The document discusses air pollution, defining it as gases or particles released in sufficient quantities to harm human health, plants, or the environment. It then discusses the major causes and types of air pollution, focusing on India. The top three causes are traffic, which releases particulate matter and gases from vehicle exhaust; power plants, which emit sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and particulates from burning fossil fuels; and industrial plants, which can continuously or accidentally release pollution. The document also lists natural causes like forest fires and health and environmental impacts of air pollution.
This document discusses air pollution in India. It defines air pollution and notes that 14 of the world's 20 most polluted cities are in India, with Kanpur having the highest PM2.5 levels at 17 times higher than safety limits. Traffic, power plants, and petroleum industries are the major causes of air pollution in India, releasing particulate matter and gases like sulfur dioxide and carbon monoxide that harm health and the environment.
This a presentation about the Air pollution and its causes & effects for the educational uses
It describe the definitions, types, info diagrams, sources, effects, and their controls
I hope this science could be a benefit for anyone who search the information
Air pollution is the introduction of chemicals, particulate matter, or biological materials into the atmosphere that can cause harm to humans and the environment. It is caused by both natural sources like volcanoes and wildfires, as well as anthropogenic sources including industrial facilities, vehicle emissions, and agriculture. Major air pollutants are sulfur and nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, particulate matter, and volatile organic compounds. Air pollution has been shown to increase risks of respiratory and cardiac disease and is estimated to cause millions of premature deaths worldwide each year.
This document discusses air pollution, including its causes, effects, and methods of control. It defines air pollution and lists its major sources as industrial activities, automobiles, burning of fuels, aircraft emissions, agriculture, radiation, and particulate matter. It then describes the health effects on humans and the environment, including increased respiratory and cardiac disease, as well as economic impacts. The document concludes by outlining approaches to control air pollution at both the governmental and individual levels, such as installing emissions control technology, using cleaner fuels, and promoting non-motorized transportation.
This document discusses various types of pollution including air, water, soil, radioactive, noise, light, and visual pollution. It focuses on air pollution, describing primary and secondary pollutants. Major causes of air pollution are identified as overpopulation, urbanization, increasing traffic, industrialization, and energy consumption. Effects of air pollution include both chronic and acute human health impacts as well as environmental effects such as acid rain. Control of air pollution requires strategies like improving automotive emissions, afforestation, limiting open burning, anti-smoking efforts, legislation, and environmental education.
Air pollution : Definition and sources (automobiles,industries,domestic sources and miscellaneous)
this presentation also useful for #school level presentation
Air pollution is introduced by both natural and human-made sources that release contaminants such as chemicals and gases into the atmosphere. Major causes of air pollution include the burning of fossil fuels for energy, transportation, industrial processes, and agriculture. Effects of air pollution include increased global warming, respiratory and heart diseases in humans, and damage to wildlife and ecosystems. Control measures involve reducing pollution at the source through clean energy use, fuel substitution, and increasing green spaces.
This document discusses air pollution in India. It defines air pollution and notes that 14 of the world's 20 most polluted cities are in India, with Kanpur having the highest PM2.5 levels at 17 times higher than safety limits. Traffic, power plants, and petroleum industries are the major causes of air pollution in India, releasing particulate matter and gases like sulfur dioxide and carbon monoxide that harm health and the environment.
This a presentation about the Air pollution and its causes & effects for the educational uses
It describe the definitions, types, info diagrams, sources, effects, and their controls
I hope this science could be a benefit for anyone who search the information
Air pollution is the introduction of chemicals, particulate matter, or biological materials into the atmosphere that can cause harm to humans and the environment. It is caused by both natural sources like volcanoes and wildfires, as well as anthropogenic sources including industrial facilities, vehicle emissions, and agriculture. Major air pollutants are sulfur and nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, particulate matter, and volatile organic compounds. Air pollution has been shown to increase risks of respiratory and cardiac disease and is estimated to cause millions of premature deaths worldwide each year.
This document discusses air pollution, including its causes, effects, and methods of control. It defines air pollution and lists its major sources as industrial activities, automobiles, burning of fuels, aircraft emissions, agriculture, radiation, and particulate matter. It then describes the health effects on humans and the environment, including increased respiratory and cardiac disease, as well as economic impacts. The document concludes by outlining approaches to control air pollution at both the governmental and individual levels, such as installing emissions control technology, using cleaner fuels, and promoting non-motorized transportation.
This document discusses various types of pollution including air, water, soil, radioactive, noise, light, and visual pollution. It focuses on air pollution, describing primary and secondary pollutants. Major causes of air pollution are identified as overpopulation, urbanization, increasing traffic, industrialization, and energy consumption. Effects of air pollution include both chronic and acute human health impacts as well as environmental effects such as acid rain. Control of air pollution requires strategies like improving automotive emissions, afforestation, limiting open burning, anti-smoking efforts, legislation, and environmental education.
Air pollution : Definition and sources (automobiles,industries,domestic sources and miscellaneous)
this presentation also useful for #school level presentation
Air pollution is introduced by both natural and human-made sources that release contaminants such as chemicals and gases into the atmosphere. Major causes of air pollution include the burning of fossil fuels for energy, transportation, industrial processes, and agriculture. Effects of air pollution include increased global warming, respiratory and heart diseases in humans, and damage to wildlife and ecosystems. Control measures involve reducing pollution at the source through clean energy use, fuel substitution, and increasing green spaces.
The document discusses air pollution and its causes. It defines air pollution and lists six major air pollutants: carbon monoxide, ozone, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur oxides, carbon dioxide, and lead. It describes primary and secondary pollutants and their sources. Burning fossil fuels from vehicles and industries are major sources of primary pollutants. Secondary pollutants form from chemical reactions between primary pollutants and can create smog and ground-level ozone. The effects of air pollution on human health, wildlife, and the environment are outlined. Incineration of waste contributes pollutants like dioxins, furans, and heavy metals to air.
Air pollution comes from five main human sources: agriculture, households, industry, transport, and waste. It is a global problem that affects both local areas and long distances. The main pollutants are particulate matter, carbon monoxide, nitrogen and sulfur dioxides, and ground-level ozone. Air pollution has serious health impacts, causing an estimated 7 million premature deaths per year from heart disease, lung cancer, and respiratory illnesses. It also increases risks of dementia, diabetes, and low birth weight. While pollution affects nearby areas, some pollutants can travel hundreds or thousands of miles.
This document discusses different types of pollution including air, water, and land pollution. It defines air pollution as atmospheric conditions with undesirable substances that affect humans and the environment. Sources of air pollution include natural sources like dust storms and volcanoes, as well as man-made sources from industry, automobiles, agriculture, and domestic activities. Major air pollutants discussed are ozone, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, particulate matter, and their health effects. The document also examines causes, sources, and effects of water pollution from point sources like waste water and non-point sources like agricultural runoff. Causes and consequences of land pollution from construction, agriculture, domestic waste, and industry are outlined.
Jeremy Brug: Air pollution- its causes, effects and pollutantsJeremy Brug
What is air pollution? What are main causes of air pollution? How to reduce air pollution? How to be safe from air pollution? If you want answers of these questions then must check this presentation shared by Jeremy Brug. Get in touch with Jeremy Brug on Facebook https://www.facebook.com/JeremyBrugAustinman/
Air pollution: its causes,effects and pollutantsMaliha Eesha
This presentation gives the complete detail of air, air pollution, air pollutants and their types, each pollutant in detail and its causes and effects, acid rain, methods of prevention,smog,acidification,indoor pollution and so on. It is a complete package and I hope it'll be helpful in school! :)
Important Notes - 10th Science - Striving for Better EnvironmentEdnexa
This document discusses various types of pollution including air, water, and soil pollution. It focuses on air pollution, describing the main sources as transportation, industry, agriculture, and various types of burning. The effects of air pollution are discussed, including both short-term impacts like respiratory issues, and long-term impacts like cardiovascular disease and cancer. Acid rain and ozone layer depletion are also summarized as major environmental issues caused by air pollution.
Air pollution is the introduction of harmful substances into the atmosphere that can cause harm to humans and other living organisms. Both human activities and natural processes can generate air pollutants. Major primary pollutants from human activities include carbon dioxide, sulfur and nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, volatile organic compounds, particulates, and toxic metals. Secondary pollutants are formed when primary pollutants interact in the air, such as ozone and PAN. Human activities like burning fossil fuels for transportation and industry, agricultural and household chemicals, and manufacturing are leading causes of air pollution.
Pollution occurs when economic gains are prioritized over environmental protection. It has contaminated the air, water, and land on which life depends through waste products from human activity. Pollutants can be classified as degradable, slowly degradable/persistent, or non-degradable. Air pollution in particular has detrimental effects on human health and has been a problem since the industrial revolution, though control measures have helped improve conditions in some areas.
Air pollution is the introduction of chemicals, particulate matter, or biological materials into the atmosphere that can harm humans or the environment. It occurs both outdoors and indoors. Major outdoor air pollutants include sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, volatile organic compounds, and particulate matter from sources such as fossil fuel combustion, industrial processes, vehicle emissions, and natural sources. Indoor air pollutants include those emitted from building materials, products, combustion sources, and biological sources. Air pollution has been shown to increase cardiopulmonary disease and cancer rates and cause premature death.
The document discusses various topics related to air pollution and the environment. It defines air pollution and its causes such as the burning of fossil fuels. It describes different types of air pollutants like particulate matter and gases. The effects of air pollution on human health, global warming, and acid rain are explained. The document also discusses ozone layer depletion and its causes from chlorofluorocarbons. Solutions to reduce air pollution through clean energy, conservation, and reducing greenhouse gas emissions are provided.
This document discusses industrial pollution from a project report. It defines pollution and industrial waste, noting that industrial waste production depletes natural resources and pollutes air, water, soil and oceans. It then discusses different types of pollution like air, noise, water and soil pollution. For air pollution, it notes major causes like automobiles, coal combustion, and manufacturing. Particulate pollutants from industries like dust, soot and fly ash are discussed. Gaseous pollutants from power plants and vehicles like carbon compounds, sulfur compounds and nitrogen compounds are also mentioned. Lastly, it discusses some ways to prevent and control indoor, and industrial air pollution through improved technologies and cleaner fuels.
This document discusses the types and sources of air pollution. It categorizes air pollution into two types based on origin: primary pollutants that enter the air directly from a source, and secondary pollutants that are created through chemical reactions in the atmosphere. Major sources of air pollution include stationary combustion sources like power plants that burn fossil fuels, mobile combustion sources like vehicles, and industrial processes. The document outlines the major gaseous pollutants like sulfur and nitrogen oxides, and particulate pollutants like smoke, dust, and aerosols. It discusses the impacts of air pollution like acid rain, eutrophication, and greenhouse effects.
This document discusses air pollution, defining it as the introduction of harmful materials into the atmosphere. It describes primary and secondary pollutants, listing major primary pollutants like sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, and particulates. Sources of pollution are outlined as anthropogenic such as burning fossil fuels, vehicles, and industry, as well as natural sources like dust and wildfires. The effects of air pollution on human health, materials, and animals are explained. Specific health impacts include respiratory and heart diseases. Solutions proposed include using public transportation, conserving energy, and reducing waste.
Air pollution (So2, NO2, CO) (1).pdf air pollution occuring in environment by...MalaikaNoor13
Air pollution is caused by both natural and human-made sources. Natural pollutants include volcanic emissions and dust storms, while human activities like burning fossil fuels for energy, transportation, and industry are major causes of air pollution. Key air pollutants are sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, and carbon monoxide, which are emitted from power plants, vehicles, and other combustion sources. These pollutants can harm human health and the environment by contributing to acid rain, particulate matter, and ground-level ozone formation. Reducing emissions from major sources is necessary to improve air quality.
Air pollution is the contamination of air due to the presence of substances in the atmosphere that are harmful to the health of humans and other living being ,or cause damage to the climate or to materials.
Air pollution is caused primarily by human activities like burning fossil fuels for energy and transportation. Major pollutants released into the atmosphere include carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, particulate matter, and ground-level ozone. Globally, air pollution is estimated to cause 200,000 to 570,000 deaths per year. Reducing the use of fossil fuels and modifying human activities that produce air pollutants can help control air pollution.
Air pollution occurs when harmful gases, dust, or other particles are introduced into the atmosphere, making the air dirty and potentially damaging to humans, animals, and plants. It can be caused by both natural phenomena like volcanic eruptions as well as human activities such as burning fossil fuels for energy and transportation. Major air pollutants include carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, particulate matter, and ground-level ozone. Air pollution has wide-ranging negative health effects and can also damage the environment through acid rain and eutrophication. Both governmental regulations and individual actions are needed to monitor air quality and implement solutions to reduce pollution.
This document discusses various types of marine pollution including sewage, pesticides, plastics, metals, oil, sediment plumes, heat, radioactive waste, and dredge spoil. It explains the sources and effects of each pollutant. Methods for preventing and controlling marine pollution are also outlined, such as stabilization of ecosystems, removal of pollutants, oil skimming, and adoption of proper mining techniques. The conclusion emphasizes that oceans cover most of the earth's surface and play an important role in life, so it is necessary to protect marine waters from pollutants.
Water pollution occurs when harmful substances are directly or indirectly discharged into water bodies without adequate treatment. There are two main sources of water pollution: point sources which discharge directly into water bodies like factories and power plants, and non-point sources which have no specific discharge location like runoff from agricultural fields and roads. Water pollution can have detrimental effects like encouraging algae growth which depletes oxygen levels, contaminating drinking water sources, and posing health risks to humans and aquatic life. Proper treatment of industrial effluents and domestic waste, public awareness, and established laws are needed to control water pollution.
The document discusses air pollution and its causes. It defines air pollution and lists six major air pollutants: carbon monoxide, ozone, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur oxides, carbon dioxide, and lead. It describes primary and secondary pollutants and their sources. Burning fossil fuels from vehicles and industries are major sources of primary pollutants. Secondary pollutants form from chemical reactions between primary pollutants and can create smog and ground-level ozone. The effects of air pollution on human health, wildlife, and the environment are outlined. Incineration of waste contributes pollutants like dioxins, furans, and heavy metals to air.
Air pollution comes from five main human sources: agriculture, households, industry, transport, and waste. It is a global problem that affects both local areas and long distances. The main pollutants are particulate matter, carbon monoxide, nitrogen and sulfur dioxides, and ground-level ozone. Air pollution has serious health impacts, causing an estimated 7 million premature deaths per year from heart disease, lung cancer, and respiratory illnesses. It also increases risks of dementia, diabetes, and low birth weight. While pollution affects nearby areas, some pollutants can travel hundreds or thousands of miles.
This document discusses different types of pollution including air, water, and land pollution. It defines air pollution as atmospheric conditions with undesirable substances that affect humans and the environment. Sources of air pollution include natural sources like dust storms and volcanoes, as well as man-made sources from industry, automobiles, agriculture, and domestic activities. Major air pollutants discussed are ozone, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, particulate matter, and their health effects. The document also examines causes, sources, and effects of water pollution from point sources like waste water and non-point sources like agricultural runoff. Causes and consequences of land pollution from construction, agriculture, domestic waste, and industry are outlined.
Jeremy Brug: Air pollution- its causes, effects and pollutantsJeremy Brug
What is air pollution? What are main causes of air pollution? How to reduce air pollution? How to be safe from air pollution? If you want answers of these questions then must check this presentation shared by Jeremy Brug. Get in touch with Jeremy Brug on Facebook https://www.facebook.com/JeremyBrugAustinman/
Air pollution: its causes,effects and pollutantsMaliha Eesha
This presentation gives the complete detail of air, air pollution, air pollutants and their types, each pollutant in detail and its causes and effects, acid rain, methods of prevention,smog,acidification,indoor pollution and so on. It is a complete package and I hope it'll be helpful in school! :)
Important Notes - 10th Science - Striving for Better EnvironmentEdnexa
This document discusses various types of pollution including air, water, and soil pollution. It focuses on air pollution, describing the main sources as transportation, industry, agriculture, and various types of burning. The effects of air pollution are discussed, including both short-term impacts like respiratory issues, and long-term impacts like cardiovascular disease and cancer. Acid rain and ozone layer depletion are also summarized as major environmental issues caused by air pollution.
Air pollution is the introduction of harmful substances into the atmosphere that can cause harm to humans and other living organisms. Both human activities and natural processes can generate air pollutants. Major primary pollutants from human activities include carbon dioxide, sulfur and nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, volatile organic compounds, particulates, and toxic metals. Secondary pollutants are formed when primary pollutants interact in the air, such as ozone and PAN. Human activities like burning fossil fuels for transportation and industry, agricultural and household chemicals, and manufacturing are leading causes of air pollution.
Pollution occurs when economic gains are prioritized over environmental protection. It has contaminated the air, water, and land on which life depends through waste products from human activity. Pollutants can be classified as degradable, slowly degradable/persistent, or non-degradable. Air pollution in particular has detrimental effects on human health and has been a problem since the industrial revolution, though control measures have helped improve conditions in some areas.
Air pollution is the introduction of chemicals, particulate matter, or biological materials into the atmosphere that can harm humans or the environment. It occurs both outdoors and indoors. Major outdoor air pollutants include sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, volatile organic compounds, and particulate matter from sources such as fossil fuel combustion, industrial processes, vehicle emissions, and natural sources. Indoor air pollutants include those emitted from building materials, products, combustion sources, and biological sources. Air pollution has been shown to increase cardiopulmonary disease and cancer rates and cause premature death.
The document discusses various topics related to air pollution and the environment. It defines air pollution and its causes such as the burning of fossil fuels. It describes different types of air pollutants like particulate matter and gases. The effects of air pollution on human health, global warming, and acid rain are explained. The document also discusses ozone layer depletion and its causes from chlorofluorocarbons. Solutions to reduce air pollution through clean energy, conservation, and reducing greenhouse gas emissions are provided.
This document discusses industrial pollution from a project report. It defines pollution and industrial waste, noting that industrial waste production depletes natural resources and pollutes air, water, soil and oceans. It then discusses different types of pollution like air, noise, water and soil pollution. For air pollution, it notes major causes like automobiles, coal combustion, and manufacturing. Particulate pollutants from industries like dust, soot and fly ash are discussed. Gaseous pollutants from power plants and vehicles like carbon compounds, sulfur compounds and nitrogen compounds are also mentioned. Lastly, it discusses some ways to prevent and control indoor, and industrial air pollution through improved technologies and cleaner fuels.
This document discusses the types and sources of air pollution. It categorizes air pollution into two types based on origin: primary pollutants that enter the air directly from a source, and secondary pollutants that are created through chemical reactions in the atmosphere. Major sources of air pollution include stationary combustion sources like power plants that burn fossil fuels, mobile combustion sources like vehicles, and industrial processes. The document outlines the major gaseous pollutants like sulfur and nitrogen oxides, and particulate pollutants like smoke, dust, and aerosols. It discusses the impacts of air pollution like acid rain, eutrophication, and greenhouse effects.
This document discusses air pollution, defining it as the introduction of harmful materials into the atmosphere. It describes primary and secondary pollutants, listing major primary pollutants like sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, and particulates. Sources of pollution are outlined as anthropogenic such as burning fossil fuels, vehicles, and industry, as well as natural sources like dust and wildfires. The effects of air pollution on human health, materials, and animals are explained. Specific health impacts include respiratory and heart diseases. Solutions proposed include using public transportation, conserving energy, and reducing waste.
Air pollution (So2, NO2, CO) (1).pdf air pollution occuring in environment by...MalaikaNoor13
Air pollution is caused by both natural and human-made sources. Natural pollutants include volcanic emissions and dust storms, while human activities like burning fossil fuels for energy, transportation, and industry are major causes of air pollution. Key air pollutants are sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, and carbon monoxide, which are emitted from power plants, vehicles, and other combustion sources. These pollutants can harm human health and the environment by contributing to acid rain, particulate matter, and ground-level ozone formation. Reducing emissions from major sources is necessary to improve air quality.
Air pollution is the contamination of air due to the presence of substances in the atmosphere that are harmful to the health of humans and other living being ,or cause damage to the climate or to materials.
Air pollution is caused primarily by human activities like burning fossil fuels for energy and transportation. Major pollutants released into the atmosphere include carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, particulate matter, and ground-level ozone. Globally, air pollution is estimated to cause 200,000 to 570,000 deaths per year. Reducing the use of fossil fuels and modifying human activities that produce air pollutants can help control air pollution.
Air pollution occurs when harmful gases, dust, or other particles are introduced into the atmosphere, making the air dirty and potentially damaging to humans, animals, and plants. It can be caused by both natural phenomena like volcanic eruptions as well as human activities such as burning fossil fuels for energy and transportation. Major air pollutants include carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, particulate matter, and ground-level ozone. Air pollution has wide-ranging negative health effects and can also damage the environment through acid rain and eutrophication. Both governmental regulations and individual actions are needed to monitor air quality and implement solutions to reduce pollution.
This document discusses various types of marine pollution including sewage, pesticides, plastics, metals, oil, sediment plumes, heat, radioactive waste, and dredge spoil. It explains the sources and effects of each pollutant. Methods for preventing and controlling marine pollution are also outlined, such as stabilization of ecosystems, removal of pollutants, oil skimming, and adoption of proper mining techniques. The conclusion emphasizes that oceans cover most of the earth's surface and play an important role in life, so it is necessary to protect marine waters from pollutants.
Water pollution occurs when harmful substances are directly or indirectly discharged into water bodies without adequate treatment. There are two main sources of water pollution: point sources which discharge directly into water bodies like factories and power plants, and non-point sources which have no specific discharge location like runoff from agricultural fields and roads. Water pollution can have detrimental effects like encouraging algae growth which depletes oxygen levels, contaminating drinking water sources, and posing health risks to humans and aquatic life. Proper treatment of industrial effluents and domestic waste, public awareness, and established laws are needed to control water pollution.
The document discusses various types of pollution including air, water, soil, marine, thermal, and nuclear pollution. It identifies the sources of pollution as natural or man-made. Several common air pollutants are described along with their effects on human health, materials, and the environment. Methods for removing particulate matter from industrial emissions include settling chambers, cyclones, wet scrubbers, filtration, and electrostatic precipitators. Major pollutants released from different industries are also listed.
The Global Programme of Action (GPA) aims to protect the marine environment from land-based pollution through a global, regional, and national approach. The GPA focuses on preventing degradation from activities like wastewater discharge and habitat destruction. It is a non-binding agreement adopted in 1995 that provides guidance to countries on reducing pollution from sources like sewage, heavy metals, and sediment. The GPA also promotes integrated management of coastal and river basin areas to protect the many benefits people derive from coastal and marine ecosystems.
Water and noise pollution pose threats to human and environmental health. Water pollution occurs when harmful substances are directly or indirectly discharged into bodies of water. It has various sources like industrial effluents, agricultural runoff, and oil spills. Water pollution leads to eutrophication and depletion of dissolved oxygen in water bodies, harming aquatic life. Noise pollution is unwanted sound that is commonly caused by vehicles, construction, and loud music. It can cause hearing loss, sleep issues, and stress. Control methods include limiting noise emissions and using sound barriers.
The document discusses air pollution in India. It defines air pollution and notes that many Indian cities have very high levels of air pollution, with 14 of the world's most polluted cities located in India. The major sources of air pollution in India are traffic, power plants that burn fossil fuels, industrial plants and factories, construction sites, crop burning, and garbage incineration. The main types of air pollutants are sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, volatile organic compounds, particulates, and ozone. Air pollution has detrimental health impacts and also affects agriculture, ecosystems, buildings, and the climate.
UNLOCKING HEALTHCARE 4.0: NAVIGATING CRITICAL SUCCESS FACTORS FOR EFFECTIVE I...amsjournal
The Fourth Industrial Revolution is transforming industries, including healthcare, by integrating digital,
physical, and biological technologies. This study examines the integration of 4.0 technologies into
healthcare, identifying success factors and challenges through interviews with 70 stakeholders from 33
countries. Healthcare is evolving significantly, with varied objectives across nations aiming to improve
population health. The study explores stakeholders' perceptions on critical success factors, identifying
challenges such as insufficiently trained personnel, organizational silos, and structural barriers to data
exchange. Facilitators for integration include cost reduction initiatives and interoperability policies.
Technologies like IoT, Big Data, AI, Machine Learning, and robotics enhance diagnostics, treatment
precision, and real-time monitoring, reducing errors and optimizing resource utilization. Automation
improves employee satisfaction and patient care, while Blockchain and telemedicine drive cost reductions.
Successful integration requires skilled professionals and supportive policies, promising efficient resource
use, lower error rates, and accelerated processes, leading to optimized global healthcare outcomes.
Batteries -Introduction – Types of Batteries – discharging and charging of battery - characteristics of battery –battery rating- various tests on battery- – Primary battery: silver button cell- Secondary battery :Ni-Cd battery-modern battery: lithium ion battery-maintenance of batteries-choices of batteries for electric vehicle applications.
Fuel Cells: Introduction- importance and classification of fuel cells - description, principle, components, applications of fuel cells: H2-O2 fuel cell, alkaline fuel cell, molten carbonate fuel cell and direct methanol fuel cells.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
Use PyCharm for remote debugging of WSL on a Windo cf5c162d672e4e58b4dde5d797...shadow0702a
This document serves as a comprehensive step-by-step guide on how to effectively use PyCharm for remote debugging of the Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL) on a local Windows machine. It meticulously outlines several critical steps in the process, starting with the crucial task of enabling permissions, followed by the installation and configuration of WSL.
The guide then proceeds to explain how to set up the SSH service within the WSL environment, an integral part of the process. Alongside this, it also provides detailed instructions on how to modify the inbound rules of the Windows firewall to facilitate the process, ensuring that there are no connectivity issues that could potentially hinder the debugging process.
The document further emphasizes on the importance of checking the connection between the Windows and WSL environments, providing instructions on how to ensure that the connection is optimal and ready for remote debugging.
It also offers an in-depth guide on how to configure the WSL interpreter and files within the PyCharm environment. This is essential for ensuring that the debugging process is set up correctly and that the program can be run effectively within the WSL terminal.
Additionally, the document provides guidance on how to set up breakpoints for debugging, a fundamental aspect of the debugging process which allows the developer to stop the execution of their code at certain points and inspect their program at those stages.
Finally, the document concludes by providing a link to a reference blog. This blog offers additional information and guidance on configuring the remote Python interpreter in PyCharm, providing the reader with a well-rounded understanding of the process.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
2. Definition
Air pollution is a gas (or a liquid or solid dispersed
through ordinary air) released in a big enough
quantity
•to harm the health of people or other animals,
•kill plants or stop them growing properly,
•damage or disrupt some other aspect of the
environment (such as making buildings crumble), or
•cause some other kind of nuisance (reduced visibility,
perhaps, or an unpleasant odor)
3. INTRODUCTION
• Indian cities are reeling under multiple problems, including environmental issues
Most pressing of them all is the issue of air pollution.
• The poor air quality that citizens are forced to breathe- especially in the heavily
polluted cities- has a detrimental impact on their health and well-being
• A World Health Organisation (WHO) study found that fourteen of the twenty
world’s most polluted cities belonged to India.
• Kanpur, in Uttar Pradesh, emerged as the city with the highest PM2.5 level,
standing at 173 (17 times higher than the limit set for safety).
• It is estimated that in 2016, over 9 lakh deaths were caused due to air pollution in
India.
• Some other cities with high PM 2.5 levels include Faridabad, Varanasi, Gaya,
Patna, Delhi, Lucknow and Agra.
4. Types of Air Pollutants
Any gas could qualify as pollution if it reached a high enough concentration to do
harm. Theoretically, that means there are dozens of different pollution gases.
Following are most harmful
1.Sulfur dioxide: Coal, petroleum, and other fuels are often impure and contain sulfur
as well as organic (carbon-based) compounds. When sulfur burns with oxygen from
the air, sulfur dioxide (SO2) is produced. Coal-fired Power plants are the world's
biggest source of sulfur-dioxide air pollution. it contributes to smog, acid rain, and
health problems that include lung disease.
2.Carbon monoxide: This highly dangerous gas forms when fuels have too little
oxygen to burn completely. It spews out in car exhausts and it can also build up to
dangerous levels inside your home if you have a poorly maintained gas boiler, stove,
or fuel-burning appliance.
3.Carbon dioxide: This gas is central to everyday life and isn't normally considered a
pollutant. However, carbon dioxide is also a greenhouse gas released by engines and
power plants. Since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, it's been building up in
Earth's atmosphere and contributing to the problem of global warming and climate
change.
5. Types of Pollutants-Cont..
4.Nitrogen oxides: Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and nitrogen oxide (NO) are pollutants
produced as an indirect result of combustion, when nitrogen and oxygen from the air
react together. Nitrogen oxide pollution comes from vehicle engines and power plants,
and plays an important role in the formation of acid rain, ozone and smog.
5.Volatile organic compounds (VOCs): These carbon-based chemicals evaporate
easily at ordinary temperatures and pressures, so they readily become gases. they're
used as solvents in paints, waxes, and varnishes. Unfortunately, they're also a form of
air pollution, and have long-term effects on people's health and also play a role in the
formation of ozone and smog.
6.Particulates: These are the sooty deposits. Particulates of different sizes are often
referred to by the letters PM followed by a number, so PM10 means soot particles of
less than 10 microns . The smaller the particulates, the deeper they travel into our
lungs and the more dangerous they are. PM2.5 particulates are much more dangerous.
In cities, most particulates come from traffic fumes.
7.Ozone: Also called trioxygen, At ground level, it's a toxic pollutant that can damage
health. It forms when sunlight strikes a cocktail of other pollution and is a key ingredient
of smog.
6. CAUSES OF AIR POLLUTION
• When we think of pollution, we tend to think it's a problem that humans cause
through ignorance or willful.
• However, it's important to remember that some kinds of air pollution are
produced naturally. Forest fires, erupting volcanoes, and gases released
from radio active decay of rocks inside Earth, that can have hugely disruptive
effects on people and the planet.
• Forest fires (which often start naturally) can produce huge swathes of smoke that
drift for miles over neighboring cities, countries, or continents.
• Giant volcanic eruptions can spew so much dust into the atmosphere that they
block out significant amounts of sunlight and cause the entire planet to cool
down for a year or more.
• Radioactive rocks can release a gas called radon when they decay, which can
build up in the basements of buildings with serious effects on people's health.
7. CAUSES OF AIR POLLUTION-Cont..
• Although we can adapt to natural air pollution, and try to reduce the disruption it
causes, we can never stop it happening completely.
Pic: Forest Fire
Anthropogenic Causes:
• Anything that involves burning things (combustion), using household or
industrial chemicals (substances that cause chemical reactions and may release
toxic gases in the process), or producing large amounts of dust has the potential
to cause air pollution.
8. CAUSES OF AIR POLLUTION-Cont..
• A century or two centuries ago the cause of most air pollution was filthy factories, powering
the Industrial Revolution. Today, tighter air pollution laws, greater environmental awareness,
and determined campaigns mounted by local communities make it far harder – though not
impossible—for factories to pollute.
• The Major causes or Sources of air pollution in the present century come from Three key
sources
1. Traffic
• There are over one billion cars on the road today. Virtually all of them are powered
by gasoline and diesel engines that burn petroleum to release energy.
• Petroleum is made up of hydrocarbons and, in theory, burning them fully with enough oxygen
should produce nothing worse than carbon dioxide and water.
• In practice, fuels aren't pure hydrocarbons and engines don't burn them cleanly. As a result,
exhausts from engines contain all kinds of pollution, notably
• particulates (soot of various sizes)
• carbon monoxide (CO, a poisonous gas)
9. CAUSES OF AIR POLLUTION-Cont..
• nitrogen oxides (NOx),
• volatile organic compounds (VOCs),
• Lead and
• indirectly produce ozone.
• Mix this noxious cocktail together and energize it with sunlight and you get the
sometimes brownish, sometimes blueish fog of pollution we call smog, which can
hang over cities for days on end.
• Vehicles don't release pollution only from their tailpipes. Brake and tire wear and
tear, the slow rubbing away of the road surface as tires rumble over it, and
stirring up of the dust and debris on top of it also release significant amounts of
PM10 and PM2.5 particulates into the air.
.
11. CAUSES OF AIR POLLUTION-Cont
2. Power plants
Renewable energy sources such as solar panels and wind turbines are helping
us generate a bigger proportion of our power every year, but the overwhelming
majority of electricity is still produced by burning fossil fuels such as coal, gas,
and oil, mostly in conventional power plants.
Like vehicle engines, power plants produce a range of air pollutants, notably
sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and particulates. (They also release huge
amounts of carbon dioxide, a key cause of global warming and climate
change when it rises and accumulates in the atmosphere.
13. CAUSES OF AIR POLLUTION-Cont..
3. Industrial plants and factories
• Plants that produce the goods we all rely on often release small but significant
quantities of pollution into the air. Industrial plants that produce metals such
as aluminum and steel, refine petroleum, produce cement, synthesize plastic, or make
other chemicals are among those that can produce harmful air pollution.
• Most plants that pollute release small amounts of pollution continually over a long
period of time, though the effects can be cumulative . Sometimes industrial plants
release huge of amounts of air pollution accidentally in a very short space of time. One
notable case happened in Bhopal, India in December 1984, when a large chemical plant
run by the Union Carbide company released a poisonous gas (methyl isocyanate) that
hung over the local area, killing around 3000 people and injuring thousands more.
Other causes of air pollution
• Although traffic, power plants, and industrial and chemical plants produce the majority
of Earth's manmade air pollution, many other factors contribute to the problem. like
14. CAUSES OF AIR POLLUTION-Cont..
burning woodfuel for their cooking and heating, and that produces indoor air pollution that
can seriously harm their health
garbage is incinerated instead of being recycled or landfilled
crop burning,
generation of dust- particularly from construction sites,
depleting tree covers and
poor waste management – all contribute towards the declining air quality.
One of the problems with tackling air pollution solely at the city level is that several factors
which contribute towards increasing pollution levels have their origins in the bordering sub-
urban areas.
For instance, one of the major factors responsible for its declining air quality is paddy straw
burning in its neighbouring areas.
Air pollution does not recognize geographical boundaries. Just as polluted air from rural
areas travels into cities, cities too contribute towards rural pollution. Thus, it is critical for
anti-pollution efforts to be coordinated across different levels.
16. Impacts of Air Pollution
• Air pollution is now widely known to have impacts over
• Human health, Agriculture, Ecology, Buildings, and Climate.
Human health
• It affects the respiratory, cardiovascular, cardiopulmonary, and reproductive systems and can
also lead to cancer. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has classified outdoor
air pollution as carcinogenic to humans.
• Estimated 0.62 million mortalities occur annually in India that could be attributed to PM2.5
pollution in 2010. TERI projected the mortalities to increase to 1.1 million in 2031 and 1.8
million in 2051, in a business as usual scenario.
• IHME (2013) also lists air pollution among the top 10 health risks in India.
• Other than outdoor pollution, biomass used in rural regions and urban slums for cooking and
kerosene for lighting is associated indoor air pollution and with a variety of health diseases
such as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, tuberculosis, cataract and adverse pregnancy
outcomes
17. Buildings
• Other than health, impacts have also been noted on buildings; cultural
monuments and national heritage sites are of particular concern.
• The Taj Mahal is one such example of degradation of a cultural heritage building
due to air pollutants.
Agriculture
• Air pollution, and particularly ground level ozone, also impacts agricultural
productivity of many crops such as wheat, rice, maize, etc.
• It is estimated a relative yield loss of approximately 33 per cent for wheat and
approximately 20 per cent for rice due to ozone pollution in India.
Impacts of Air Pollution-Cont..
19. Climate
• Some of the air pollutants such as black carbon, ozone, and methane also have
warming potential and are known as short-lived climate pollutants.
• Aerosols reduce the light and heat reaching the Earth’s surface, causing heating
of the atmosphere and cooling of the Earth’s surface .
• This changes evaporation rates and precipitation efficiency of the clouds and can
eventually impact the rainfall patterns in a region, which has implications over
several aspects including rain-fed agriculture.
• Other than these impacts, there could be larger regional impact over the
monsoons in Indian peninsula.
Impacts of Air Pollution-Cont..
20. Strategies for Control of Air Pollution
• In Urban areas for each of the drivers of air pollution (urbanization,
transportation, industrialization, power generation, and agricultural activities),
strategies are discussed below.
Urbanization (City planning and management):
• To an extent, pollution can be abated by urban design, topography, and
meteorological factors, other than control of emissions.
• City planners can effectively plan spatial distribution of point sources of pollution,
such as industries, landfills, treatments plants, transportation routes, open
spaces, which impact the quality of air in an urban region.
• Regional and metropolitan strategies that are long range should go together with
the small-scale short-range location and design strategies.
21. Strategies for Control of Air Pollution-Cont..
• Adopting a balanced sub-regional approach for regional and metropolitan
development with integration of mass transit is found to be helpful in reducing
trip lengths, motorized travel, and urban sprawl.
• Land use planning with plans of reduced population density around industrial
zones or in downwind direction can help in reducing exposure to the pollutants
released from industries
• Planning of solid waste management sites also needs to be done carefully and
proactively.
• For large projects, mandatory requirement of prior environmental approval
provides mechanisms for mitigating key adverse environmental impacts.
• Updation of Town and Country planning acts and Master Plan/Development
plans including City Development plans, city mobility plans and other special
plans to strongly focus on optimizing the land use integration with transportation
planning .
22. Strategies for Control of Air Pollution-Cont..
Supply of cleaner fuels, stoves to urban areas:
• There is a need to widen the access of LPG or PNG and, wherever appropriate, smaller
packaging and safe refilling options. Several government schemes designed to increase LPG/
PNG access across India have successfully enhanced the use of clean fuel in urban areas.
• Even as the government aims at providing LPG to all, it is evident that several million
households will continue to depend on traditional biomass for cooking due to economic &
supply and delivery constraints. There is a need for more efficient use of biomass as a cooking
fuel through the improved stoves with efficiencies ranging between 30 and 40 per cent as
compared to 8 and 10 per cent of traditional cook stoves.
Controlling refuse burning:
Waste is sometimes burnt both at the site of generation and where it is disposed off.
The per capita waste generation reported in India is 0.45 kg/day in urban areas. At India level,
552 kt/yr of PM2.5 emissions are estimated from refuse burning activity in 2011 , which is
projected to grow to 1,452 kt/yr in 2051.
To tackle the issue of solid waste management, a National and State level policy for solid waste
management (SWM) was arrived to address these issues.
Within the SWM policy, mandate can be issued for strict adoption and adherence to the ‘3R
(Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle)’ with an aim to reduce volumes of waste generated and maximize
resource recovery and reuse.
23. Strategies for Control of Air Pollution-Cont..
To ensure effective enforcement SWM cells were created at state and city levels and
State Pollution Control Boards are monitoring the implementation of action plans.
Further, the SWM cells facilitating the creation of market for recycled products derived
from waste. Bureau of Indian Standards need to formulate standards for the recycled
goods based on international experiences and good practices
Also public and private procurements should incentivize recycled products derived from
waste materials.
Extended Producers Responsibility (EPR) is a main feature of waste management Rules
notified in 2016. However the enforcement of EPR is currently weak and it can be
strengthen either by creating recycling banks by producers where waste can be recycled
or creating Producer Responsibility Organizations (PRO) for collection, transportation and
recycling of waste. ƒ
Improving collection efficiency and segregation:
Collection efficiency of waste is not satisfactory even in urban regions. City Corporations
can develop a mobile application to put up the complaints to the concerned authorities
with upload of the actual site pictures and coordinates. Based on data of complaints,
intercity and intra city comparisons can be made to generate competitive spirit for
municipal solid waste management among the cities.
24. Strategies for Control of Air Pollution-Cont..
Complete ban on refuse burning: Ban on refuse burning needs to be strictly enforced
with substantial penalties on non-adherence.
State pollution control boards in collaboration with City Corporations can develop a
mobile application for bringing any major refuse burning event to notice in a region.
Waste to energy options:
With proper segregation of high calorific value non-recyclable and non biodegradable
waste, waste-to-energy options with proper pollution controls need to be explored on
public private partnership mode.
Maintaining quality and cleanliness of roads:
Re-suspended road dust is one of the significant contributors to PM10 concentrations in
cities.
Dust gets re-suspended in the air due to movement of vehicles. The particles re-
suspended from road side are mainly coarse (>2.5mm) by nature but still can cause
respiratory illnesses.
There is a need to ensure quality control in construction of roads through random tests
and checks and IT-based monitoring systems.
25. Strategies for Control of Air Pollution-Cont..
Wall-to-wall paving (with provision of rain water percolation) and maintenance of roads can be
ensured with the use of mobile applications to spot and inform irregularities.
Regular and efficient road sweeping is required; vacuum cleaning devices can be used. Unpaved roads
need to be paved and, if not possible, they can be covered with gravel and maintained on annual basis.
Dust control at construction sites:
Different activities at the construction site cumulatively account for generation or re-suspension of
dust.
To control emissions from construction activities, wind speeds need to be reduced and moisture
content can be enhanced at the construction site for reducing the possibilities of dust getting air borne.
This should be done by proper fencing of the construction site with barriers set perpendicular to the
direction of the wind. Trees and shrubs can also act as wind barriers. Depending upon availability of
water, fogging systems could also be used to trap dust particles
Under the EIA guidelines, all major construction projects need to develop and adhere to an
environmental management plan, which lists down the measures to be taken for control of dust at the
construction site.
For enforcement, all the contractors/builders should be asked to provide online continuous air quality
data of the site on their websites.
26. Strategies for Control of Air Pollution-Cont..
Transportation :
AVOID–SHIFT–IMPROVE approach needs to be adopted for effective control of vehicular emissions.
While the AVOID strategies aim to reduce travel demands, the SHIFT strategies attempt to move
the modal shares from private/motorized modes to public/ non-motorized options. Shift towards
more efficient modes such as from road to rail are also covered within this. Finally, improved
strategies focus on enhancement in quality of fuels, technologies, and strengthening of the
systems for control of pollution.
Use of public transportation can result in 90–95 per cent reduction in CO,VOCs, and 50 per cent
reduction in CO2 and NOx emissions as compared to private vehicles.
The share of public transport in category 6 cities (above 8 million population) was 44 per cent,
category 5 (4–8 million) was 21 per cent, category 4 (2–4 million) was 10 per cent, category 3 (1–
2.0 million) was 13 per cent, and category 2 (0.5–1 million) was 9 per cent;
However, its share is going down in favour of private vehicles due to many reasons. National
Urban Transport Policy (NUTP) 2007 lays special emphasis on encouraging public transport in
Indian cities through financial assistance.
Other important issues that can reduce air pollution by transportation are Usage of electric
vehicles Scrap and retro fitting of old vehicle
Transit by passes, Road to rail shifting of freight movement and Improvised emission standards
and strict implementation
27. Strategies for Control of Air Pollution-Cont..
Power
Installed capacity is 284.30 GW (2015) is comprising of:
198.48 GW of thermal (coal, gas, and diesel) power,
42.62 GW of hydropower,
5.78 GW of nuclear power, and
37.42 GW of renewable sources (CEA 2015a), clearly dominated by coal-based capacity
Coal Based produces fly ash; a contributor to air pollution in India. Indian coal has very high ash
content (30–50 per cent).
The thermal-based capacity would continue to dominate and grow to 512 GW by 2031/32 (TERI
2015b) thus posing a threat of rising levels of pollution.
Agriculture
Urban areas in India are surrounded by rural regions dominated by agricultural activities
Emissions are generated in activities like tilling and agricultural residue burning.
Agricultural burning in fields of Punjab has reportedly been responsible for increase of PM
concentrations in urban areas .
In India, the total contribution of crop residue burning to PM10 and PM2.5 emissions were
around 800 kt and 300 kt, respectively.
28. Strategies for Control of Air Pollution-Cont..
The following set of policy recommendations is proposed to increase the demand of
crop residues use in industries
There is need to set up State/National level procurement agency for argo- residues
procurement from the farmers.
Involving village level institutions and local entrepreneurs in collection, storage and
supply of biomass materials and to link with MNREGA and PMEGP- Prime Minister’s
Employment Generation Program and setting up biomass depots facilities to address wild
fluctuation of biomass material prices during season and off-season period.
Policy provision for financial incentives and other schemes to encourage
briquettes/pellet industries in States and regulation to make mandatory use of biomass
briquettes in boilers/furnaces/ brick kilns up to 30% in various industries in these States
to create demand of such fuels.
Generation of electricity is one of the attractive options to utilize farm waste. There is
need to make mandatory use of agro-residues as blend fuel in the existing thermal power
plants operating in these States.
29. Monitoring Air Quality
• The air quality monitoring network in India is not sufficient as there are
insufficient number of monitoring stations under the National Ambient Air
Quality monitoring programme of the CPCB for the whole country.
• Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) has listed the criteria for minimum number of
stations in a city. Based on this, 3,300 monitoring stations in 605 Indian cities
(having more than 50 thousand residents), are required.
• The monitoring network needs to be improved gradually not only in terms of
number of stations but also for quality of monitoring.
• Presently, air quality monitoring is carried out in cities only, which should be
extended to rural and regional scales. This is essential for pollutants such as
ozone, which are generally found to be higher in regions outside cities.
• The present network monitors PM10, SO2, and NOx regularly across all stations
and does not cover all the pollutants listed in the National Ambient Air Quality
Standards.
30. Monitoring Air Quality- Cont..
Source apportionment studies:
• While source apportionment studies have been carried out in 6 cities, already
there are 53 cities with a population of over a million where air quality is
deteriorating. In the absence of regular source apportionment studies, despite
several measures taken in past, the air quality in Delhi has deteriorated in the
past 5–10 years.
• Source apportionment studies are the way to understand changing source
contributions and accordingly changing the air quality management plans as per
the growth patterns in the city.
• Hence, it is recommended to carry out source apportionment studies in all
million plus population cities regularly, at least once every five years.
31. Monitoring Air Quality- Cont..
Emissions, simulation, and forecasting:
• Other than monitoring of pollutants, modeling capabilities need to be built for
understanding of current and future air quality.
• There is presently no database of emissions at the National/Regional scales. These
inventories need to be developed and maintained.
• TERI has developed national scale inventories for India for current and future years
based on energy and emission models . These inventories can be further refined for
development of national database of emissions for India.
• TERI has simulated air quality at the national scale using state of the art models to
predict PM2.5 and ozone concentrations in India, which shows increase in pollutant
concentrations that may happen in future following a business as usual trajectory. It
also shows the regions under severe pollution levels and the contributing factors.
Accordingly, action plans may be drafted for air quality control at regional scale.
32. Monitoring Air Quality- Cont..
• For strategies required to be implemented at central level, the steering
committee headed by the honorable Prime Minister of India, with highest level
representation from states, and the key city governments should be formed.
• For implementation of strategies at state or city level, Department of
Environment (DoE) in assistance with SPCBs should be the nodal agency.
• Under the supervision of DoE, high power committee (HPC) with participation
from different state level departments dealing with sectors contributing to air
pollution in the city should be formed.
• The HPC, should direct and monitor the implementation of the intervention listed
in AQMP in a mission mode.
• The SPCBs should assess the effect of implementation of the strategies and
incase, proposed improvements in air quality haven’t been met, and then suggest
the reformulation of AQMP.
• The DoE, should seek the financial assistance from state governments for
implementation of strategies listed in AQMP.
33. Public awareness and participation
• Public awareness needs to be enhanced through display of air quality
indices and spatial air quality maps using print and electronic media.
• Public participation begins with informed citizens with raised
awareness levels who can motivate the government for vigorous
implementation or adoption of mitigation strategies.
• Public awareness is also a key aspect of participative vigilance over
emitting sources.
• Along with the regulatory sticks, enhanced awareness levels will build
additional pressure on the sources to limit their emissions.
34. Capacity building & Co-ordination
• Institutional strengthening and Capacity Building of CPCB and SPCBs is
a must to ensure successful and effective implementation of strategies.
Multi-scale and Cross-Sectoral Coordination:
• Considering the enormity of the air pollution problem and its trans-boundary
nature, the national scale should focus on multi-scale and cross-sectoral
coordination to develop and implement national scale strategies for air quality
improvement with annual targets.
• should look for ways to integrate efforts across different Indian Ministries, State
department and city government listed before to take targeted actions
recommended by the National Scale Air Quality Management plans.