The document discusses air pollution, defining it as the contamination of air by harmful substances. It notes that air pollution causes nearly 7 million deaths globally each year. The main types of air pollution are primary (directly emitted) and secondary (formed from chemical reactions in the atmosphere). Primary pollutants include nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, particulate matter, and volatile organic compounds from sources like vehicles, power plants, and industry. Secondary pollutants include ground-level ozone and smog formed from primary pollutant interactions. The health effects of air pollution include respiratory and cardiovascular issues. Prevention methods include reducing vehicle emissions, burning of garbage, and smoking.
Air pollution is the contamination of air due to the presence of substances in the atmosphere that are harmful to the health of humans and other living being ,or cause damage to the climate or to materials.
Air Quality Presentation - EEH Chapter 10misteraugie
This chapter discusses air quality and air pollution. It describes historically important air pollution episodes and lists health effects associated with air pollution. It defines key terms like smog and criteria air pollutants. It discusses natural and anthropogenic sources of air pollution and describes common air pollutants like particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, and ozone. It also covers topics like temperature inversions, diesel exhaust, and the Air Quality Index.
This document defines and discusses air pollution. It begins by explaining that air provides oxygen which is essential for life. It then defines air pollution as the introduction of chemicals or other materials into the atmosphere that can harm living things or damage the environment. The document outlines the major components of air, both natural and anthropogenic sources of air pollution, common air pollutants and their effects, and strategies for monitoring and preventing air pollution.
Air pollution Basics for higher level school students - Undesirable and unwanted changes in the characteristics of air that are harmful to the health of humans and other living beings is air pollution.
Air pollution is a mixture of solid particles and gases that can have negative health effects. It comes from both natural sources like wildfires and dust, as well as human sources such as vehicles, factories, and burning fuels. Major pollutants include carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen dioxide. Air pollution causes problems through both primary mechanisms of direct emission and secondary mechanisms of chemical reactions. It can cause respiratory diseases and other health issues as well as environmental damage. Prevention efforts focus on reducing emissions through sustainable technologies, international agreements, and changes to individual lifestyles.
Human activities like burning fossil fuels for electricity, industry and transportation are the primary cause of air pollution according to the document. Burning coal and petroleum releases sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides and other pollutants. Vehicles that burn gasoline and diesel also emit carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and particulate matter. While some natural sources of air pollution exist, human activities are largely responsible and modifying these activities can help control air pollution.
Air pollution is introduced by both natural and human-made sources that release contaminants such as chemicals and gases into the atmosphere. Major causes of air pollution include the burning of fossil fuels for energy, transportation, industrial processes, and agriculture. Effects of air pollution include increased global warming, respiratory and heart diseases in humans, and damage to wildlife and ecosystems. Control measures involve reducing pollution at the source through clean energy use, fuel substitution, and increasing green spaces.
Air pollution is the introduction of chemicals, particulate matter, or biological materials into the atmosphere that can harm humans or the environment. It occurs both outdoors and indoors. Major outdoor air pollutants include sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, volatile organic compounds, and particulate matter from sources such as fossil fuel combustion, industrial processes, vehicle emissions, and natural sources. Indoor air pollutants include those emitted from building materials, products, combustion sources, and biological sources. Air pollution has been shown to increase cardiopulmonary disease and cancer rates and cause premature death.
Air pollution is the contamination of air due to the presence of substances in the atmosphere that are harmful to the health of humans and other living being ,or cause damage to the climate or to materials.
Air Quality Presentation - EEH Chapter 10misteraugie
This chapter discusses air quality and air pollution. It describes historically important air pollution episodes and lists health effects associated with air pollution. It defines key terms like smog and criteria air pollutants. It discusses natural and anthropogenic sources of air pollution and describes common air pollutants like particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, and ozone. It also covers topics like temperature inversions, diesel exhaust, and the Air Quality Index.
This document defines and discusses air pollution. It begins by explaining that air provides oxygen which is essential for life. It then defines air pollution as the introduction of chemicals or other materials into the atmosphere that can harm living things or damage the environment. The document outlines the major components of air, both natural and anthropogenic sources of air pollution, common air pollutants and their effects, and strategies for monitoring and preventing air pollution.
Air pollution Basics for higher level school students - Undesirable and unwanted changes in the characteristics of air that are harmful to the health of humans and other living beings is air pollution.
Air pollution is a mixture of solid particles and gases that can have negative health effects. It comes from both natural sources like wildfires and dust, as well as human sources such as vehicles, factories, and burning fuels. Major pollutants include carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen dioxide. Air pollution causes problems through both primary mechanisms of direct emission and secondary mechanisms of chemical reactions. It can cause respiratory diseases and other health issues as well as environmental damage. Prevention efforts focus on reducing emissions through sustainable technologies, international agreements, and changes to individual lifestyles.
Human activities like burning fossil fuels for electricity, industry and transportation are the primary cause of air pollution according to the document. Burning coal and petroleum releases sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides and other pollutants. Vehicles that burn gasoline and diesel also emit carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and particulate matter. While some natural sources of air pollution exist, human activities are largely responsible and modifying these activities can help control air pollution.
Air pollution is introduced by both natural and human-made sources that release contaminants such as chemicals and gases into the atmosphere. Major causes of air pollution include the burning of fossil fuels for energy, transportation, industrial processes, and agriculture. Effects of air pollution include increased global warming, respiratory and heart diseases in humans, and damage to wildlife and ecosystems. Control measures involve reducing pollution at the source through clean energy use, fuel substitution, and increasing green spaces.
Air pollution is the introduction of chemicals, particulate matter, or biological materials into the atmosphere that can harm humans or the environment. It occurs both outdoors and indoors. Major outdoor air pollutants include sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, volatile organic compounds, and particulate matter from sources such as fossil fuel combustion, industrial processes, vehicle emissions, and natural sources. Indoor air pollutants include those emitted from building materials, products, combustion sources, and biological sources. Air pollution has been shown to increase cardiopulmonary disease and cancer rates and cause premature death.
This document discusses air pollution, including its definition, causes, effects, and control measures. It defines air pollution as the introduction of chemicals, particles, or biological materials into the atmosphere that are harmful to humans or the environment. The major causes of air pollution are identified as the burning of fossil fuels, industrial emissions, transportation, construction and demolition, agriculture, and indoor activities. The effects of air pollution include acid deposition, eutrophication, smog, loss of the ozone layer, and the greenhouse effect. Control measures recommended are conserving energy, reducing waste through reuse and recycling, and using public transportation when possible.
Air pollution (So2, NO2, CO) (1).pdf air pollution occuring in environment by...MalaikaNoor13
Air pollution is caused by both natural and human-made sources. Natural pollutants include volcanic emissions and dust storms, while human activities like burning fossil fuels for energy, transportation, and industry are major causes of air pollution. Key air pollutants are sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, and carbon monoxide, which are emitted from power plants, vehicles, and other combustion sources. These pollutants can harm human health and the environment by contributing to acid rain, particulate matter, and ground-level ozone formation. Reducing emissions from major sources is necessary to improve air quality.
The document discusses air pollution in India. It defines air pollution and notes that many Indian cities have very high levels of air pollution, with 14 of the world's most polluted cities located in India. The major sources of air pollution in India are traffic, power plants that burn fossil fuels, industrial plants and factories, construction sites, crop burning, and garbage incineration. The main types of air pollutants are sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, volatile organic compounds, particulates, and ozone. Air pollution has detrimental health impacts and also affects agriculture, ecosystems, buildings, and the climate.
This document discusses air pollution in India. It begins by defining air pollution and introducing the topic. It then discusses the major causes of air pollution in India, including traffic, power plants, industrial facilities, agriculture, and more. The document outlines the various types of air pollutants and their sources. It also discusses the major health, environmental, and economic impacts of air pollution. Finally, it proposes several strategies to control and reduce air pollution in urban areas, including better city planning, supplying cleaner fuels, controlling refuse burning, improving waste management, and controlling dust at construction sites.
The document discusses various types and sources of environmental pollution with a focus on air pollution. It defines the different types of air pollutants including primary and secondary pollutants. It describes the major sources of air pollution from both anthropogenic and natural sources. It then discusses the impacts of various air pollutants on human health, the environment, and climate change through global warming. It provides details on indoor air pollution, acid rain, ozone layer depletion, and remedial measures to control air pollution. The document also discusses national ambient air quality standards in India.
This a presentation about the Air pollution and its causes & effects for the educational uses
It describe the definitions, types, info diagrams, sources, effects, and their controls
I hope this science could be a benefit for anyone who search the information
This document provides information about various types of air pollution including smog, acid rain, the greenhouse effect, and ozone layer depletion. It discusses the causes and health effects of major air pollutants such as sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, and particulate matter which can be emitted from natural sources like volcanoes or human sources like burning fossil fuels. Secondary pollutants formed from chemical reactions between primary pollutants are also addressed, including ground-level ozone and peroxyacetyl nitrate.
Air pollution can be harmful to human health and the environment. It is caused by both natural sources and human activities that introduce various particles and chemicals into the air. Major pollutants from human activity include sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, volatile organic compounds, particulates, and other toxins. Exposure to air pollution has been linked to increased heart and lung diseases, cancer risks, and premature death. Children and the elderly are especially vulnerable to the harmful health effects of air pollution.
This document provides an overview of air pollution, including its causes, types, and health effects. It discusses major primary pollutants such as sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, and particulate matter that are emitted directly from sources like vehicle exhaust and coal burning. Secondary pollutants like ozone and smog are formed when primary pollutants react in the air. Long-term exposure to air pollution has been linked to increased risk of respiratory diseases like asthma and COPD as well as cardiovascular diseases and cancer. Mathematical models are used to analyze and predict the dispersion of air pollutants.
Unit XIV discusses environmental chemistry and pollution. It introduces the topics of air, water, and soil pollution and the chemical reactions involved in atmospheric pollution like smog formation, acid rain, and ozone depletion. Major pollutants in the air are discussed like sulfur and nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide and dioxide. The greenhouse effect and global warming due to increased carbon dioxide are also summarized. The document provides definitions of environmental chemistry and pollution and classifies pollution sources and their impacts on the environment.
The document discusses air pollution, defining it as gases or particles released in sufficient quantities to harm human health, plants, or the environment. It then discusses the major causes and types of air pollution, focusing on India. The top three causes are traffic, which releases particulate matter and gases from vehicle exhaust; power plants, which emit sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and particulates from burning fossil fuels; and industrial plants, which can continuously or accidentally release pollution. The document also lists natural causes like forest fires and health and environmental impacts of air pollution.
Air pollution is the contamination of air from harmful substances that can damage health, climate, and materials. Common air pollutants include gases like carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, and nitrous oxide, as well as particulates. Air pollution has been linked to diseases, allergies, and death in humans and environmental harm. International agreements and national regulations have sought to limit air pollution from sources such as fossil fuel combustion, waste burning, and dust. Effective pollution control technologies include gravity settling chambers, bag filters, cyclone collectors, and electrostatic precipitators.
Air pollution comes from both natural and human-made sources. Major human-made pollutants include sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, particulate matter, and volatile organic compounds which are emitted from burning fossil fuels for energy and transportation. Long-term exposure to air pollutants can cause health issues like heart and lung diseases. Governments establish regulations and industries use control technologies to reduce air pollutant emissions and improve air quality.
The document discusses the causes and effects of air pollution. It states that the primary cause of air pollution is the burning of fossil fuels to power industry and vehicles, which releases pollutants such as carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and particulate matter into the atmosphere. These pollutants can harm human health, damage ecosystems, and in some cases form acid rain. The document also outlines several other natural and human-made sources of air pollution and their associated pollutants.
This document discusses various types of pollution including air, water, and soil pollution. It defines each type of pollution and identifies major pollutants. For air pollution, it outlines primary and secondary pollutants as well as six major primary pollutants (nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, particulates, photochemical oxidants, and sulfur dioxide). It also discusses the sources and effects of each type of pollution and methods for controlling pollution.
Air is the Earth's atmosphere which living things breathe. It has mass and weight but no color or smell. Air pollution is the introduction of harmful substances into the atmosphere from natural or human-made sources, and can damage health, environments, and climate. The major air pollutants are particulate matter, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, volatile organic compounds and ground-level ozone. Air pollutants come from sources like industrial facilities, vehicle exhaust, and agricultural burning.
The document discusses air pollution, including its definition, sources, classification of pollutants, effects, and control methods. It defines air pollution as the presence of foreign substances that adversely affect human health and the environment. Major sources include stationary sources like power plants and mobile sources like vehicles. Pollutants are classified as primary emitted directly or secondary formed through chemical reactions. Effects are discussed for human health, plants, and materials. Control methods include source prevention, air pollution control equipment like precipitators and scrubbers that collect pollutants, and laws regulating industrial emissions.
The document discusses various environmental problems, with a focus on pollution. It covers different types of pollution like air pollution and water pollution. It describes the sources and harmful effects of both air and water pollution. It also discusses methods to prevent and control pollution, including various techniques to control gaseous and particulate pollutants in air.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
This document discusses air pollution, including its definition, causes, effects, and control measures. It defines air pollution as the introduction of chemicals, particles, or biological materials into the atmosphere that are harmful to humans or the environment. The major causes of air pollution are identified as the burning of fossil fuels, industrial emissions, transportation, construction and demolition, agriculture, and indoor activities. The effects of air pollution include acid deposition, eutrophication, smog, loss of the ozone layer, and the greenhouse effect. Control measures recommended are conserving energy, reducing waste through reuse and recycling, and using public transportation when possible.
Air pollution (So2, NO2, CO) (1).pdf air pollution occuring in environment by...MalaikaNoor13
Air pollution is caused by both natural and human-made sources. Natural pollutants include volcanic emissions and dust storms, while human activities like burning fossil fuels for energy, transportation, and industry are major causes of air pollution. Key air pollutants are sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, and carbon monoxide, which are emitted from power plants, vehicles, and other combustion sources. These pollutants can harm human health and the environment by contributing to acid rain, particulate matter, and ground-level ozone formation. Reducing emissions from major sources is necessary to improve air quality.
The document discusses air pollution in India. It defines air pollution and notes that many Indian cities have very high levels of air pollution, with 14 of the world's most polluted cities located in India. The major sources of air pollution in India are traffic, power plants that burn fossil fuels, industrial plants and factories, construction sites, crop burning, and garbage incineration. The main types of air pollutants are sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, volatile organic compounds, particulates, and ozone. Air pollution has detrimental health impacts and also affects agriculture, ecosystems, buildings, and the climate.
This document discusses air pollution in India. It begins by defining air pollution and introducing the topic. It then discusses the major causes of air pollution in India, including traffic, power plants, industrial facilities, agriculture, and more. The document outlines the various types of air pollutants and their sources. It also discusses the major health, environmental, and economic impacts of air pollution. Finally, it proposes several strategies to control and reduce air pollution in urban areas, including better city planning, supplying cleaner fuels, controlling refuse burning, improving waste management, and controlling dust at construction sites.
The document discusses various types and sources of environmental pollution with a focus on air pollution. It defines the different types of air pollutants including primary and secondary pollutants. It describes the major sources of air pollution from both anthropogenic and natural sources. It then discusses the impacts of various air pollutants on human health, the environment, and climate change through global warming. It provides details on indoor air pollution, acid rain, ozone layer depletion, and remedial measures to control air pollution. The document also discusses national ambient air quality standards in India.
This a presentation about the Air pollution and its causes & effects for the educational uses
It describe the definitions, types, info diagrams, sources, effects, and their controls
I hope this science could be a benefit for anyone who search the information
This document provides information about various types of air pollution including smog, acid rain, the greenhouse effect, and ozone layer depletion. It discusses the causes and health effects of major air pollutants such as sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, and particulate matter which can be emitted from natural sources like volcanoes or human sources like burning fossil fuels. Secondary pollutants formed from chemical reactions between primary pollutants are also addressed, including ground-level ozone and peroxyacetyl nitrate.
Air pollution can be harmful to human health and the environment. It is caused by both natural sources and human activities that introduce various particles and chemicals into the air. Major pollutants from human activity include sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, volatile organic compounds, particulates, and other toxins. Exposure to air pollution has been linked to increased heart and lung diseases, cancer risks, and premature death. Children and the elderly are especially vulnerable to the harmful health effects of air pollution.
This document provides an overview of air pollution, including its causes, types, and health effects. It discusses major primary pollutants such as sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, and particulate matter that are emitted directly from sources like vehicle exhaust and coal burning. Secondary pollutants like ozone and smog are formed when primary pollutants react in the air. Long-term exposure to air pollution has been linked to increased risk of respiratory diseases like asthma and COPD as well as cardiovascular diseases and cancer. Mathematical models are used to analyze and predict the dispersion of air pollutants.
Unit XIV discusses environmental chemistry and pollution. It introduces the topics of air, water, and soil pollution and the chemical reactions involved in atmospheric pollution like smog formation, acid rain, and ozone depletion. Major pollutants in the air are discussed like sulfur and nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide and dioxide. The greenhouse effect and global warming due to increased carbon dioxide are also summarized. The document provides definitions of environmental chemistry and pollution and classifies pollution sources and their impacts on the environment.
The document discusses air pollution, defining it as gases or particles released in sufficient quantities to harm human health, plants, or the environment. It then discusses the major causes and types of air pollution, focusing on India. The top three causes are traffic, which releases particulate matter and gases from vehicle exhaust; power plants, which emit sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and particulates from burning fossil fuels; and industrial plants, which can continuously or accidentally release pollution. The document also lists natural causes like forest fires and health and environmental impacts of air pollution.
Air pollution is the contamination of air from harmful substances that can damage health, climate, and materials. Common air pollutants include gases like carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, and nitrous oxide, as well as particulates. Air pollution has been linked to diseases, allergies, and death in humans and environmental harm. International agreements and national regulations have sought to limit air pollution from sources such as fossil fuel combustion, waste burning, and dust. Effective pollution control technologies include gravity settling chambers, bag filters, cyclone collectors, and electrostatic precipitators.
Air pollution comes from both natural and human-made sources. Major human-made pollutants include sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, particulate matter, and volatile organic compounds which are emitted from burning fossil fuels for energy and transportation. Long-term exposure to air pollutants can cause health issues like heart and lung diseases. Governments establish regulations and industries use control technologies to reduce air pollutant emissions and improve air quality.
The document discusses the causes and effects of air pollution. It states that the primary cause of air pollution is the burning of fossil fuels to power industry and vehicles, which releases pollutants such as carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and particulate matter into the atmosphere. These pollutants can harm human health, damage ecosystems, and in some cases form acid rain. The document also outlines several other natural and human-made sources of air pollution and their associated pollutants.
This document discusses various types of pollution including air, water, and soil pollution. It defines each type of pollution and identifies major pollutants. For air pollution, it outlines primary and secondary pollutants as well as six major primary pollutants (nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, particulates, photochemical oxidants, and sulfur dioxide). It also discusses the sources and effects of each type of pollution and methods for controlling pollution.
Air is the Earth's atmosphere which living things breathe. It has mass and weight but no color or smell. Air pollution is the introduction of harmful substances into the atmosphere from natural or human-made sources, and can damage health, environments, and climate. The major air pollutants are particulate matter, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, volatile organic compounds and ground-level ozone. Air pollutants come from sources like industrial facilities, vehicle exhaust, and agricultural burning.
The document discusses air pollution, including its definition, sources, classification of pollutants, effects, and control methods. It defines air pollution as the presence of foreign substances that adversely affect human health and the environment. Major sources include stationary sources like power plants and mobile sources like vehicles. Pollutants are classified as primary emitted directly or secondary formed through chemical reactions. Effects are discussed for human health, plants, and materials. Control methods include source prevention, air pollution control equipment like precipitators and scrubbers that collect pollutants, and laws regulating industrial emissions.
The document discusses various environmental problems, with a focus on pollution. It covers different types of pollution like air pollution and water pollution. It describes the sources and harmful effects of both air and water pollution. It also discusses methods to prevent and control pollution, including various techniques to control gaseous and particulate pollutants in air.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
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A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
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2. INTRODUCTION
• Air pollution is the contamination of air due to the presence of substances in the
atmosphere that are harmful to the health of humans and other living beings, or cause
damage to the climate or to materials.
• Air pollution refers to the release of pollutants into the air—pollutants which are harm to
human health and the planet as a whole.
• According to the World Health Organization (WHO), each year air pollution is responsible
for nearly seven million deaths around the globe.
• Nine out of ten human beings currently breathe air that exceeds the WHO’s guideline
limits for pollutants, with those living in low- and middle-income countries suffering the
most.
• In the United States, the Clean Air Act, established in 1970, authorizes the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to safeguard public health by regulating the
emissions of these harmful air pollutants.
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3. DEFINITION
• “Air Pollution is the release of pollutants such as gases, particles, biological
molecules, etc. into the air that is harmful to human health and the
environment.”
3
4. TYPES OF AIR POLLUTION
• PRIMARY AIR POLLUTION
The pollutants that directly cause air pollution are known as primary pollutants. Sulphur-dioxide emitted
from factories is a primary pollutant.
• Primary pollutants are any type of pollutant directly into the environment. They differ from secondary
pollutants because secondary pollutants must form in the atmosphere, whereas primary pollutants do not.
Primary pollutants can be emitted from many sources including cars, coal-fired power plants, natural gas
power plants, biomass burning, natural forest fires, volcanoes, and many more.
• The effects of primary pollutants are of concern as they can be harmful to humans, animals and
plants.[2] Their contribution to the formation of secondary pollutants is also concerning, as this is what
causes harmful ground level ozone to form, along with different smogs, especially in densely populated
cities such as Los Angeles.
• The emission of primary pollutants has decreased considerably in the past years, due to improved
regulations, technology and economic changes
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5. TYPES OF PRIMARY POLLUTANTS
• Types of primary pollutants include:[4]
• Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
• Carbon monoxide (CO)
• Volatile organic compounds (VOCs)
• Sulfur oxides (SOx)
• Particulate matter (PM)
• Mercury
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Vehicles are a major contributor to primary pollutants,
emitting the majority of CO and NOx emissions in Canada
6. • Oxides of Sulphur
• Sulphur Oxides are generally a product of the Volcanoes, Industrial processes, Coal and
petroleum, because most of them have Sulphur as a component. The Sulphur Dioxide in
presence of a catalyst such as NO2 causes Acid Rain, because of the formation of Sulphuric
Acid. The Indian Coal is though low in sulphur content but still coal consumption is a major
danger of acid rain because of the coal based power plants.
• Oxides of Nitrogen
• Most of the Nitrogen Oxides are produced due to high temperature combustion. In the cities the
brown haze dome above the cities is mostly because of the Nitrogen Oxides. The most
important toxic gas is Nitrogen dioxide which is brown, with sharp odour.
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7. • Oxides of Carbon
• Carbon Monoxide, which is colourless, odourless and non irritating but very poisonous gas is
the product of incomplete combustion of the natural gas, coal or wood. The vehicle exhaust is
the major source of CO.
• The Carbon Dioxide is associated with the Ocean Acidification and is emitted from combustion,
factories and respiration of living organisms
• Then, we have primary pollutants such as Volatile Organic Compounds or VOCs which are
methane (CH4) and non-methane (NMVOCs).
• Methane is a GHG which contributes to Global Warming.
• The NMVOCs include the aromatic compounds such as Benzene, Toluene, Xylene which are
proved or suspected carcinogens.
• Another dangerous compound is the 1,3-butadiene, often associated with industrial uses.
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8. • Particulate Matter
• The particulate matters are the fine particles which may be either solid or liquid, suspended in a
gas. They are different from the Aerosols. Aerosols are particle and gas referred together. The
aerosols which are created by the Human activities are anthropogenic aerosols. They account
for around 10% of the total aerosols in the atmosphere.
• Other Primary Pollutants
• Another category of the primary air pollutants is toxic metals such as Cadmium, Lead and
Copper, which are products of the Industrial processes. The Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are
proved to be harmful to the ozone layer emitted from products currently banned from use. In
agriculture process, Ammonia is emitted which has characteristic pungent odor. It is a precursor
to foodstuffs and fertilizers. Ammonia is also a building block for the synthesis of many
pharmaceuticals.
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9. • SECONDARY AIR POLLUTION
The pollutants formed by the intermingling and reaction of primary pollutants are known as
secondary pollutants. Smog, formed by the intermingling of smoke and fog, is a secondary
pollutant.
• Ground Level Ozone
• The most important secondary pollutant is the Ground Level Ozone or Tropospheric
Ozone. Emissions from industrial facilities and electric utilities, motor vehicle exhaust, gasoline
vapours, and chemical solvents are some of the major sources of Nox and VOC. Ground Level
Ozone forms due to reactions of the NOx, Carbon Monoxide and VOCs in presence of sunlight.
• Smog
• Another most important secondary pollutant is the Smog, which has made up of Smoke and Fog.
Traditionally, the smog has resulted from large amounts of coal burning in an area caused by a
mixture of smoke and sulphur dioxide. Now-a-days, the Vehicle emissions and Industrial
emissions that are acted on in the atmosphere by ultraviolet light from the sun to form secondary
pollutants that also combine with the primary emissions to form photochemical smog.
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10. • AICD RAIN
• Acid rain refers to the precipitation with elevated levels of hydrogen ions or a low pH. When
fossil fuel is burnt, some of the elements within their molecules combine with oxygen and form
oxides.
• The oxide produced in a large quantity is carbon dioxide, followed by smaller quantities of
Sulphur Oxides and Nitrogen Oxides.
• All of these oxides form the acidic solution when they dissolve in water. Out of these oxides,
the Nitrogen oxides can also be produced naturally by lightning strikes.
• Similarly, the Sulfur Dioxide can also be produced by the volcanic eruptions. But these natural
phenomena did not contribute the acidic rains as compared to the anthropogenic activities.
• The Acid Rains have been seen in many parts of the world more prominently since 1970s. In
some parts of the world the Acid Rains with as low as 1.5pH has been witnessed.
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11. EFFECTS OF PRIMARY AND SECONDARY AIR
POLLUTANTS
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12. • Health hazards
• In terms of health hazards, every unusual suspended material in the air, which
causes difficulties in normal function of the human organs, is defined as air
toxicants.
• According to available data, the main toxic effects of exposure to air pollutants are
mainly on the respiratory, cardiovascular, ophthalmologic, dermatologic,
neuropsychiatric, hematologic, immunologic, and reproductive systems.
• However, the molecular and cell toxicity may also induce a variety of cancers in
the long term. On the other hand, even small amount of air toxicants is shown to be
dangerous for susceptible groups including children and elderly people as well as
patients suffering from respiratory and cardiovascular diseases
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13. • Respiratory disorders
• Because most of the pollutants enter the body through the airways, the respiratory system is
in the first line of battle in the onset and progression of diseases resulted from air pollutant.
• Air pollution is also considered as the major environmental risk factor for some respiratory
diseases such as asthma and lung cancer. Air pollutants, especially PMs and other respirable
chemicals such as dust, O3, and benzene cause serious damage to the respiratory tract.
• Asthma is a respiratory disease which may be developed as a result of exposure to air
toxicants. Some studies have validated associations between both traffic-related and/or
industrial air pollution and increasing the risk of COPD. Treatment of respiratory diseases
due to air pollution is similar to the other toxic chemical induce respiratory disorders.
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14. • Cardiovascular dysfunctions
• Many experimental and epidemiologic studies have shown the direct association of air
pollutant exposure and cardiac-related illnesses. Air pollution is also associated with
changes in white blood cell counts which also may affect the cardiovascular functions.
• On the other hand, a study on animal models suggested the close relationship between
hypertension and air pollution exposure.The traffic-related air pollution, especially exposure
to high levels of NO2, is associated with right and left ventricular hypertrophy.
• In addition to the antidote therapy that exists only for a few cardiotoxic substances like CO,
usual treatment of cardiovascular diseases should be carried out.
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15. PREVEVENTION OF AIR POLLUTION
• Avoiding the burning of garbage and smoking – burning of garbage is a huge
contributor to air pollution. Another contributor to air pollution is cigarette smoking.
Avoiding these activities and spreading awareness of their negative consequences can
be of great help in the prevention of air pollution.
• Using public transport is a sure short way of contributing to less air pollution as it
provides with less gas and energy, even carpools contribute to it. In addition to less
release of fuels and gas, using a public transport can also help in saving money. Lesser
vehicles on roads will contribute to lesser emissions. Using public transport will help in:
• Reducing the overall emissions
• Number of vehicles reduced on the roads
• Lesser traffic congestion episodes
• It is pocket friendly alternative
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16. • Turn off the lights when not in use
• The energy that the lights take also contribute to air pollution, thus less consumption of
electricity can save energy. Use energy saving fluorescent lights to help the
environment.
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17. • Recycle and Reuse
• The concept of recycle and reuse is not just conserve resources and use them judicially but
also is helpful for air pollution as it helps in reducing pollution emissions. The recycled
products also take less power to make other products.
• No to plastic bags
• The use of plastic products could be very harmful to the environment as they take a very
long time to decompose, due to their material made up of oil. The use of paper bags instead
is a better alternative as they decompose easily and are recyclable
• Avoid usage of crackers
• The use of crackers during festivals and weddings is sadly one of the biggest
contributors to air pollution, leading to a layer of smog which is extremely harmful
for health. So, practice of no crackers should be implemented.
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18. • Avoid using of products with chemicals
• Products that use the chemicals in their usage or smell strongly, like paints or perfumes
should be used less or outside the house. There can also be an alternative to use
products with low chemical content and organic properties.
• Implement Afforestation
• Last but not the least, plant and grow as many trees as possible. The practice of planting
trees provides a lot of benefits to the environment and helps with the release of oxygen.
• Reduction of forest fires and smoking
• The collecting of garbage and getting it on fire in dry seasons or dry leaves catching fires
is a huge factor for causing air pollution, moreover smoking also causes air pollution and
causes the air quality to worsen along with obviously damaging one’s health
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