Dr. Sunita Chandra, Chairperson & Director-Rajendra Nagar Hospital & IVF Centre and Mopheus Lucknow Fertility Centre gave the talk on IVF PREGNANCY at webinar on March 27,2021
Dr. Sunita Chandra, Chairperson & Director-Rajendra Nagar Hospital & IVF Centre and Mopheus Lucknow Fertility Centre gave the talk on IVF PREGNANCY at webinar on March 27,2021
The programme “family planning” initiated in 1951.
Reproductive and child health care (ACH)
Sexually transmitted diseases (STD).Increased health facilities, better living conditions are the cause
of population explosion.
Out of 6 billion world population 1 billion are Indians.
Rapid decline in death rate, maternal mortalility rate
(MMR) and infant mortality rate (IMR) are major cause of
population growth.
Indian population growth rate is around 1.7 percent. Amniocentesis: A fetal sex determination test based on the
chromosomal pattern in the amniotic fluid surrounding the
developing embryo.
„Saheli‟ an oral contraceptive for female, developed by
CDRI.
Unintended Pregnancy and Induced Abortion in the PhilippinesHarvey Diaz
The landmark study that outlines the need for a comprehensive family planning policy in the Philippines to reduce unplanned pregnancies, and prevent induced abortions.
The termination of a pregnancy, followed by the death of the embryo or fetus: as
A- spontaneous expulsion of a human fetus during the first 12 weeks of gestation, “ miscarriage”.
B- induced expulsion of a human fetus
C- expulsion of a fetus by a domestic animal often due to infection at any time before completion of pregnancy, “contagious abortion”.
The programme “family planning” initiated in 1951.
Reproductive and child health care (ACH)
Sexually transmitted diseases (STD).Increased health facilities, better living conditions are the cause
of population explosion.
Out of 6 billion world population 1 billion are Indians.
Rapid decline in death rate, maternal mortalility rate
(MMR) and infant mortality rate (IMR) are major cause of
population growth.
Indian population growth rate is around 1.7 percent. Amniocentesis: A fetal sex determination test based on the
chromosomal pattern in the amniotic fluid surrounding the
developing embryo.
„Saheli‟ an oral contraceptive for female, developed by
CDRI.
Unintended Pregnancy and Induced Abortion in the PhilippinesHarvey Diaz
The landmark study that outlines the need for a comprehensive family planning policy in the Philippines to reduce unplanned pregnancies, and prevent induced abortions.
The termination of a pregnancy, followed by the death of the embryo or fetus: as
A- spontaneous expulsion of a human fetus during the first 12 weeks of gestation, “ miscarriage”.
B- induced expulsion of a human fetus
C- expulsion of a fetus by a domestic animal often due to infection at any time before completion of pregnancy, “contagious abortion”.
Two research articles on pesticides in cambodia 2011 02 28 vs 07 2011Scheewe
Brief discussion of the implication of two articles concerning pesticide use in vegetable production in Cambodia and effects on pesticide resiues in market vegetables.
What is CBNRM?
Key assumptions of CBNRM
Aim of CBNRM
Focus of CBNRM
Benefits of CBNRM: Financial&Non-financial
The cost to communities of CBNRM
Participation in CBNRM
Issues of CBNRM
Strategies to improve CBNRM
Case study: Macubeni&Nqabara, Eastern cape
Opportunities of CBNRM in Mongolia
Who this is for: Health professionals.
Description: Dr. Sheila Bushkin-Bedient will be speaking on the prenatal origins of disease and why we should be focusing on studying possible connections between unconventional natural gas extraction and diabetes, obesity, and cancer.
About the Speaker: Sheila Bushkin is a member of the Institute of Health and the Environment at the State University at Albany, and Concerned Health Professionals of New York. She has been a member of the Medical Society of the State of New York for 15 years. Her specific areas of interest involve environmental health issues, chronic diseases, health concerns of older adults, and CME for physicians.
I Want to Be a Father But My Sperm Count is Too Low!Online
My wife and I had been trying to get pregnant for over a year. We decided to get checked out and they found I was the one with the problem. They said my sperm count was low and I would need treatment.
Endometriosis & Dioxins Body Burden - Information for Physicians, Nurses, & O...v2zq
Endometriosis & Dioxins Body Burden - Information for Physicians, Nurses, & Other Healthcare Professionals - Resources for Healthy Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - For more information, Please see Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613963 - Gardening with Volcanic Rock Dust www.scribd.com/doc/254613846 - Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech www.scribd.com/doc/254613765 - Free School Gardening Art Posters www.scribd.com/doc/254613694 - Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 - Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - City Chickens for your Organic School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254613553 - Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica www.scribd.com/doc/254613494 - Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide www.scribd.com/doc/254613410 - Free Organic Gardening Publications www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 ~
American Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development is indexed, refereed and peer-reviewed journal, which is designed to publish research articles.
Chemical Trespass - A Toxic Legacy - Resources for Healthy Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - For more information, Please see Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613963 - Gardening with Volcanic Rock Dust www.scribd.com/doc/254613846 - Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech www.scribd.com/doc/254613765 - Free School Gardening Art Posters www.scribd.com/doc/254613694 - Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 - Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - City Chickens for your Organic School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254613553 - Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica www.scribd.com/doc/254613494 - Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide www.scribd.com/doc/254613410 - Free Organic Gardening Publications www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 ~
Similar to Environmental Pollution And Reproductive Health Paper (20)
Global Financial Crisis and its Impact on the Indian Economy
Environmental Pollution And Reproductive Health Paper
1. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION AND REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH
By,
Shradha Diwan
3rd year B.Sc.
Dept. of Microbiology
St. Xavier’s college.
ABSTRACT
Reproductive disorders, hormonally related cancers and infertility seem to be on a rise. During
the past 50 years the rate of testicular cancer in industrialized countries has increased by a factor
of two to four. Breast cancer mortality in the United States has been rising by about one percent
per year since 1940s. There is some evidence that sperm counts and semen volume may have
declined substantially. There are also signs that abnormal sexual development in infants is
increasing. A doubling of the incidence of undescended testes in male infants since 1960 has
been reported in the United Kingdom.
Today’s increased prevalence of these reproductive problems is puzzling. Although some
increases in the cancer rates in the elderly, younger populations have also displayed conditions
such as abnormal sexual development in infants and testicular cancer and infertility in young
adults. Improved diagnosis may account for some of the increase, but it probably is not the only
explanation. To be sure, large quantities of man- made chemicals have been discharged into the
environment over the past 50 years, and very few were tested for their reproductive or
developmental toxicity. Indeed, it has been discovered that many pesticides and industrial
chemicals mimic or interfere with hormones and that some are biologically active in minuscule
quantities.
WHAT IS AN ENDOCRINE DISRUPTOR?
An endocrine disruptor is an exogenous substance or mixture that alters function(s) of the
endocrine system and consequently causes adverse health effects in an intact organism or its
progeny or (sub) populations.
A potential endocrine disruptor is an exogenous substance or mixture that possesses properties
that might be expected to lead to endocrine disruption in an intact organism, or its progeny, or
(sub) populations.
Why is there concern about Endocrine disruptors?
The last two decades have witnessed growing scientific concerns and public debate over the
potential adverse effects that may result from exposure to a group of chemicals that have the
potential to alter the normal functioning of the endocrine system in wildlife and humans. Concerns
regarding exposures to these EDCs are due primarily to:
1Adverse effects observed in certain wildlife, fish, and ecosystems;
2The increased incidence of certain endocrine-related human diseases;
3Endocrine disruption resulting from exposure to certain environmental chemicals observed
in laboratory experimental animals.
HOW CAN YOU REDUCE YOUR OWN – AND YOUR FAMILY’S – EXPOSURE TO
POTENTIALLY HARMFUL CHEMICALS IN THE ENVIRONMENT?
2. The food you eat is the most important source of exposure to pesticides and other compounds
that tend to bioaccumulate. That’s why carefully controlling your diet is the most effective way to
limit your exposure. Most importantly, eat fatty animal products sparingly. The chemicals of most
concern, PCBs, DDT, and dioxin, tend to accumulate in animal fats. Steer clear of rich cheeses,
cream, whole milk, butter, pork, and beef and remove the skin from fish and chicken.
By keeping your own percentage of body fat low, you will minimize your body burden of these
chemicals. In addition, you should eat plenty of vegetables, grains, beans, and fruit. Women, in
particular, may be able to counter some of the effects of estrogenic chemicals with a rich diet in
fiber, which appears to reduce the amount of endogenous estrogens that are reabsorbed by the
intestine.
INTRODUCTION
Reproductive disorders, hormonally related cancers and infertility seem to be on a rise. During
the past 50 years the rate of testicular cancer in industrialized countries has increased by a factor
of two to four. Breast cancer mortality in the United States has been rising by about one percent
per year since 1940s. There is some evidence that sperm counts and semen volume may have
declined substantially. There are also signs that abnormal sexual development in infants is
increasing. A doubling of the incidence of undescended testes in male infants since 1960 has
been reported in the United Kingdom.
Today’s increased prevalence of these reproductive problems is puzzling. Although some
increases in the cancer rates in the elderly, younger populations have also displayed conditions
such as abnormal sexual development in infants and testicular cancer and infertility in young
adults. Improved diagnosis may account for some of the increase, but it probably is not the only
explanation. To be sure, large quantities of man- made chemicals have been discharged into the
environment over the past 50 years, and very few were tested for their reproductive or
developmental toxicity. Indeed, it has been discovered that many pesticides and industrial
chemicals mimic or interfere with hormones and that some are biologically active in minuscule
quantities.
MATERIALS AND MATTER
REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY:
Human reproduction employs internal fertilization, and depends on the integrated action of
hormones, the nervous system, and the reproductive system. Gonads are sex organs that
produce gametes. Male gonads are the testes, which produce sperm and male sex hormones.
Female gonads are the ovaries, which produce eggs (ova) and female sex hormones.
The Male Reproductive System :
Testes are suspended outside the abdominal cavity by the scrotum, a pouch of skin that keeps
the testes close or far from the body at an optimal temperature for sperm development.
Seminiferous tubules are inside each testis, and are where sperm are produced by meiosis.
About 250 meters (850 feet) of tubules are packed into each testis. Spermatocytes inside the
tubules divide by meiosis to produce spermatids that in turn develop into mature sperm.
Male Sex Hormones
The anterior pituitary produces follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH).
Action of LH is controlled by the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). LH stimulates cells in
3. the seminiferous tubules to secrete testosterone, which has a role in sperm production and
developing male secondary sex characteristics. FSH acts on cells to help in sperm maturation.
Negative feedback by testosterone controls the actions of GnRH.
The Female Reproductive System
The female gonads, ovaries, are located within the lower abdominal cavity. The ovary contains
many follicles composed of a developing egg surrounded by an outer layer of follicle cells. Each
egg begins oogenesis as a primary oocyte. At birth each female carries a lifetime supply of
developing oocytes, each of which is in Prophase I. A developing egg (secondary oocyte) is
released each month from puberty until menopause, a total of 400-500 eggs.
Female Sex Hormones
The ovarian cycle is hormonally regulated in two phases. The follicle secretes estrogen before
ovulation; the corpus luteum secretes both estrogen and progesterone after ovulation. Hormones
from the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary control the ovarian cycle. The ovarian cycle covers
events in the ovary; the menstrual cycle occurs in the uterus. Estrogen and progesterone
stimulate the development of the endometrium and preparation of the uterine inner lining for
implantation of a zygote. If pregnancy does not occur, the drop in FSH and LH cause the corpus
luteum to disintegrate.
WHAT IS AN ENDOCRINE DISRUPTOR?
An endocrine disruptor is an exogenous substance or mixture that alters function(s) of the
endocrine system and consequently causes adverse health effects in an intact organism or its
progeny or (sub) populations.
A potential endocrine disruptor is an exogenous substance or mixture that possesses properties
that might be expected to lead to endocrine disruption in an intact organism, or its progeny, or
(sub) populations.
Why is there concern about Endocrine disruptors?
The last two decades have witnessed growing scientific concerns and public debate over the
potential adverse effects that may result from exposure to a group of chemicals that have the
potential to alter the normal functioning of the endocrine system in wildlife and humans. Concerns
regarding exposures to these EDCs are due primarily to:
4Adverse effects observed in certain wildlife, fish, and ecosystems;
5The increased incidence of certain endocrine-related human diseases;
6Endocrine disruption resulting from exposure to certain environmental chemicals observed
in laboratory experimental animals.
These concerns have stimulated many national governments, international organizations,
scientific societies, the chemical industry, and public interest groups to establish research
programs, organize conferences and workshops, and form expert groups and committees and
evaluate EDC-related issues.
HOW DO EDCs ACT?
Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) can act in a number of ways in different parts of the body,
they may:
1Reduce the production of hormones in endocrine glands;
2Affect the release of hormones from endocrine glands;
3Copy or counteract the action of hormones at target tissues, or
4Speed up the metabolism of hormones and so reduce their action.
In many cases, it is not exactly clear how EDCs act, even in some cases where a link has been
shown between EDC exposure and an adverse effect.
4. What has been established mainly in the laboratory is:
1Exposure to EDC during early development (e.g. in the womb, during childhood) may cause
permanent effects,
2Exposure to EDCs during adult life may not show any significant or visible effects,
3Exposure to EDCs may produce varying effects depending upon the stage of the life cycle
or even the season, and
4Unforeseen effects may occur in the target tissues due to endocrine interactions.
What are potential sources of EDC exposure?
There are two classes of chemicals which can cause endocrine disruption:
1Natural hormones, which include estrogens, progesterone and testosterone found
naturally in the bodies of humans and animals, and phytoestrogen substances contained in
some plants, such as alfalfa sprouts and soy beans, which display estrogen-like activity when
ingested into the body. Natural hormones are believed to be easily broken down in the human
body, thus they do not accumulate in body tissues, very unlike the case with certain man-
made substances.
2Man-made substances which include:
1. Synthetically produced hormones, including those hormones which are
identical to natural hormones, such as oral-contraceptive hormone replacement
treatment and some animal feed additives, which have been designed
intentionally to interfere with and mostly the endocrine system; and
2. Man-made chemicals designed for uses in industry, such as in indoor cleaning
agents, in pesticides, in agriculture, and in consumer goods such as in plastic
additives. This group also includes chemicals produced as a by-product of
industrial processes such as dioxins.
The following groups of chemicals have already been identified as affecting the endocrine
system:
1.Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dioxin and benzopyrene. Interfere with components in
the thyroid and retinoid signaling pathways.
2.Products associated with plastics: plasticizers in PVC.
3.Pesticides (insecticides such as DDT, endosulfan, dieldrin, kepone, toxaphene; herbicide
as atrazine and nitrofen; fungicides such as benomyl and mancozeb).
4.Ordinary household products such as alkylphenols.
5.Heavy metals like lead, mercury, and cadmium.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
SOME IMPORTANT CASE STUDIES:
Health experts of China: Aspermia and deteriorating sperm quality have disqualified 80 percent
of volunteer donors to the recently launched Shanghai Human Sperm Bank, according to experts.
Prof. Wang Yixin, in charge of the Sperm Bank, warned that worsening male reproductive health
has become a noticeable problem in China.
Over 85 percent of the 700 volunteer sperm donors are university students. However, most of
5. them have so far produced sperm falling short of the Bank’s requirements.
Experts blamed environmental pollution for this, as well as factors such as physical and
psychological pressure.
Gao Ersheng, a reproduction expert, said that there are now some six million chemicals infesting
the earth. Some 60,000 to 70,000 of them are connected with human life, which are increasing at
an annual rate of some 3 percent.
Statistics show that 20 percent of the chemicals connected with human life carry reproductive
toxins.
Although Shanghai has embarked some 60 million yuan (about US$7.3billion) to alleviate
environmental pollution over that past ten years, the metropolis is still facing many problems in its
efforts to protect the environment.
People are exposed to endocrine pollutants contained in vehicle exhaust gas, water and other
mediums. These pollutants are absorbed into the body by eating, drinking, breathing and physical
contact, according to the experts.
Male sterility, fetal pathological changes and deteriorating immune functions are some of the
typical health problems caused by environmental pollution.
According to the Experts, cases of mammary and uterine cancers have increased by 56 and 76
percent, respectively, in Shanghai over the past 20 years. They also link a marked rise in teenage
obesity and sexual immaturity to pollution.
Other important revelations: The groundwork for adult reproductive function is laid during
embryonic and fetal development. Exposure to estrogenic chemicals in the womb could derail
normal male development and cause an array of reproductive disorders, presumably by altering
the normal multiplication of Sertoli cells in the testes. Indeed, the more subtle consequences of in
utero exposures may not become apparent until puberty or adulthood. This was first
demonstrated when a high percentage of women exposed in utero to diethylstilbestrol (DES) a
potent estrogenic drug to prevent miscarriage – developed clear cell adenocarcinom ( CCAC )
of the vagina and cervix during their late teens and twenties. The appearance of this rare cancer
was directly linked to in utero exposure to DES. The sons of women who took DES, in addition to
showing increased rates of chryptochidism and hypospadias at birth, are more likely to suffer
during adulthood from low sperm counts and decreased semen volume.
One study suggests that low dose exposures in the womb to PCBs may affect the neurological
development of children.
HOW CAN YOU REDUCE YOUR OWN – AND YOUR FAMILY’S – EXPOSURE TO
POTENTIALLY HARMFUL CHEMICALS IN THE ENVIRONMENT?
The food you eat is the most important source of exposure to pesticides and other compounds
that tend to bioaccumulate. That’s why carefully controlling your diet is the most effective way to
limit your exposure. Most importantly, eat fatty animal products sparingly. The chemicals of most
concern, PCBs, DDT, and dioxin, tend to accumulate in animal fats. Steer clear of rich cheeses,
cream, whole milk, butter, pork, and beef and remove the skin from fish and chicken.
By keeping your own percentage of body fat low, you will minimize your body burden of these
chemicals. In addition, you should eat plenty of vegetables, grains, beans, and fruit. Women, in
particular, may be able to counter some of the effects of estrogenic chemicals with a rich diet in
6. fiber, which appears to reduce the amount of endogenous estrogens that are reabsorbed by the
intestine.
REFERENCES
FROM THE INTERNET:
http://www.greenfacts.org/endocrine-disruptors/l-3/endocrine-disruptors-1.htm#1
http://www.psratlanta.org/index.html
http://ec.europa.eu/research/endocrine/background_system_en.html
http://website.lineone.net/~mwarhurst/index.html
TEXTS:
Fundamentals of Ecology- E.P.Odum.