline to the other
side, referred to as transmigration
Less than 20% of all transmigrating mandibular canines finally erupt and
become transpositions; the rest of them remain as nonerupted, impacted
teeth
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43. Infraocclusion of permanent teeth
Proffitt and Vig (1981) list the characteristics of primary failure of
eruption as
1.posterior teeth only excluding incisors
2.some erupt and undergo submergence as in infraoccluded teeth,others
are unerupted with a large follicle
3.decidous and permanent teeth involved
4.unilateral and asymmetric
5.tendency for ankylosis
6.orthodontic treatment leads to ankylosis
Orthodontic extrusive forces will have no effect on the infraoccluded
tooth.
TREATMENT OPTIONS
1.Proffitt and Vig suggest that orthodontic treatment in these patients is
not advisable
2.Even if attempted,procedure is surgical luxation with continous
orthodontic force. www.indiandentalacademy.com
44. Ankylosed teeth
A situation in which the cementum is directly fused to the bone,
presenting as a difficult problem for the patient and for the
orthodontist.
CAUSE
Several factors, such as endocrine or
metabolic diseases, as well as local
conditions, such as periapical
infections, trauma, and previous
surgical procedures are possible
causes.
CLINICAL FEATURES
The diagnosis is based on the lack of tooth movement and by
percussion when a dull sound is obtained. When the ankylosis involves
the proximal root areas, it can be seen in periapical radiographs.www.indiandentalacademy.com
45. TREATMENT OPTIONS
The best treatment according to Proffit is the surgical luxation of the
tooth followed by orthodontic traction.
In the case of a severely ankylosed and malpositioned tooth, one
should the following are treatment options:
1. Exodontia followed by reimplantation. External resorption usually
occurs .
2. Exodontia followed by placement of an osseointegrated implant and
hydroxiapatite
3. Exodontia followed by prosthetic rehabilitation, and
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46. 4. The single-tooth dento-osseous osteotomy is a feasible
procedure for upper ankylosed teeth because of the favorable
vascularity of the maxilla.Ideally, the best time to perform this
type of osteotomy would be after the facial growth has been
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47. Dilacerated tooth
CAUSE
Often trauma is inflicted on the deciduous maxillary incisor in superior
and posterior directions will cause the crown of the unerupted permanent
tooth to rotate upwards in its crypt.The formed part of the root will rotate
with the crown. But any further root development in the post trauma
period will continue in the same direction as before, leading to a typical
dilacerated central incisor.
Other causes are the loss of deciduous incisor may lead to scaring along
the eruption path deflecting the erupting tooth. The developmental origin
has also been suggested as an alternative.
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48. APICAL ROOT DILACERATION
If the dilacerations is situated apical to the coronal third of the root,
orthodontic alignment will result in excellent prognosis.
TREATMENT OPTIONS:
In most cases, the palatal surface of the crown is bonded and extrusive
force is applied. As the crown of the tooth rotates downwards, the root
apex rotates towards the labial plate of the bone. The labially directed
portion of the root is sectioned and the root canal is obliterated using a
combined conventional (coronal) and retrograde endodontic approach.
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49. CROWN DILACERATION
TREATMENT OPTIONS
The attachment is placed on the labial surface and orthodontic force will
bring the root portion of the tooth from its more palatally displaced
location close to its normal position.
The restorative treatment is indicated later.
PROGNOSIS
Long term prognosis of dilacerated tooth is poor and their extraction and
replacement is probably a part of the long term treatment strategy.
Orthodontic alignment of the dilacerated tooth will bring with it
much alveolar bone. Retention of a very short rooted endodontically
treated tooth will preserve the normal shape of the alveolar ridge.
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50. Traumatically intruded tooth
Predominantly involves the maxillary anterior teeth.
Sequelae often includes pulp necrosis, pulp obliteration, root resorption,
ankylosis, and loss of marginal bone.
TREATMENT OPTIONS
Most reported cases of permanent tooth reeruption have been those with
incomplete root formation. Traumatically intruded permanent teeth with
closed apices do not re-erupt as often. ( BRUSZT 1958, ANDREASEN
1970 )
Light extrusive forces are applied after the time that the periodontal
fibres have begun to reunite and in the earlier stages of organization of
the blood clot,but before the laying down of bone i.e 10 –28 days post
trauma
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51. A button is placed on the labial of the intruded tooth and the labial
bow of a removable plate is divided at the midline and activated
vertically downwards against the button.
Once the tooth erupts root canal therapy is initiated and
permanent restoration is placed.
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52. Congenitally Missing Teeth
Hypodontia, is the most commonly encountered anomaly in humans.
After taking into account third molars, the most commonly missing
teeth are the second premolars and maxillary lateral incisors.
It is important to note that different races have different predilections
for congenitally missing teeth. For instance, the most commonly
missing teeth in the Asian dentition are the mandibular incisors.
Also seen in ectodermal dysplastic patients
CAUSE
The causes of hypodontia can at best be termed multifactorial.
Missense in MSX1 gene appears to be responsible to the agenesis
of second premolars and third molars. PAX9, a gene is associated
with tooth agenesis. A frame shift mutation is associated with
autosomal dominant oligodontia.
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53. TREATMENT OPTIONS
1. If there is crowding anticipated in the arch, then the missing tooth may
be used like an extraction space.
2 Otherwise, the space can be restored by fixed and removable partial
dentures, resin-bonded partial denture, or an osseointegrated implant
anchoring a fixed restoration. The goal of the orthodontic treatment, is to
close or redistribute the space so as to optimize the occlusal and aesthetic
effectiveness of the prosthetic restorations.
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54. 3.Autotransplantation According to Slagsvold and Bjercke,
premolar transplantations performed at any stage before complete
root formation The use of autotransplantations can be a valuable
alternative to implantation, a method complicated in children by
the involution of alveolar bone after the early loss of teeth.
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55. MISSING MAXILLARY LATERAL INCISORS
TREATMENT OPTIONS
Treatment plans are either space closure or space reopening.
Space reopening involves creating space for the missing teeth with
implants or resin bonded bridges.
Space closure is achieved by the mesial movement of the cuspids and
the bicuspids replacing the lateral incisor and the canine respectively.
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56. SPACE CONSOLIDATION
•Esthetic recontouring of cuspid to a more ideal lateral incisor shape
and size, by grinding and composite resin or porcelain laminate
veneers.
•Intentional whitening by vital bleaching of a yellowish cuspid
•Careful correction of the crown torque of a mesially relocated
cuspid, along with the provision of optimal torque for the mesially
moved maxillary first and second premolar..
•Individualized extrusion and intrusion during the mesial movement
of the cuspids and first bicuspids respectively to obtain an optimum
level for the marginal gingival contours of the anterior teeth.
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57. •Nordquist has shown that an adequate group function occlusion
can be obtained with the first bicuspids substituting for the
cuspids. Increasing the width and the length of the mesially moved
first bicuspids with composite resin and porcelain laminate
veneers so as to achieve even cuspid protected guidance.
•Localized clinical crown lengthening procedures
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58. Advantages of space closures are
(i) The treatment result is permanent.
(ii) Normal gingival topography around the mesially relocated
cuspids is created, which is crucial especially in patients with high
smile lines.
(iii) Cost effective since no implants or prosthetic replacements are
needed.
Disadvantages of space reopening are:
(i) Commits the patient to a life long artificial restoration in the
most visible area of the mouth where the tooth shade and
transparency along with gingival colour, contour and marginal
levels are critical.
(ii) Unaesthetic “blueing” of the marginal gingivae or even
disclosure of the implant margins is seen after several years.
(iii) The implant and the final restoration cannot usually be placed
until all the skeletal growth is completed and tooth eruption is
ceased. www.indiandentalacademy.com
59. MISSING MANDIBULAR INCISORS
Four main theories
Heredity or familial distribution has been suggested as the primary
cause. Second, anomalies in the development of the mandibular
symphysis may affect the dental tissues forming the tooth buds of the
lower incisors
Third, a reduction in the dentition is regarded by some researchers as
nature's attempt to fit the shortened dental arches.
Finally, localized inflammation or infections in the jaw may have
destroyed the tooth buds, or disturbance of the endocrine system may
have caused an ectodermal dysplasia.
Congenitally missing mandibular incisors are occasionally noted in
orthodontic treatment.
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60. TREATMENT OPTIONS
1.the creation of space for a fixed prosthesis to replace the missing
incisors,
2.the removal of maxillary premolars or a lateral incisor to balance
the deficient mandibular tooth material,
3.consolidation of the mandibular incisor spaces to facilitate
correction of the malocclusion.
Evidently the unusual occlusions of six maxillary anteriors occluding
with four or five mandibular incisors did not play a part in causing
temporomandibular joint problems.
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61. Supernumerary Teeth
Supernumerary teeth can be defined as those teeth in excess of the
normal dental formula.
Males are affected approximately twice as frequently as females in the
permanent dentition.
Descending order of occurrence; the mesiodenslocated between the
central incisor teeth, the maxillary third molar, the mandibular third
molar, mandibular premolar, mandibular incisor, and maxillary
premolar regions.
Occur in conjunction with cleft palate and cleidocranial dysostosis, but
more commonly seen among otherwise normal, healthy persons
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62. CAUSE
Supernumerary teeth may occur as isolated dental findings or as
part of a syndrome; cleidocranial dysostosis,Gardener`s
syndrome.Assumed to be polygenic in most instances.
supernumerary tooth is suggested to be a result of dichotomy of a
tooth bud.
CLASSIFICATION
When classified by location, they are termed as mesiodens, between
the maxillary central incisors; paramolars, usually between the
second and third molars; retromolar, distal to the third molars; and
parapremolars, in the premolar region.
The shapes are divided into supplemental and rudimentary.
Supplemental teeth have a normal size and shape and are difficult to
distinguish from a "normal tooth." Rudimentary teeth are further
divided into conical, tubercular, and molariform.www.indiandentalacademy.com
63. SEQUELAE OF SUPERNUMERARY TOOTH
The position of the supernumerary teeth can cause crowding, malalignment or
disruption of proper eruption of the normal dentition or may lead to the development
of dentigerous or primordial cysts, root resorption of adjacent teeth or inversion of
the supernumerary into the nasal cavity. Because of these disruptions, it is usually
necessary to extract the supernumerary tooth or teeth to correctly align the dental
arches, or to allow for proper eruption.
In a small number of instances, the shape and position of the supernumerary tooth as
well as an excess of space in the dental arch will allow the supernumerary tooth to be
maintained as a part of the functioning dental unit
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64. TREATMENT OPTIONS
Early surgical excision is advised only if they are actually interfering
with the development or eruption of a permanent tooth, particularly an
incisor.
Aside from this, there is much to commend leaving
them untreated until the full permanent dentition has developed and
the ideal time for orthodontic treatment is at hand. This achieves
several purposes:
1. A reasonable observation period is allowed to determine if other
supernumerary teeth will calcify, so that surgery can be limited to one
session.
2. Surgical removal of supernumerary teeth may inflict damage on
unerupted teeth.
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65. CONCLUSION
The orthodontist needs to carefully evaluate developing
dentitions for eruptive anomalies during screening procedures as
these problems of eruption can be identified early and preventive
as well as interceptive or active orthodontics can be instituted
as early as possible.
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