The document summarizes India's major environmental laws and acts established since the late 19th century. It outlines laws related to protection of forests and wildlife (1827, 1972), water quality (1882, 1974), air pollution (1981, 1987), hazardous waste (1986, 1989), and biological diversity (2002). The Environment Protection Act of 1986 acts as an umbrella legislation, and penalties are established for non-compliance under various acts. The objective of these laws is to protect the environment, conserve natural resources, and control different forms of pollution.
The Environmental laws give huge importance to maintaining an ecological balance of the environment by safeguarding the forests and wildlife of the country. The main job of environmental law is to protect human health as well as the environment.
The Environmental laws give huge importance to maintaining an ecological balance of the environment by safeguarding the forests and wildlife of the country. The main job of environmental law is to protect human health as well as the environment.
The need for protection and conservation of environment and sustainable use of natural resources is reflected in the constitutional framework of India and also in the international commitments of India. The Constitution under Part IVA (Art 51A-Fundamental Duties) casts a duty on every citizen of India to protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers and wildlife, and to have compassion for living creatures. Further, the Constitution of India under Part IV (Art 48A-Directive Principles of State Policies) stipulates that the State shall endeavour to protect and improve the environment and to safeguard the forests and wildlife of the country.
National efforts in resource management and conservationTRIDIP BORUAH
Concept of Resource management. National efforts put forwarded by Govt. of India for resource management. Acts related to conservation of Nature and so on
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
Micro RNA genes and their likely influence in rice (Oryza sativa L.) dynamic ...Open Access Research Paper
Micro RNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs molecules having approximately 18-25 nucleotides, they are present in both plants and animals genomes. MiRNAs have diverse spatial expression patterns and regulate various developmental metabolisms, stress responses and other physiological processes. The dynamic gene expression playing major roles in phenotypic differences in organisms are believed to be controlled by miRNAs. Mutations in regions of regulatory factors, such as miRNA genes or transcription factors (TF) necessitated by dynamic environmental factors or pathogen infections, have tremendous effects on structure and expression of genes. The resultant novel gene products presents potential explanations for constant evolving desirable traits that have long been bred using conventional means, biotechnology or genetic engineering. Rice grain quality, yield, disease tolerance, climate-resilience and palatability properties are not exceptional to miRN Asmutations effects. There are new insights courtesy of high-throughput sequencing and improved proteomic techniques that organisms’ complexity and adaptations are highly contributed by miRNAs containing regulatory networks. This article aims to expound on how rice miRNAs could be driving evolution of traits and highlight the latest miRNA research progress. Moreover, the review accentuates miRNAs grey areas to be addressed and gives recommendations for further studies.
Diabetes is a rapidly and serious health problem in Pakistan. This chronic condition is associated with serious long-term complications, including higher risk of heart disease and stroke. Aggressive treatment of hypertension and hyperlipideamia can result in a substantial reduction in cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes 1. Consequently pharmacist-led diabetes cardiovascular risk (DCVR) clinics have been established in both primary and secondary care sites in NHS Lothian during the past five years. An audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery at the clinics was conducted in order to evaluate practice and to standardize the pharmacists’ documentation of outcomes. Pharmaceutical care issues (PCI) and patient details were collected both prospectively and retrospectively from three DCVR clinics. The PCI`s were categorized according to a triangularised system consisting of multiple categories. These were ‘checks’, ‘changes’ (‘change in drug therapy process’ and ‘change in drug therapy’), ‘drug therapy problems’ and ‘quality assurance descriptors’ (‘timer perspective’ and ‘degree of change’). A verified medication assessment tool (MAT) for patients with chronic cardiovascular disease was applied to the patients from one of the clinics. The tool was used to quantify PCI`s and pharmacist actions that were centered on implementing or enforcing clinical guideline standards. A database was developed to be used as an assessment tool and to standardize the documentation of achievement of outcomes. Feedback on the audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery and the database was received from the DCVR clinic pharmacist at a focus group meeting.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
2. Introduction
The Constitution of India clearly states that it is the
duty of the state to ‘protect and improve the
environment and to safeguard the forests and wildlife
of the country’.
The Department of Environment was established in
India in 1980.This later became the Ministry of
Environment and Forests in 1985.
3. Contd..:
The EPA (Environment Protection Act), 1986 came
into force soon after the Bhopal Gas Tragedy and is
considered an umbrella legislation as it fills many gaps
in the existing laws.
Thereafter a large number of laws came into existence
as the problems began arising, for example, Handling
and Management of Hazardous Waste Rules in 1989.
4.
5. The Environment Protection Act
(1986)
Enacted under article 253 of the Indian constitution.
To protect and improve environmental quality, control
and reduce pollution from all sources.
6. General
1986 - The Environment (Protection) Rules
Standards of emission or discharge of environmental
pollutants.
1989 - The objective of Hazardous Waste
(Management and Handling) Rules
To control the generation, collection, treatment, import,
storage, and handling of hazardous waste.
7. 1989 - The Manufacture, Storage, and Import of Hazardous Rules
Defines the terms used in this context, and sets up an authority to
inspect, once a year, the industrial activity connected with hazardous
chemicals and isolated storage facilities.
1989 - The Manufacture, Use, Import, Export, and Storage of
hazardous Micro-organisms/ Genetically Engineered Organisms or
Cells Rules
Introduced to protect the environment, nature, and health, in
connection with the application of gene technology and
microorganisms.
1991 - The Public Liability Insurance Act and Rules and Amendment,
1992 S
Drawn up for the purpose of providing immediate relief to the persons
affected by accident while handling any hazardous substance.
8. 1995 - The National Environmental Tribunal Act
Created to award compensation for damages to persons,
property, and the environment arising from any activity
involving hazardous substances.
1998 - The Biomedical waste (Management and
Handling) Rules
Legal binding on the health care institutions to
streamline the process of proper handling of hospital
waste.
9. 1999 - The Environment ( Siting for Industrial
Projects) Rules, 1999
Lays down detailed provisions relating to areas to be
avoided for siting of industries & precautionary
measures to be taken for site selection.
2000 - The Municipal Solid Wastes (Management and
Handling) Rules, 2000
Apply to every municipal authority responsible for the
collection, transportation, processing, and disposal of
municipal solid wastes.
10. 2000 - The Ozone Depleting Substances (Regulation and
Control)
Rules have been laid down for the regulation of production
and consumption of ozone depleting substances.
2001 - The Batteries (Management and Handling) Rules,
2001
Rules shall apply to every person involved in the manufacture,
processing, sale, purchase, and use of batteries or
components to regulate and ensure the environmentally safe
disposal of used batteries.
11. 2002 - The Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control)
(Amendment)
Lay down such terms and conditions as are necessary to
reduce noise pollution.
Such as use of loud speakers or public address systems
during night hours (from 10.00 p.m. to 6.00 a.m.) on or
during any cultural or religious festive occasion
2002 - The Biological Diversity Act
Is an act to provide for the sustainable use &
conservation of biological diversity.
12. Penalties:
Section -15 –EPA deals with these.
If a person fails to comply any provision or any
direction issued under this act then he shall be
punished for each failure as :-
Imprisonment , which may extend to 5 years, or fine
which may extend to Rs one lakh or both.
If failure continues after conviction for 1 st failure an
additional fine which may be Rs 5000 for everyday can
be imposed.
If failure continues for 1 year the offender shall be
imprisoned which may extend upto 7 years
13.
14. Forest and wildlife
1927 - The Indian Forest Act and Amendment, 1984,
It was enacted to ‘consolidate the law related to forest, the
transit of forest produce, and the duty leviable on timber and
other forest produce’.
1972 - The Wildlife Protection Act, Rules 1973 and
Amendment 1991
Provides for the protection of birds, animals and plants and
for all matter connected there with.
1980 - The Forest (Conservation) Act and Rules, 1981,
provides for the protection of and the conservation of the
forests.
15. Penalties
Wildlife protection act (9 sept . 1972).
Chapter 6 deals with prevention & detection of
offences.
Section 51 deals with penalties.
Any person who contravenes any provision or rule of this
act shall be punished with imprisonment for extent of 3
years , or fine extending upto Rs 25000 or both.
16. The Indian Forest Act.
Under section 33 of this act imprisonment for a term of
6 months or more or fine of Rs 5,000 or both is the
penalty for any person who violates any of the rule
under this act.
17.
18. Water
1882 - The Easement Act
Allows private rights to use a resource that is, groundwater, by
viewing it as an attachment to the land. It also states that all
surface water belongs to the state and is a state property.
1897 - The Indian Fisheries Act
Establishes two sets of penal offences whereby the
government can sue any person who uses dynamite or other
explosive substance in any way (whether coastal or inland)
with intent to catch or destroy any fish or poisonous fish in
order to kill.
19. 1956 - The River Boards Act
Enables the states to enroll the central government in
setting up an Advisory River Board to resolve issues in
inter-state cooperation.
1970 - The Merchant Shipping Act
Aims to deal with waste arising from ships along the
coastal areas within a specified radius.
20. 1974 - The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act
establishes an institutional structure for preventing and
abating water pollution.
It establishes standards for water quality and effluent.
The CPCB (Central Pollution Control Board) was constituted
under this act.
1977 - The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution)
Cess Act
Provides for the levy and collection of fees on water
consuming industries and local authorities
21. 1991 - The Coastal Regulation Zone Notification
Puts regulations on various activities, including
construction.
It gives some protection to the backwaters and estuaries.
23. Air
1948 – The Factories Act and Amendment in 1987
First to express concern for the working environment of
the workers
1981 - The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution)
Act
Enacted under article 253 of the Indian constitution.
Provides for the control and abatement of air pollution.
24. 1982 - The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution)
Rules
Defines the procedures of the meetings of the Boards
and the powers entrusted to them.
1982 - The Atomic Energy Act
Deals with the radioactive waste.
25. 1987 - The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution)
Amendment Act
Empowers the central and state pollution control boards
to meet with grave emergencies of air pollution.
1988 - The Motor Vehicles Act
States that all hazardous waste is to be properly
packaged, labelled , and transported.
26. Penalties
Section 37 deals with these.
Punishment for violating any of the rule under this act
shall be :-
Imprisonment for term which shall not be less than one
year or 6 months & may extend to 6 years or with fine.
In case failure continues an additional fine of Rs 500 per
day.
If failure continues beyond one year the punishment
shall be imprisonment for term which shall not be less
then 2 years & may extend to 7 years & with fine.
27. Protection of action under good
faith.
No legal proceedings shall lie against the govt. or any
officer of govt ; member or employer or board in
respect of anything or intended to be done in good
faith.
