Enzymes are protein biocatalysts that accelerate biochemical reactions without affecting the final products. The human body contains thousands of enzyme types that perform various functions. Liver enzymes help with bile production, blood clotting, metabolizing food and toxins, and fighting infection. Common liver enzymes include alkaline phosphatase, alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, and gamma-glutamyl transferase. Elevated liver enzymes may indicate liver damage from conditions like alcohol use, medications, hepatitis, or genetic disorders. Associated symptoms can include abdominal pain, fatigue, jaundice, or nausea.

1. Enzymes
“Liver Enzymes”
BY : Ghufran Ahmed

2.  Enzyme are biocatalysts of biochemical protein in nature, which accelerate the rate of
reactions but do not affect the nature of final product
Thousands of enzymes in the human body exist to perform around 5,000 different
functions. A few examples include:
• Lipases: This group of enzymes help digest fats in the gut.
• Amylase: In the saliva, amylase helps change starches into sugars.
• Maltase: This also occurs in the saliva, and breaks the sugar maltose into glucose.
• Trypsin: These enzymes break proteins down into amino acids in the small intestine.
• Lactase: Lactase breaks lactose, the sugar in milk, into glucose and galactose.
• Acetylcholinesterase: These enzymes break down the neurotransmitter acetylcholine in nerves and muscles.
• Helicase: Helicase enzymes unravel DNA.
• DNA polymerase: These enzymes synthesize DNA from deoxyribonucleotides.
• oxidoreductases
• transferases
• hydrolases
• lyases
• ligases
• isomerases
 Types of enzymes

3.  liver enzymes:
Liver enzymes are proteins that speed up chemical reactions in your body. These chemical reactions
include producing bile and substances that help your blood clot, breaking down food and toxins, and
fighting infection. Common liver enzymes include:
• Alkaline phosphatase (ALP).
• Alanine transaminase (ALT).
• Aspartate transaminase (AST).
• Gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT).
 alkaline phosphatase (ALP) is an enzyme found in many parts of body. Each part of body
produces a different type of ALP. Most ALP is found in liver, bones, kidneys, and digestive system
.
 Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) :is an enzyme found in high levels in the liver, heart, and
muscles. It is also found in lesser amounts in other tissues. An enzyme is a protein that causes a
specific chemical change in the body. Injury to the liver results in release of AST into the blood.
 Alanine transaminase (ALT): is an enzyme found in the liver that helps convert proteins into
energy for the liver cells. When the liver is damaged, ALT is released into the bloodstream and
levels increase.

4.  What are the risk factors for elevated liver enzymes:
• Alcoholic
• Certain medications, herbs and vitamin supplements.
• Diabetes.
• Family history of liver disease.
• Hepatitis
 What are the symptoms of elevated liver enzymes?
Most people with elevated liver enzymes don’t have symptoms. If liver damage is the cause of elevated liver enzymes,
you may have symptoms such as:
• Abdominal (stomach) pain.
• Dark urine
• Fatigue (feeling tired).
• Jaundice (yellowing of your skin or eyes).
• Light-colored stools
• Loss of appetite.
• Nausea and vomiting.

5.  High alkaline phosphatase levels from your liver may be a sign of:
• Blockages in the bile ducts
• Cirrhosis
• Hepatitis
• Mononucleosis, which can sometimes cause swelling in the liver
 Low levels of ALP are less common. They may be a sign of:
• lack of zinc
• malnutrition
• pernicious anemia,
• thyroid disease
• Wilson disease or hypophosphatasia
 The normal range is 44 to 147 international units per liter (IU/L)
 Wavelength: 420 (405 – 430) nm

7. Thank You