Environmental protection aims to prevent unwanted changes to ecosystems from human activities. The rate of industrialization increased rapidly during WWII, leading to intense environmental degradation. Rachel Carson's book Silent Spring in 1962 raised awareness of threats from pesticides like DDT. The Club of Rome's 1972 book Limits to Growth demonstrated that prevailing policies would lead to overshoot and collapse of human development. This sparked global discussions and led to the 1972 UN Stockholm Conference, establishing UNEP. The 1987 Brundtland Commission report Our Common Future defined sustainable development. Kenya passed the EMCA in 1999 to provide environmental guidelines and establish NEMA, the National Environment Complaints Committee, and the National Environment Tribunal to manage the environment.

1. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION & MANAGEMENT
PRESENTER:
DOMINIC MWANZIA MUTAMBU
BSC. ENVI SCIE, KU
NEMA CERTIFIED EIA/EA EXPERT,
OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY & HEALTH TECHNICIAN

2. Environmental
management and its
relationship to human
development are in a
period of dramatic
change.

3. Environmental Protection
Environmental protection can be defined as the prevention
of unwanted changes to ecosystems and their constituent
parts. This includes
• The protection of ecosystems and their constituent
parts from changes associated with human activities;
and
• The prevention of unwanted natural changes to
ecosystems and their constituent parts.

4. • What does Environmental Protection entail? Preservation or
conservation or both?
• Preservation & conservation of environmental resources are both
environmental protection.
• Preservation means “don’t touch”
• Env conservation means utilize in a controlled manner. Eg. Air
pollution emission limits.

5. History of Environmental Protection and
management
• The rate of global industrialization increased rapidly during the
World War II. This was mainly due to heavy investment in
manufacturing industry; Chemical, rubber, stone, metals,
machinery & transportation industry.
• This was marked with intense environmental degradation. It is
during this post war period when United Nations started taking up
environmental issues.
• DDT- The most powerful pesticide world ever known was
developed in 1939 by Paul Herman Muller, Swiss Chemist- A Nobel
Prize winner in Physiology & Medicine in 1948.

6. • DDT was used to eradicate malaria for US troops in South Pacific
Islands during the WWII.
• In 1958, Rachel Carlson , a Nature author and a renowned Marine
Biologist with US Fish and Wildlife Service started documenting the
effects of DDT. She published a book named The Silent Spring in
1962.
• The book addressed hazards of DDT INCLUDING Contamination of
food chain, cancer, genetic damage, death of entire species(
complete loss of biodiversity).
• The issues raised by Rachel were so alarming to ignore thus it lead
to increased public awareness on threats of technological advances
on the environment and later leading to birth of
ENVIRONMENTALISM

7. The Club of Rome , 1968
• IN APRIL 1968, a group of thirty individuals from ten countries-
scientists, educators, economists, humanists, industrialists, and
national and international civil servants-gathered in the Accademia
dei Lincei in Rome. They met at the instigation of Dr. Aurelio Peccei,
an Italian industrial manager, economist, and man of vision, to
discuss a subject of staggering scope-the present and future
predicament of man.
• A series of early meetings of The Club of Rome culminated in the
decision to initiate a remarkably ambitious undertaking -the Project
on the Predicament of Mankind.

8. • The team examined the five basic factors that determine, and
therefore, ultimately limit, growth on this planet
1. Population
2. Agricultural production
3. Natural resources
4. Industrial production,
5. Pollution
In 1972, the Club of Rome published the book, Limits to Growth.
It Commanded critical attention and spark debate in all societies.

9. Contribution of the Club of Rome to Modern Environmentalism
The contributions emerges from publication of Limits to Growth.
• It demonstrated that prevailing policies would lead to overshoot and
collapse human & Industrial Development.
• Described the reasons grown of population and industrial output is
inherently exponential rather linear
• In light of this exponential growth could rise to any conceivable levels
• It demonstrated that changes in policies which dealt with cultural and
technical issues would lead to sustainable states if implemented soon.
• This book stimulated global experts’ and non experts discussions
which shifted global view on industrial and population growth.

10. • During the UNGA of 1968, a resolution was made to convene an
international conference on the problems of human environment.
• This led to the first ever International conference on environmental
problems, The Stockholm Conference on Environment and Human
human Development, Sweden 1972. Attended by 113 nations and over
400 NGOs
• During this conference there was an ideological divide between the
industrialized and non-industrialized nations on integrating environment
and development. However, the conference was successful and it came
up with The Stockholm Declaration.
• Which contain the principles for environmental protection and
management and one interesting one was
“That development is the sovereign right of each state and that environmental
environmental management is a matter of national jurisdiction”

11. • This entails that environmental issues were concerns of national
rather than international dimensions. Nevertheless, the Stockholm
conference agreed to establish an environmental program within
the United Nations in order to gather scientific data and
information on the problem of the environment and to put forward
proposals on dealing with the environmental problems identified.
This led to formation of United Nations Environmental Programme,
currently known as UN Environment. With HQs in Gigiri, Nairobi.
• In 1983 UNGA stablished World Commission on Environment and
Development (WCED), which was chaired by Norwegian Pm, Gro
Harlem Brundtland. Also came to be known as Brundtland
Commission.

12. Cont…
• To propose international environmental strategies that would lead
to sustainable development 21ST C and beyond.
• First met in 1984. WCED was mandated to:
1. examine critical environmental and developmental issues and formulate
proposals for dealing with these issues.
2. Propose new forms of international cooperation on these issues.
3. Address ways to raise awareness of environmental issues and
commitments to address those issues from individuals, NGOs,
governments, and intergovernmental
It released her report in 1987, Our Common Future.
UNCED was convened in 1992 in Rio De Janeiro, Brazil. And it
reaffirmed the concept of SD.

13. Environmental Protection and Management in
Kenya
• The Principal Legislation on Environmental Management.
• Kenya did not have an abstract legislation for environmental
protection until the EMCA was assented into law in 1999 .
• The main objectives of the original Act (EMCA 1999) were to:
1. Provide guidelines for the establishment of an appropriate
legal and institutional framework for the management of the
environment in Kenya;
2. Provide a framework legislation for over 77 statutes in Kenya
that contain environmental provisions;
3. Provide guidelines for environmental impact assessment
(EIA), environmental audit (EA) and monitoring,
environmental quality standards and environmental
protection orders.

14. Administrative Structures under EMCA CAP 387
• The National Environment Council (The council)
• The Council is responsible for policy formulation and
directions for the purposes of the Act. It also sets national
goals and objectives and, determines policies and priorities
for the protection of the environment

15. National Environment Complaints Committee
(NECC)
• The functions of the NECC shall be –
• To investigate;
• Any allegations or complaints against any person or against the
Authority in relation to the condition of the environment in Kenya.
• On its own motion, any suspected case of environmental
degradation, and to make a report of its findings together with its
recommendation thereon to the Council
• To prepare and submit to the Council, periodic reports of its
activities which report shall form part of the annual report on the
state of the environment under section 9 (3); and,
• To Perform such other functions and exercise such powers as may
be assigned to it by the Council.

16. National Environment Tribunal
• Its mandate is to hear disputes arising from decisions of
the National Environment Management Authority on
issuance, denial or revocation of licenses. It also deals with
offences from the Kenya Wildlife Management Act and the
Kenya Forests Act.

17. NEMA
• The responsibility of NEMA is to exercise general
supervision and co-ordination over all matters relating to
the environment and to be principal instrument of
government in the implementation of all policies relating
to the environment. The Policies are EMCA 1999(revised
2012) and all Subsidiary Legislations.

18. Subsidiary Legislations to EMCA 1999 and related
Legislations
1. Environmental Management and Co-ordination, (Water Quality)
Regulations 2006
These Regulations apply to drinking water, water used for
agricultural purposes, water used for recreational purposes, water
used for fisheries and wildlife and water used for any other
purposes.
2. Environmental Management and Co-ordination Act (Waste
Management) Regulations 2006
These Regulations outline requirements for handling, storing,
transporting, and treatment / disposal of all waste categories

19. 3. Physical Planning Act
4. Penal Code Act
5. The Water Act 2016
6. Environmental Management & Coordination (Noise and Excessive
Vibration Pollution Control) Regulations, 2009
7. The Wildlife Conservation and Management Act, Cap 376
8. Environmental Management and Co-ordination Act (Conservation
of Biological Diversity and Resources, Access to Genetic Resources
and Benefit Sharing) Regulations , 2006.
9. The Environmental (Impact Assessment And Audit) Regulations,
2003

20. CONCLUSION
The level of environmental protection and management is relative to
the level of implementation of the existing pieces of legislation. The
highest piece of legislation being the Constitution of Kenya 2010. If
all the relevant agencies would implement these laws to the letter,
then we would achieve environmental sustainability and enjoy
benefits of a sustainable development. Otherwise, we are doomed
as a nation.