Environmental Science

1. Lesson 6
Human Demography

2. Introduction
• The human population is growing rapidly. For most of human history, there were
fewer than 1 billion people on the planet. During the time of the agricultural
revolution, 10,000 B.C., there were only 5-10 million people on Earth - which is
basically the population of New York City today. In 1800, when the Industrial
Revolution began, there were approximately 1 billion people on Earth We’ve
added 6 billion people to the human population in just a little over 200 years. This
demonstrates the capacity of the human population to exhibit exponential
growth (Chapter 2).

3. Introduction

4. Demography
• Demography applies the principles of population ecology
(chapter 2) to the human population. Demographers study
how human populations grow, shrink, and change in terms
of age and gender compositions. Demographers also
compare populations in different countries or regions.

5. Age Structure Diagrams
• One of the tools that demographers use to understand populations
is the age structure diagram. This diagram shows the distribution by
ages of females and males within a certain population in graphic
form

6. Demographic Transition Model
• The demographic transition model
shows the changes in the patterns of
birth rates and death rates that
typically occur as a country moves
through the process of
industrialization or development. The
demographic transition model was
built based on patterns observed in
European counties as they were going
through industrialization.

7. Demographic Transition Model
• As a country develops, medical advances are made such as access to antibiotics and
vaccines. Sanitation improvements, such as proper waste and sewage disposal, and
water treatment for clean drinking water also progress. Food production also
increases. Together these changes lead to falling death rates which marks the
beginning of Stage 2

8. Life expectancy
• Life expectancy is the average number of years that a
person in a particular population is expected to live. Life
expectancy at birth is the number of years a newborn
infant would live if mortality rates at the time of its birth
did not change. For example, the life expectancy at birth
for someone born in 2014 in Japan is 84.46 years while
the life expectancy at birth for someone born in the
United States in 2014 is 79.56 years

9. Fertility
• Fertility is the actual level of reproduction of
a population per individual, based on the
number of live births that occur. Total
fertility is the average number of children
born to each woman, over the woman’s
lifespan, in a population. Birth rate and
fertility are closely linked terms. As a
country moves through the demographic
transition model, fertility rates decrease.

10. Where does demographic
data came from?

11. Census
• Census data is the primary data used by planners to
understand the social, economic, and demographic
conditions locally and nationally.

12. Understanding Demographic
data

13. •Demographic Analysis
•Demographic Projection
•Demographic Forecasting
•Demographic interpretation

14. Demographic analysis
• Demographic analysis is the
study of a population based
on factors such as age, race,
and sex

15. Demographic Projection
Demographic
projections are
estimates of the
population for future
dates

16. Demographic Forecasting
Population forecasting is a
method by which we
calculate the future
population of any city or
region at the interval of n
number of decade (10 )

17. Demographic Interpretation
• A population is the complete set
group of individuals, whether
that group comprises a nation or
a group of people with a
common characteristic.

18. End