Equations
•Download as PPT, PDF•
0 likes•730 views
This document discusses key chemistry concepts including chemical formulas, the periodic table, word equations, chemical equations, balancing equations, relative atomic mass, relative formula mass, and using chemical equations to perform calculations to determine unknown quantities. It provides an overview of these fundamental topics that are important for understanding chemistry.
Report
Share
Report
Share
![Chemical Formula ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Chemical Formula](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/equations-091104055125-phpapp02/85/Equations-1-320.jpg)
Recommended
Chemical equilibrium
This document discusses chemical equilibrium, which occurs when the rate of the forward reaction equals the rate of the reverse reaction in a closed system. It defines the equilibrium constant (Kc) and explains that a high Kc value means a high product yield, while a low Kc means a low product yield. It also describes Le Chatelier's Principle, which states that applying stress to a system in equilibrium will cause the equilibrium to shift to reduce the effect of the stress, and discusses how temperature, concentration, and pressure influence the position and value of equilibrium constants.
Chemical Equilibrium
This document outlines 3 main concepts regarding chemical equilibrium: 1) how to write and use the equilibrium constant K, noting that K depends only on temperature, 2) how to apply Le Chatelier's principle to predict the direction a system shifts in response to changes in conditions, and 3) how to perform equilibrium calculations using ICE tables to find K or equilibrium concentrations/partial pressures.
Laws of conservation and balancing
The document provides an overview of chemical reactions and equations. It explains that a chemical reaction requires fuel, oxygen, and heat to occur. It also discusses how to write and balance chemical equations so that the number of atoms are equal on both sides according to the law of conservation of mass
QSAR by hansch analysis
This document provides an introduction to Quantitative Structure Activity Relationships (QSAR) analysis using Hansch analysis. It discusses how QSAR attempts to correlate biological activity to measurable physicochemical properties of drugs using mathematical equations. It covers key topics like hydrophobicity, electronic effects, and steric effects of drug molecules and substituents. The document also explains the Hansch equation that relates biological activity to parameters like hydrophobicity (π), electronic effects (σ), and steric effects (Es). Examples of QSAR analyses and a table of common substituent parameters are also included.
Stoichiometry
Stoichiometry is defined as:
1) The ratio of moles of one substance to moles of another substance in a balanced chemical equation.
2) The branch of chemistry that quantifies the substances in a chemical reaction.
3) The study of proportional (quantitative) relationships between two or more substances during a chemical reaction.
Chemical reactions
This document defines key concepts in chemistry including:
1. Chemical reactions involve rearranging the atoms of one or more substances to form different substances. Reactants and products make up a chemical reaction.
2. There are several types of chemical reactions including synthesis, combustion, decomposition, single replacement, and double replacement reactions.
3. A balanced chemical equation has the same number of atoms of each element on both sides of the equation. Balancing involves adding coefficients without changing subscripts or formulas.
Chemistry i ia – week iii blog version
This document provides an agenda for a Chemistry II class. It includes completing chapter reviews, presentations, a molecule simulation lab, learning about chemical naming and composition, working on a final project, and covering content in Chapter 7 including chemical formulas, binary compounds, acids and salts, oxidation numbers, and calculating molecular formulas. Homework includes reviewing Chapter 7 and advancing work on a final project.
Chemical reactions
This document discusses key concepts in chemical reactions and equations. It defines different types of chemical reactions like single displacement, synthesis, and decomposition reactions. It also explains important laws like the law of conservation of energy and mass. It defines exothermic and endothermic reactions as well as concepts like activation energy, catalysts, and inhibitors. Finally, it provides steps for balancing chemical equations.
Recommended
Chemical equilibrium
This document discusses chemical equilibrium, which occurs when the rate of the forward reaction equals the rate of the reverse reaction in a closed system. It defines the equilibrium constant (Kc) and explains that a high Kc value means a high product yield, while a low Kc means a low product yield. It also describes Le Chatelier's Principle, which states that applying stress to a system in equilibrium will cause the equilibrium to shift to reduce the effect of the stress, and discusses how temperature, concentration, and pressure influence the position and value of equilibrium constants.
Chemical Equilibrium
This document outlines 3 main concepts regarding chemical equilibrium: 1) how to write and use the equilibrium constant K, noting that K depends only on temperature, 2) how to apply Le Chatelier's principle to predict the direction a system shifts in response to changes in conditions, and 3) how to perform equilibrium calculations using ICE tables to find K or equilibrium concentrations/partial pressures.
Laws of conservation and balancing
The document provides an overview of chemical reactions and equations. It explains that a chemical reaction requires fuel, oxygen, and heat to occur. It also discusses how to write and balance chemical equations so that the number of atoms are equal on both sides according to the law of conservation of mass
QSAR by hansch analysis
This document provides an introduction to Quantitative Structure Activity Relationships (QSAR) analysis using Hansch analysis. It discusses how QSAR attempts to correlate biological activity to measurable physicochemical properties of drugs using mathematical equations. It covers key topics like hydrophobicity, electronic effects, and steric effects of drug molecules and substituents. The document also explains the Hansch equation that relates biological activity to parameters like hydrophobicity (π), electronic effects (σ), and steric effects (Es). Examples of QSAR analyses and a table of common substituent parameters are also included.
Stoichiometry
Stoichiometry is defined as:
1) The ratio of moles of one substance to moles of another substance in a balanced chemical equation.
2) The branch of chemistry that quantifies the substances in a chemical reaction.
3) The study of proportional (quantitative) relationships between two or more substances during a chemical reaction.
Chemical reactions
This document defines key concepts in chemistry including:
1. Chemical reactions involve rearranging the atoms of one or more substances to form different substances. Reactants and products make up a chemical reaction.
2. There are several types of chemical reactions including synthesis, combustion, decomposition, single replacement, and double replacement reactions.
3. A balanced chemical equation has the same number of atoms of each element on both sides of the equation. Balancing involves adding coefficients without changing subscripts or formulas.
Chemistry i ia – week iii blog version
This document provides an agenda for a Chemistry II class. It includes completing chapter reviews, presentations, a molecule simulation lab, learning about chemical naming and composition, working on a final project, and covering content in Chapter 7 including chemical formulas, binary compounds, acids and salts, oxidation numbers, and calculating molecular formulas. Homework includes reviewing Chapter 7 and advancing work on a final project.
Chemical reactions
This document discusses key concepts in chemical reactions and equations. It defines different types of chemical reactions like single displacement, synthesis, and decomposition reactions. It also explains important laws like the law of conservation of energy and mass. It defines exothermic and endothermic reactions as well as concepts like activation energy, catalysts, and inhibitors. Finally, it provides steps for balancing chemical equations.
Least action parametric quantification of ad na k at-pase in e-e compensation
1) The document discusses Gibbs molar action and its relation to enzyme kinetics formulas involving rate constants and Gibbs free energy.
2) It references the work of scientists who studied homeokinetics and homeodynamics as related to enzyme action.
3) The document includes a figure from a study comparing the temperature dependence of Na,K-ATPase activity in Alzheimer's disease and control brain tissue membranes.
Bioenergetics
This document discusses key concepts in bioenergetics including the first and second laws of thermodynamics. It defines bioenergetics as the study of energy changes that accompany biochemical reactions. The first law states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed between forms. The second law introduces the concept of entropy, which is a measure of disorder or randomness in a system. The document also defines other important energy terms such as free energy, entropy, and enthalpy.
Reactants, products, catalysts
The document discusses key concepts in chemical reactions including: balanced chemical equations show the same number and type of atoms on both sides of the reaction arrow; the law of conservation of mass states the total mass of reactants equals the total mass of products; reactants are the starting chemicals and products are the chemicals formed; and catalysts such as heat can be added to speed up reactions without being used up in the reaction itself.
Fuel cell thermodynamics (2)
The document discusses the thermodynamics of fuel cells. It explains that thermodynamics is essential for understanding fuel cell performance as fuel cells convert chemical energy to electrical energy. The key thermodynamic concepts covered include entropy, enthalpy, Gibbs free energy, and how they relate to the maximum reversible voltage and efficiency of hydrogen fuel cells. Irreversible losses that decrease the actual voltage from the theoretical maximum are also discussed.
3 chemical reactions
A chemical reaction involves reactants being changed into products through rearrangement of atoms. A balanced chemical equation shows the reactants on the left and products on the right, with coefficients added to make the number of each type of atom equal on both sides. Examples of balanced equations include reactions between magnesium and oxygen, silver nitrate and sodium chloride, and sodium bromide and chlorine.
Le chatelier’s principle 2
Henry Louis Le Châtelier, a French scientist, developed Le Châtelier's principle which states that if a system at equilibrium experiences a change in concentration, temperature, or pressure, the equilibrium will shift to counteract the change and re-establish equilibrium. The document discusses Le Châtelier's principle and how chemical equilibriums respond to changes in concentration, pressure, temperature, catalyst addition, and inert gas addition. Examples are provided to illustrate how the equilibrium shifts under different conditions according to Le Châtelier's principle.
Le Chatelier's Principle
Le Chatelier's Principle states that if conditions of a system at equilibrium are changed, the equilibrium will shift to counteract the imposed change. Specifically:
- Increasing the concentration of a reactant will shift the equilibrium towards products.
- Decreasing the concentration of a reactant will shift equilibrium towards reactants.
- Increasing pressure of a gaseous reaction will shift equilibrium towards the side with fewer moles of gas.
- Increasing temperature of an endothermic reaction shifts equilibrium towards reactants, while an exothermic reaction shifts towards products.
Chapter 7 chemical eqilibrium
This document provides an overview of chemical equilibrium including:
- The law of mass action and how equilibrium is reached through forward and reverse reactions.
- Factors that affect equilibrium position including concentration, pressure, temperature, and catalyst addition based on Le Chatelier's principle.
- Applications of the equilibrium constant including predicting reaction direction and extent.
- Industrial uses of equilibrium concepts such as the Haber process for ammonia synthesis which applies pressure, temperature and product removal.
Chemical equilibrium
Chemical equilibrium occurs when the rates of the forward and reverse reactions of a chemical reaction are equal. At equilibrium, the concentrations of reactants and products remain constant over time as molecules are continually reacting in both the forward and reverse directions at the same rate. The equilibrium constant, Kc, can be used to define chemical equilibrium for a reaction at a given temperature and represents the ratio of the concentrations of products over reactants when the system reaches equilibrium. Factors such as concentration, pressure, volume, and temperature can influence the position of equilibrium in a chemical reaction.
Rates ofreactionandequilibrium slides
The document discusses reaction rates, equilibrium, and kinetics in chemistry. It defines kinetics as the study of reaction rates. Collision theory states that for a reaction to occur upon collision, the collision must be correct in orientation and energy. Factors like concentration, temperature, surface area, and catalysts affect reaction rates. Equilibrium is established when the forward and reverse reaction rates are equal. The equilibrium constant expression shows the ratio of products to reactants at equilibrium. The reaction quotient can be used to determine if a system is at equilibrium by comparing it to the equilibrium constant.
le chatelier's principle
Le Chatelier's Principle describes how chemical equilibriums respond to changes in conditions. When volume decreases, pressure increases, so the equilibrium shifts to reduce pressure by producing more products from fewer reactants. When temperature increases, the equilibrium shifts to absorb the extra heat by moving left to favor the endothermic reaction of reactants forming products.
Chem 2 - Chemical Equilibrium X: Le Chatelier's Principle and Temperature Cha...
This document discusses how temperature changes act as a stress on chemical equilibriums according to Le Chatelier's principle. It explains that increasing the temperature of an endothermic reaction shifts the equilibrium toward reactants, while decreasing the temperature shifts it toward products. For exothermic reactions, increasing the temperature shifts the equilibrium toward products, while decreasing the temperature shifts it toward reactants. This is because temperature changes are adding or removing heat, which acts as a reactant in endothermic reactions and a product in exothermic reactions.
Chapter 18
1) The rate of a chemical reaction depends on factors like temperature, concentration, particle size, and the use of catalysts. Increasing temperature or concentration generally increases the reaction rate.
2) According to collision theory, particles must collide with sufficient kinetic energy, known as the activation energy, to react. Catalysts lower the activation energy needed for reactions.
3) For reversible reactions, an equilibrium is reached when the rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal. Equilibrium can be influenced by changing concentrations, temperature, or pressure based on Le Chatelier's principle.
Radicals
This document discusses powers and radicals. It defines a radical as an expression denoted as , where n is the index and a is the radicand. There are different cases for the number of roots of a radical depending on if the radicand is positive or negative and if the exponent is even or odd. Radicals can be expressed as powers by making the denominator of a fractional exponent equal to the index of the radical. Equivalent radicals are obtained by multiplying or dividing the index and exponent by the same natural number. Simplifying radicals involves dividing out common factors between the index and exponent. Adding and multiplying radicals requires them to have the same index and radicand, while dividing involves reducing to a common index first.
Lecture 6
The document discusses how the electronic distribution of a drug molecule influences its biological activity and interactions with target sites. It introduces the Hammett constants which quantify electronic effects of substituents on aromatic rings. Hansch analysis attempts to mathematically relate drug activity to measurable chemical and physical properties using parameters like Hammett constants, molar refractivity, and steric factors. Craig plots provide a visual representation of substituent electronic properties.
Chemical dynamics, intro,rrk, rrkm theory by dr. y. s. thakare
1) The document discusses various theories of unimolecular reaction kinetics including the Lindemann theory, Hinshelwood theory, RRK theory, and RRKM theory.
2) The RRK (Rice-Ramsperger-Kassel) theory was extended and redefined by Marcus in 1951-1952 to form the RRKM (Rice-Ramsperger-Kassel-Marcus) theory.
3) The RRKM theory is widely used today to interpret thermal and photochemical reactions. It models reactions using a set of coupled classical harmonic oscillators and calculates reaction rates by summing over the accessible quantum states.
States of matter
The document discusses the three states of matter - solids, liquids, and gases. It describes their characteristic properties at a microscopic level, including that particles in solids are locked in place, liquids flow freely but maintain a fixed volume, and gases spread freely and assume the shape of their container. It also discusses intermolecular and intramolecular forces, different types of intermolecular forces, gas laws, the kinetic molecular theory of gases, behavior of real gases, and properties of liquids.
Bioenergetics and thermodynamics
This document discusses bioenergetics and the laws of thermodynamics. It defines bioenergetics as the quantitative study of energy transduction in living cells, including the release, storage, and use of energy along with the chemical processes underlying these changes. It describes the first and second laws of thermodynamics and how living systems are open systems that exchange both material and energy with their surroundings. It also discusses concepts like Gibbs free energy, entropy, and how cells couple endergonic reactions to exergonic ones through ATP to drive cellular processes.
Chemical formulae and equations
Chemical formulas and equations are used to represent chemical reactions and compounds. A chemical formula uses symbols to show the proportions of atoms in a compound without specifying structure. Empirical formulas show only atomic ratios while molecular formulas show exact atom counts. Structural formulas depict molecular structure and bonding. Skeletal formulas simplify complex organic structures by implying carbon and hydrogen atoms. Empirical formulas give the simplest whole number ratio of elements in a compound without isotopes or structure. Chemical equations balance reactants and products to represent chemical reactions, while ionic and half equations break reactions into component ion exchanges.
Chemical formulae and equations
Chemical formulas and equations can be used to represent chemical reactions and molecular structures. A chemical formula uses symbols to show the proportions of atoms in a compound, while a structural formula depicts how the atoms are arranged within a molecule. Skeletal formulas represent more complex organic molecules using lines and implied hydrogens. An empirical formula gives the simplest whole number ratio of elements in a compound without specifying structure. Chemical equations balance chemical reactions by relating reactants on the left side to products on the right side. Ionic equations show dissociated ions and electron half equations break reactions into separate parts for each ion involved.
Percent-Composition-Chemical-equation-and-reaction.pptx
This is presentation seeks to enhance our further understanding in the field of General Chemistry STEM 12
Mole Ratio.pptx
The document discusses stoichiometry and using mole ratios to calculate amounts of substances in a chemical reaction. It provides an example of using the mole ratio from a balanced chemical equation between iron (III) oxide and aluminum to calculate how many moles of aluminum are needed to fully react with a given amount of iron (III) oxide. It also works through an example of using a mole ratio to calculate the grams of sodium hydroxide needed to fully react with 3.10 grams of sulfuric acid based on the balanced equation. Mole ratios allow conversion between amounts of any two substances involved in a chemical reaction.
More Related Content
What's hot
Least action parametric quantification of ad na k at-pase in e-e compensation
1) The document discusses Gibbs molar action and its relation to enzyme kinetics formulas involving rate constants and Gibbs free energy.
2) It references the work of scientists who studied homeokinetics and homeodynamics as related to enzyme action.
3) The document includes a figure from a study comparing the temperature dependence of Na,K-ATPase activity in Alzheimer's disease and control brain tissue membranes.
Bioenergetics
This document discusses key concepts in bioenergetics including the first and second laws of thermodynamics. It defines bioenergetics as the study of energy changes that accompany biochemical reactions. The first law states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed between forms. The second law introduces the concept of entropy, which is a measure of disorder or randomness in a system. The document also defines other important energy terms such as free energy, entropy, and enthalpy.
Reactants, products, catalysts
The document discusses key concepts in chemical reactions including: balanced chemical equations show the same number and type of atoms on both sides of the reaction arrow; the law of conservation of mass states the total mass of reactants equals the total mass of products; reactants are the starting chemicals and products are the chemicals formed; and catalysts such as heat can be added to speed up reactions without being used up in the reaction itself.
Fuel cell thermodynamics (2)
The document discusses the thermodynamics of fuel cells. It explains that thermodynamics is essential for understanding fuel cell performance as fuel cells convert chemical energy to electrical energy. The key thermodynamic concepts covered include entropy, enthalpy, Gibbs free energy, and how they relate to the maximum reversible voltage and efficiency of hydrogen fuel cells. Irreversible losses that decrease the actual voltage from the theoretical maximum are also discussed.
3 chemical reactions
A chemical reaction involves reactants being changed into products through rearrangement of atoms. A balanced chemical equation shows the reactants on the left and products on the right, with coefficients added to make the number of each type of atom equal on both sides. Examples of balanced equations include reactions between magnesium and oxygen, silver nitrate and sodium chloride, and sodium bromide and chlorine.
Le chatelier’s principle 2
Henry Louis Le Châtelier, a French scientist, developed Le Châtelier's principle which states that if a system at equilibrium experiences a change in concentration, temperature, or pressure, the equilibrium will shift to counteract the change and re-establish equilibrium. The document discusses Le Châtelier's principle and how chemical equilibriums respond to changes in concentration, pressure, temperature, catalyst addition, and inert gas addition. Examples are provided to illustrate how the equilibrium shifts under different conditions according to Le Châtelier's principle.
Le Chatelier's Principle
Le Chatelier's Principle states that if conditions of a system at equilibrium are changed, the equilibrium will shift to counteract the imposed change. Specifically:
- Increasing the concentration of a reactant will shift the equilibrium towards products.
- Decreasing the concentration of a reactant will shift equilibrium towards reactants.
- Increasing pressure of a gaseous reaction will shift equilibrium towards the side with fewer moles of gas.
- Increasing temperature of an endothermic reaction shifts equilibrium towards reactants, while an exothermic reaction shifts towards products.
Chapter 7 chemical eqilibrium
This document provides an overview of chemical equilibrium including:
- The law of mass action and how equilibrium is reached through forward and reverse reactions.
- Factors that affect equilibrium position including concentration, pressure, temperature, and catalyst addition based on Le Chatelier's principle.
- Applications of the equilibrium constant including predicting reaction direction and extent.
- Industrial uses of equilibrium concepts such as the Haber process for ammonia synthesis which applies pressure, temperature and product removal.
Chemical equilibrium
Chemical equilibrium occurs when the rates of the forward and reverse reactions of a chemical reaction are equal. At equilibrium, the concentrations of reactants and products remain constant over time as molecules are continually reacting in both the forward and reverse directions at the same rate. The equilibrium constant, Kc, can be used to define chemical equilibrium for a reaction at a given temperature and represents the ratio of the concentrations of products over reactants when the system reaches equilibrium. Factors such as concentration, pressure, volume, and temperature can influence the position of equilibrium in a chemical reaction.
Rates ofreactionandequilibrium slides
The document discusses reaction rates, equilibrium, and kinetics in chemistry. It defines kinetics as the study of reaction rates. Collision theory states that for a reaction to occur upon collision, the collision must be correct in orientation and energy. Factors like concentration, temperature, surface area, and catalysts affect reaction rates. Equilibrium is established when the forward and reverse reaction rates are equal. The equilibrium constant expression shows the ratio of products to reactants at equilibrium. The reaction quotient can be used to determine if a system is at equilibrium by comparing it to the equilibrium constant.
le chatelier's principle
Le Chatelier's Principle describes how chemical equilibriums respond to changes in conditions. When volume decreases, pressure increases, so the equilibrium shifts to reduce pressure by producing more products from fewer reactants. When temperature increases, the equilibrium shifts to absorb the extra heat by moving left to favor the endothermic reaction of reactants forming products.
Chem 2 - Chemical Equilibrium X: Le Chatelier's Principle and Temperature Cha...
This document discusses how temperature changes act as a stress on chemical equilibriums according to Le Chatelier's principle. It explains that increasing the temperature of an endothermic reaction shifts the equilibrium toward reactants, while decreasing the temperature shifts it toward products. For exothermic reactions, increasing the temperature shifts the equilibrium toward products, while decreasing the temperature shifts it toward reactants. This is because temperature changes are adding or removing heat, which acts as a reactant in endothermic reactions and a product in exothermic reactions.
Chapter 18
1) The rate of a chemical reaction depends on factors like temperature, concentration, particle size, and the use of catalysts. Increasing temperature or concentration generally increases the reaction rate.
2) According to collision theory, particles must collide with sufficient kinetic energy, known as the activation energy, to react. Catalysts lower the activation energy needed for reactions.
3) For reversible reactions, an equilibrium is reached when the rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal. Equilibrium can be influenced by changing concentrations, temperature, or pressure based on Le Chatelier's principle.
Radicals
This document discusses powers and radicals. It defines a radical as an expression denoted as , where n is the index and a is the radicand. There are different cases for the number of roots of a radical depending on if the radicand is positive or negative and if the exponent is even or odd. Radicals can be expressed as powers by making the denominator of a fractional exponent equal to the index of the radical. Equivalent radicals are obtained by multiplying or dividing the index and exponent by the same natural number. Simplifying radicals involves dividing out common factors between the index and exponent. Adding and multiplying radicals requires them to have the same index and radicand, while dividing involves reducing to a common index first.
Lecture 6
The document discusses how the electronic distribution of a drug molecule influences its biological activity and interactions with target sites. It introduces the Hammett constants which quantify electronic effects of substituents on aromatic rings. Hansch analysis attempts to mathematically relate drug activity to measurable chemical and physical properties using parameters like Hammett constants, molar refractivity, and steric factors. Craig plots provide a visual representation of substituent electronic properties.
Chemical dynamics, intro,rrk, rrkm theory by dr. y. s. thakare
1) The document discusses various theories of unimolecular reaction kinetics including the Lindemann theory, Hinshelwood theory, RRK theory, and RRKM theory.
2) The RRK (Rice-Ramsperger-Kassel) theory was extended and redefined by Marcus in 1951-1952 to form the RRKM (Rice-Ramsperger-Kassel-Marcus) theory.
3) The RRKM theory is widely used today to interpret thermal and photochemical reactions. It models reactions using a set of coupled classical harmonic oscillators and calculates reaction rates by summing over the accessible quantum states.
States of matter
The document discusses the three states of matter - solids, liquids, and gases. It describes their characteristic properties at a microscopic level, including that particles in solids are locked in place, liquids flow freely but maintain a fixed volume, and gases spread freely and assume the shape of their container. It also discusses intermolecular and intramolecular forces, different types of intermolecular forces, gas laws, the kinetic molecular theory of gases, behavior of real gases, and properties of liquids.
Bioenergetics and thermodynamics
This document discusses bioenergetics and the laws of thermodynamics. It defines bioenergetics as the quantitative study of energy transduction in living cells, including the release, storage, and use of energy along with the chemical processes underlying these changes. It describes the first and second laws of thermodynamics and how living systems are open systems that exchange both material and energy with their surroundings. It also discusses concepts like Gibbs free energy, entropy, and how cells couple endergonic reactions to exergonic ones through ATP to drive cellular processes.
What's hot (18)
Least action parametric quantification of ad na k at-pase in e-e compensation
Least action parametric quantification of ad na k at-pase in e-e compensation
Chem 2 - Chemical Equilibrium X: Le Chatelier's Principle and Temperature Cha...
Chem 2 - Chemical Equilibrium X: Le Chatelier's Principle and Temperature Cha...
Chemical dynamics, intro,rrk, rrkm theory by dr. y. s. thakare
Chemical dynamics, intro,rrk, rrkm theory by dr. y. s. thakare
Similar to Equations
Chemical formulae and equations
Chemical formulas and equations are used to represent chemical reactions and compounds. A chemical formula uses symbols to show the proportions of atoms in a compound without specifying structure. Empirical formulas show only atomic ratios while molecular formulas show exact atom counts. Structural formulas depict molecular structure and bonding. Skeletal formulas simplify complex organic structures by implying carbon and hydrogen atoms. Empirical formulas give the simplest whole number ratio of elements in a compound without isotopes or structure. Chemical equations balance reactants and products to represent chemical reactions, while ionic and half equations break reactions into component ion exchanges.
Chemical formulae and equations
Chemical formulas and equations can be used to represent chemical reactions and molecular structures. A chemical formula uses symbols to show the proportions of atoms in a compound, while a structural formula depicts how the atoms are arranged within a molecule. Skeletal formulas represent more complex organic molecules using lines and implied hydrogens. An empirical formula gives the simplest whole number ratio of elements in a compound without specifying structure. Chemical equations balance chemical reactions by relating reactants on the left side to products on the right side. Ionic equations show dissociated ions and electron half equations break reactions into separate parts for each ion involved.
Percent-Composition-Chemical-equation-and-reaction.pptx
This is presentation seeks to enhance our further understanding in the field of General Chemistry STEM 12
Mole Ratio.pptx
The document discusses stoichiometry and using mole ratios to calculate amounts of substances in a chemical reaction. It provides an example of using the mole ratio from a balanced chemical equation between iron (III) oxide and aluminum to calculate how many moles of aluminum are needed to fully react with a given amount of iron (III) oxide. It also works through an example of using a mole ratio to calculate the grams of sodium hydroxide needed to fully react with 3.10 grams of sulfuric acid based on the balanced equation. Mole ratios allow conversion between amounts of any two substances involved in a chemical reaction.
notes-chemicalequations-131017003253-phpapp01.pptx
The document discusses chemical equations and balancing chemical reactions. It explains that a chemical equation uses symbols to represent chemical reactions and must follow the law of conservation of mass, which states that the number and type of atoms on both sides of a chemical reaction must be equal. Balancing chemical equations involves adding coefficients to reactants and products so the number of each type of atom is the same on both sides of the reaction.
Chemical reactions & equations
This document summarizes a science project on chemical reactions and equations created by Ajay Kumar. It discusses the key characteristics of chemical reactions, including the formation of new substances with new properties through the breaking and rearranging of chemical bonds. It also describes how chemical equations can be used to represent chemical reactions in a concise way using chemical formulae, and how a balanced chemical equation ensures the total mass of each element is equal on both sides of the reaction.
balancing equations.ppt
Chemical equations are used to represent chemical reactions. They show the reactants and products, including the types of atoms and molecules involved and their relative quantities. For a chemical equation to be valid, it must be balanced so that the same number of each type of atom is on both sides of the reaction. To balance equations, coefficients are placed in front of formulas as needed to make the number of atoms of each element equal on both sides without changing the subscripts in the formulas. The basic steps to balance equations are to write the correct formulas, identify the atoms on each side, insert coefficients as needed, and check that all elements are balanced.
balancing equations.ppt
Chemical equations are used to represent chemical reactions. They show the reactants and products, including the types of atoms and molecules involved and their relative quantities. For a chemical equation to be valid, it must be balanced so that the same number of each type of atom is on both sides of the reaction. To balance equations, coefficients are placed in front of formulas as needed to make the number of atoms of each element equal on both sides without changing the subscripts in the formulas. The basic steps to balance equations are to write the correct formulas, identify the atoms on each side, insert coefficients as needed, and check that all elements are balanced.
Chemical reactions
This document provides an overview of chemical equations and reactions. It includes the following key points:
- The objectives are to explain the parts of a chemical equation, describe how compounds differ from their constituent elements, and how to balance chemical equations.
- A chemical equation represents a chemical reaction, showing reactants on the left yielding products on the right. It must obey the law of conservation of mass.
- The document reviews the parts of an equation like formulas, subscripts, coefficients and states of matter. It provides examples of balancing equations and tips for doing so.
What is a chemical equation.ppt
We offer discreet and reliable packaging and delivery. - fast and reliable shipping within 48 hours, using courier, DHL, EMS, TNT, FEDEX, UPS, these are in stock and we only sell items above 99%, if you are interested Quote the best for you.We do supply others products upon request if you need and we offer the most reliable transaction.
Balancing CHEMICAL EQUATIONS.pptx
1. The document discusses balancing chemical equations, which involves adding coefficients to reactants and products to make both sides equal in terms of atoms. This ensures mass is conserved, as the total mass of reactants must equal the total mass of products.
2. Rules for balancing equations include writing unbalanced formulas with an arrow between reactants and products, counting atoms on each side, and balancing one element at a time using the lowest common multiple as the coefficient.
3. Examples show balancing equations by adding coefficients like 2 or 3 in front of formulas to make atom counts equal on both sides.
Power point vishnu
This document provides an introduction to chemical reactions. It explains that chemical reactions are represented by chemical equations that show the same number of atoms of each element on both sides. Some examples of chemical reactions mentioned include cooking, respiration, hair dye, and auto fuel. The document also discusses how chemists observe reactions and represent them with chemical equations. It provides an example chemical equation for making NaCl. Additionally, it explains the differences between chemical and numerical equations and the symbols used in chemical equations like state symbols. Finally, it discusses how to balance chemical equations by making sure the same number of atoms of each element are on both sides of the equation.
Welcome to chemistry ii – week ii blog version
This document provides an overview of topics and assignments for Week II of the Portland Evening Scholars Chemistry II course taught by Mr. Treothe Bullock. Students will set up notebooks, take notes on chapter reviews presented by classmates, and complete a Build a Molecule lab. The chapter focuses on naming and writing formulas for ionic compounds, covalent networks, acids and salts. Students are expected to understand oxidation numbers and how to calculate empirical and molecular formulas from percentage composition. Homework includes chapter review sheets, the lab, and obtaining a folder for classwork.
BALANCING EQUATIONS PRESENTATION.pdf
This document provides instructions for balancing chemical equations using the trial and error method. It explains that chemical equations must satisfy the law of conservation of mass, meaning the same number and type of atoms must be on both sides of the equation. The method involves writing the chemical formulae for reactants and products, identifying the elements in each, determining the number of atoms of each element on each side, and placing coefficients in front of the formulae to make the numbers of atoms equal, resulting in a balanced chemical equation.
Balancing_Chemical_Equations_using_the_Law_of_Mass.ppt
This document discusses balancing chemical equations. It explains that chemical equations must be balanced to follow the law of conservation of mass, where the total mass of reactants must equal the total mass of products. It provides examples of how to inventory atoms on each side of a chemical equation and add coefficients to balance atoms that are not equal between reactants and products. Balancing equations ensures the numbers and types of each atom are the same before and after the chemical reaction.
Balancing_Chemical_Equations_using_the_Law_of_Mass.ppt
This document discusses balancing chemical equations. It explains that chemical equations must be balanced to follow the law of conservation of mass, where the total mass of reactants must equal the total mass of products. It provides examples of how to inventory atoms on each side of a chemical equation and add coefficients to balance atoms that are not equal between reactants and products. Balancing equations ensures the numbers and types of each atom are the same before and after the chemical reaction.
Balancing chemical equations notes
This document discusses balancing chemical equations. It explains that a chemical equation uses symbols and formulas to represent a chemical reaction and must obey the law of conservation of mass. This law states that the number and type of atoms on the reactants side must equal the number and type on the products side. The document shows an example of an unbalanced equation and uses coefficients to balance the atoms, resulting in an equation that follows the law of conservation of mass.
Quantitative aspects of chemical change - grade 10
This document discusses quantitative aspects of chemical changes including moles, molar mass, calculations using moles, gases and liquids, and stoichiometry. The mole is the standard unit for amount of substance, with one mole containing 6.022 x 1023 particles. Molar mass is the mass of one mole of a substance measured in grams per mole. Stoichiometry is the calculation of quantities in chemical reactions using mole ratios and can be used to determine theoretical yields.
Pwpt chemistry1
This document provides a summary of key chemistry concepts:
1) Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass, and is composed of pure substances called elements or compounds made of two or more elements.
2) Atoms are the basic units that make up elements, consisting of a nucleus with protons and neutrons surrounded by electrons.
3) Chemical bonds form as atoms interact via electron sharing or transfer to achieve stable electron configurations, combining to form molecules and ionic compounds.
4) Chemical reactions involve rearrangement of atoms and changing of bonds, and many biological reactions are driven by energy released or absorbed through redox reactions.
Similar to Equations (20)
Percent-Composition-Chemical-equation-and-reaction.pptx
Percent-Composition-Chemical-equation-and-reaction.pptx
notes-chemicalequations-131017003253-phpapp01.pptx
notes-chemicalequations-131017003253-phpapp01.pptx
Gen Chem for freshman CGFTFTRITFTFTFTYFVhapter 3.pdf
Gen Chem for freshman CGFTFTRITFTFTFTYFVhapter 3.pdf
Balancing_Chemical_Equations_using_the_Law_of_Mass.ppt
Balancing_Chemical_Equations_using_the_Law_of_Mass.ppt
Balancing_Chemical_Equations_using_the_Law_of_Mass.ppt
Balancing_Chemical_Equations_using_the_Law_of_Mass.ppt
Quantitative aspects of chemical change - grade 10
Quantitative aspects of chemical change - grade 10
Recently uploaded
Dandelion Hashtable: beyond billion requests per second on a commodity server
This slide deck presents DLHT, a concurrent in-memory hashtable. Despite efforts to optimize hashtables, that go as far as sacrificing core functionality, state-of-the-art designs still incur multiple memory accesses per request and block request processing in three cases. First, most hashtables block while waiting for data to be retrieved from memory. Second, open-addressing designs, which represent the current state-of-the-art, either cannot free index slots on deletes or must block all requests to do so. Third, index resizes block every request until all objects are copied to the new index. Defying folklore wisdom, DLHT forgoes open-addressing and adopts a fully-featured and memory-aware closed-addressing design based on bounded cache-line-chaining. This design offers lock-free index operations and deletes that free slots instantly, (2) completes most requests with a single memory access, (3) utilizes software prefetching to hide memory latencies, and (4) employs a novel non-blocking and parallel resizing. In a commodity server and a memory-resident workload, DLHT surpasses 1.6B requests per second and provides 3.5x (12x) the throughput of the state-of-the-art closed-addressing (open-addressing) resizable hashtable on Gets (Deletes).
5th LF Energy Power Grid Model Meet-up Slides
5th Power Grid Model Meet-up
It is with great pleasure that we extend to you an invitation to the 5th Power Grid Model Meet-up, scheduled for 6th June 2024. This event will adopt a hybrid format, allowing participants to join us either through an online Mircosoft Teams session or in person at TU/e located at Den Dolech 2, Eindhoven, Netherlands. The meet-up will be hosted by Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e), a research university specializing in engineering science & technology.
Power Grid Model
The global energy transition is placing new and unprecedented demands on Distribution System Operators (DSOs). Alongside upgrades to grid capacity, processes such as digitization, capacity optimization, and congestion management are becoming vital for delivering reliable services.
Power Grid Model is an open source project from Linux Foundation Energy and provides a calculation engine that is increasingly essential for DSOs. It offers a standards-based foundation enabling real-time power systems analysis, simulations of electrical power grids, and sophisticated what-if analysis. In addition, it enables in-depth studies and analysis of the electrical power grid’s behavior and performance. This comprehensive model incorporates essential factors such as power generation capacity, electrical losses, voltage levels, power flows, and system stability.
Power Grid Model is currently being applied in a wide variety of use cases, including grid planning, expansion, reliability, and congestion studies. It can also help in analyzing the impact of renewable energy integration, assessing the effects of disturbances or faults, and developing strategies for grid control and optimization.
What to expect
For the upcoming meetup we are organizing, we have an exciting lineup of activities planned:
-Insightful presentations covering two practical applications of the Power Grid Model.
-An update on the latest advancements in Power Grid -Model technology during the first and second quarters of 2024.
-An interactive brainstorming session to discuss and propose new feature requests.
-An opportunity to connect with fellow Power Grid Model enthusiasts and users.
Choosing The Best AWS Service For Your Website + API.pptx
Have you ever been confused by the myriad of choices offered by AWS for hosting a website or an API?
Lambda, Elastic Beanstalk, Lightsail, Amplify, S3 (and more!) can each host websites + APIs. But which one should we choose?
Which one is cheapest? Which one is fastest? Which one will scale to meet our needs?
Join me in this session as we dive into each AWS hosting service to determine which one is best for your scenario and explain why!
FREE A4 Cyber Security Awareness Posters-Social Engineering part 3
Free A4 downloadable and printable Cyber Security, Social Engineering Safety and security Training Posters . Promote security awareness in the home or workplace. Lock them Out From training providers datahops.com
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift.pdf
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift
Overview
Dive into the world of anomaly detection on edge devices with our comprehensive hands-on tutorial. This SlideShare presentation will guide you through the entire process, from data collection and model training to edge deployment and real-time monitoring. Perfect for those looking to implement robust anomaly detection systems on resource-constrained IoT/edge devices.
Key Topics Covered
1. Introduction to Anomaly Detection
- Understand the fundamentals of anomaly detection and its importance in identifying unusual behavior or failures in systems.
2. Understanding Edge (IoT)
- Learn about edge computing and IoT, and how they enable real-time data processing and decision-making at the source.
3. What is ArgoCD?
- Discover ArgoCD, a declarative, GitOps continuous delivery tool for Kubernetes, and its role in deploying applications on edge devices.
4. Deployment Using ArgoCD for Edge Devices
- Step-by-step guide on deploying anomaly detection models on edge devices using ArgoCD.
5. Introduction to Apache Kafka and S3
- Explore Apache Kafka for real-time data streaming and Amazon S3 for scalable storage solutions.
6. Viewing Kafka Messages in the Data Lake
- Learn how to view and analyze Kafka messages stored in a data lake for better insights.
7. What is Prometheus?
- Get to know Prometheus, an open-source monitoring and alerting toolkit, and its application in monitoring edge devices.
8. Monitoring Application Metrics with Prometheus
- Detailed instructions on setting up Prometheus to monitor the performance and health of your anomaly detection system.
9. What is Camel K?
- Introduction to Camel K, a lightweight integration framework built on Apache Camel, designed for Kubernetes.
10. Configuring Camel K Integrations for Data Pipelines
- Learn how to configure Camel K for seamless data pipeline integrations in your anomaly detection workflow.
11. What is a Jupyter Notebook?
- Overview of Jupyter Notebooks, an open-source web application for creating and sharing documents with live code, equations, visualizations, and narrative text.
12. Jupyter Notebooks with Code Examples
- Hands-on examples and code snippets in Jupyter Notebooks to help you implement and test anomaly detection models.
Astute Business Solutions | Oracle Cloud Partner |
Your goto partner for Oracle Cloud, PeopleSoft, E-Business Suite, and Ellucian Banner. We are a firm specialized in managed services and consulting.
Skybuffer AI: Advanced Conversational and Generative AI Solution on SAP Busin...
Skybuffer AI, built on the robust SAP Business Technology Platform (SAP BTP), is the latest and most advanced version of our AI development, reaffirming our commitment to delivering top-tier AI solutions. Skybuffer AI harnesses all the innovative capabilities of the SAP BTP in the AI domain, from Conversational AI to cutting-edge Generative AI and Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG). It also helps SAP customers safeguard their investments into SAP Conversational AI and ensure a seamless, one-click transition to SAP Business AI.
With Skybuffer AI, various AI models can be integrated into a single communication channel such as Microsoft Teams. This integration empowers business users with insights drawn from SAP backend systems, enterprise documents, and the expansive knowledge of Generative AI. And the best part of it is that it is all managed through our intuitive no-code Action Server interface, requiring no extensive coding knowledge and making the advanced AI accessible to more users.
Introduction of Cybersecurity with OSS at Code Europe 2024
I develop the Ruby programming language, RubyGems, and Bundler, which are package managers for Ruby. Today, I will introduce how to enhance the security of your application using open-source software (OSS) examples from Ruby and RubyGems.
The first topic is CVE (Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures). I have published CVEs many times. But what exactly is a CVE? I'll provide a basic understanding of CVEs and explain how to detect and handle vulnerabilities in OSS.
Next, let's discuss package managers. Package managers play a critical role in the OSS ecosystem. I'll explain how to manage library dependencies in your application.
I'll share insights into how the Ruby and RubyGems core team works to keep our ecosystem safe. By the end of this talk, you'll have a better understanding of how to safeguard your code.
Best 20 SEO Techniques To Improve Website Visibility In SERP
Boost your website's visibility with proven SEO techniques! Our latest blog dives into essential strategies to enhance your online presence, increase traffic, and rank higher on search engines. From keyword optimization to quality content creation, learn how to make your site stand out in the crowded digital landscape. Discover actionable tips and expert insights to elevate your SEO game.
Energy Efficient Video Encoding for Cloud and Edge Computing Instances
Energy Efficient Video Encoding for Cloud and Edge Computing Instances
JavaLand 2024: Application Development Green Masterplan
My presentation slides I used at JavaLand 2024
GraphRAG for Life Science to increase LLM accuracy
GraphRAG for life science domain, where you retriever information from biomedical knowledge graphs using LLMs to increase the accuracy and performance of generated answers
Digital Banking in the Cloud: How Citizens Bank Unlocked Their Mainframe
Inconsistent user experience and siloed data, high costs, and changing customer expectations – Citizens Bank was experiencing these challenges while it was attempting to deliver a superior digital banking experience for its clients. Its core banking applications run on the mainframe and Citizens was using legacy utilities to get the critical mainframe data to feed customer-facing channels, like call centers, web, and mobile. Ultimately, this led to higher operating costs (MIPS), delayed response times, and longer time to market.
Ever-changing customer expectations demand more modern digital experiences, and the bank needed to find a solution that could provide real-time data to its customer channels with low latency and operating costs. Join this session to learn how Citizens is leveraging Precisely to replicate mainframe data to its customer channels and deliver on their “modern digital bank” experiences.
Driving Business Innovation: Latest Generative AI Advancements & Success Story
Are you ready to revolutionize how you handle data? Join us for a webinar where we’ll bring you up to speed with the latest advancements in Generative AI technology and discover how leveraging FME with tools from giants like Google Gemini, Amazon, and Microsoft OpenAI can supercharge your workflow efficiency.
During the hour, we’ll take you through:
Guest Speaker Segment with Hannah Barrington: Dive into the world of dynamic real estate marketing with Hannah, the Marketing Manager at Workspace Group. Hear firsthand how their team generates engaging descriptions for thousands of office units by integrating diverse data sources—from PDF floorplans to web pages—using FME transformers, like OpenAIVisionConnector and AnthropicVisionConnector. This use case will show you how GenAI can streamline content creation for marketing across the board.
Ollama Use Case: Learn how Scenario Specialist Dmitri Bagh has utilized Ollama within FME to input data, create custom models, and enhance security protocols. This segment will include demos to illustrate the full capabilities of FME in AI-driven processes.
Custom AI Models: Discover how to leverage FME to build personalized AI models using your data. Whether it’s populating a model with local data for added security or integrating public AI tools, find out how FME facilitates a versatile and secure approach to AI.
We’ll wrap up with a live Q&A session where you can engage with our experts on your specific use cases, and learn more about optimizing your data workflows with AI.
This webinar is ideal for professionals seeking to harness the power of AI within their data management systems while ensuring high levels of customization and security. Whether you're a novice or an expert, gain actionable insights and strategies to elevate your data processes. Join us to see how FME and AI can revolutionize how you work with data!
Public CyberSecurity Awareness Presentation 2024.pptx
Cyber security awareness slides for a busisness by TreeTop Security
Digital Marketing Trends in 2024 | Guide for Staying Ahead
https://www.wask.co/ebooks/digital-marketing-trends-in-2024
Feeling lost in the digital marketing whirlwind of 2024? Technology is changing, consumer habits are evolving, and staying ahead of the curve feels like a never-ending pursuit. This e-book is your compass. Dive into actionable insights to handle the complexities of modern marketing. From hyper-personalization to the power of user-generated content, learn how to build long-term relationships with your audience and unlock the secrets to success in the ever-shifting digital landscape.
HCL Notes and Domino License Cost Reduction in the World of DLAU
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-and-domino-license-cost-reduction-in-the-world-of-dlau/
The introduction of DLAU and the CCB & CCX licensing model caused quite a stir in the HCL community. As a Notes and Domino customer, you may have faced challenges with unexpected user counts and license costs. You probably have questions on how this new licensing approach works and how to benefit from it. Most importantly, you likely have budget constraints and want to save money where possible. Don’t worry, we can help with all of this!
We’ll show you how to fix common misconfigurations that cause higher-than-expected user counts, and how to identify accounts which you can deactivate to save money. There are also frequent patterns that can cause unnecessary cost, like using a person document instead of a mail-in for shared mailboxes. We’ll provide examples and solutions for those as well. And naturally we’ll explain the new licensing model.
Join HCL Ambassador Marc Thomas in this webinar with a special guest appearance from Franz Walder. It will give you the tools and know-how to stay on top of what is going on with Domino licensing. You will be able lower your cost through an optimized configuration and keep it low going forward.
These topics will be covered
- Reducing license cost by finding and fixing misconfigurations and superfluous accounts
- How do CCB and CCX licenses really work?
- Understanding the DLAU tool and how to best utilize it
- Tips for common problem areas, like team mailboxes, functional/test users, etc
- Practical examples and best practices to implement right away
Recently uploaded (20)
Dandelion Hashtable: beyond billion requests per second on a commodity server
Dandelion Hashtable: beyond billion requests per second on a commodity server
Choosing The Best AWS Service For Your Website + API.pptx
Choosing The Best AWS Service For Your Website + API.pptx
FREE A4 Cyber Security Awareness Posters-Social Engineering part 3
FREE A4 Cyber Security Awareness Posters-Social Engineering part 3
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift.pdf
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift.pdf
Nordic Marketo Engage User Group_June 13_ 2024.pptx
Nordic Marketo Engage User Group_June 13_ 2024.pptx
Astute Business Solutions | Oracle Cloud Partner |
Astute Business Solutions | Oracle Cloud Partner |
Skybuffer AI: Advanced Conversational and Generative AI Solution on SAP Busin...
Skybuffer AI: Advanced Conversational and Generative AI Solution on SAP Busin...
Introduction of Cybersecurity with OSS at Code Europe 2024
Introduction of Cybersecurity with OSS at Code Europe 2024
Best 20 SEO Techniques To Improve Website Visibility In SERP
Best 20 SEO Techniques To Improve Website Visibility In SERP
Energy Efficient Video Encoding for Cloud and Edge Computing Instances
Energy Efficient Video Encoding for Cloud and Edge Computing Instances
JavaLand 2024: Application Development Green Masterplan
JavaLand 2024: Application Development Green Masterplan
Overcoming the PLG Trap: Lessons from Canva's Head of Sales & Head of EMEA Da...
Overcoming the PLG Trap: Lessons from Canva's Head of Sales & Head of EMEA Da...
GraphRAG for Life Science to increase LLM accuracy
GraphRAG for Life Science to increase LLM accuracy
Digital Banking in the Cloud: How Citizens Bank Unlocked Their Mainframe
Digital Banking in the Cloud: How Citizens Bank Unlocked Their Mainframe
Driving Business Innovation: Latest Generative AI Advancements & Success Story
Driving Business Innovation: Latest Generative AI Advancements & Success Story
Public CyberSecurity Awareness Presentation 2024.pptx
Public CyberSecurity Awareness Presentation 2024.pptx
Digital Marketing Trends in 2024 | Guide for Staying Ahead
Digital Marketing Trends in 2024 | Guide for Staying Ahead
HCL Notes and Domino License Cost Reduction in the World of DLAU
HCL Notes and Domino License Cost Reduction in the World of DLAU
Equations
- 2. The Periodic Table The Periodic Table
- 3. Chemical Formula Chemical Formula
- 4. Atomic Structure Atomic Structure
- 5. Electron shells Electron shells
- 6. Electron shells Electron shells
- 8. Word equations Word equations
- 10. Balancing equations Balancing equations
- 12. Relative atomic masses Relative atomic mass
- 14. Relative formula mass Relative formula mass
- 16. Calculations from equations Calculations from Equations
- 17. Calculations from equations Calculations from Equations