Scientists at the NIEHS Laboratory of Structural Biology identified a new probe that can monitor the binding of compounds to the RNase H domain of the HIV reverse transcriptase enzyme. The RNase H domain plays a critical role in HIV replication by destroying the viral RNA genome. The probe allows researchers to test potential HIV drugs and see if they bind to and inhibit the RNase H domain. This discovery opens up new opportunities for developing antiviral drugs that target a different step in the HIV lifecycle than current treatments. The group's findings were published in Nucleic Acids Research and they plan to continue research on understanding the RNase H domain as a potential drug target.
COVID-19 : Targeting Cells For TreatmentAPRN World
COVID-19 is still affecting many people worldwide. The precautions to be taken are well known to the society by now. Across the globe, the governments are hard at work establishing the physical infrastructure to fight the andemic. At the same time, many laboratories across the world are working on clinical trials evaluating potential treatments. Researchers at MIT, the Ragon Institute of MGH, and Harvard along with colleagues from around the world have identified specific types of cells that appear to be the targets of the coronavirus, which is causing the Covid-19 pandemic.
COVID-19 : Targeting Cells For TreatmentAPRN World
COVID-19 is still affecting many people worldwide. The precautions to be taken are well known to the society by now. Across the globe, the governments are hard at work establishing the physical infrastructure to fight the andemic. At the same time, many laboratories across the world are working on clinical trials evaluating potential treatments. Researchers at MIT, the Ragon Institute of MGH, and Harvard along with colleagues from around the world have identified specific types of cells that appear to be the targets of the coronavirus, which is causing the Covid-19 pandemic.
Talk about STRING and STITCH, given as part of the EMBO Practical Course 'Computational aspects of protein structure determination and analysis: from data to structure to function' at the EBI in Hinxton (Sept. 10, 2010)
14th International Conference on Intelligent Systems for Molecular Biology, Software demo, Fortaleza Conference Center, Fortaleza, Brazil, August 6-10, 2006
Talk about STRING and STITCH, given as part of the EMBO Practical Course 'Computational aspects of protein structure determination and analysis: from data to structure to function' at the EBI in Hinxton (Sept. 10, 2010)
14th International Conference on Intelligent Systems for Molecular Biology, Software demo, Fortaleza Conference Center, Fortaleza, Brazil, August 6-10, 2006
This powerpoint can be used in 3rd grade to introduce the features of living and nonliving things. It meets the ELA CCR Standard 2 - Integrate and evaluate information presented in diverse media and formats, including visually, quantitatively, and orally. It also meets the 3rd grade Science Essential Standard 3.L.2 Understand how plants survive and grow.
Journal of Molecular Biology and Molecular Imaging is a peer-reviewed, open access journal published by Austin Publishers. It provides easy access to high quality Manuscripts in all related aspects covering branch of biology that deals with the molecular basis of biological activity overlapping other branches of science such as fundamental areas of biology and chemistry, particularly genetics and biochemistry. It also focuses upon the field of radiopharmacology to better understand the fundamental molecular pathways inside organisms.
Austin Publishing Group is a successful host of more than hundred peer reviewed, open access journals in various fields of science and medicine with intent to bridge the gap between academia and research access.
Journal of Molecular Biology and Molecular Imaging accepts original research articles, review articles, case reports, mini reviews, rapid communication, opinions and editorials on all the fundamental aspects of molecular biology and molecular imaging.
Lecture held at the IIAS Israel Institute for the Advancement of Science, Jerusalem, Israel in January 2017. It briefly presents what are the research gaps and research needs in the area of health effects and wireless radiation.
LEADER STEVE JOBS Many names are recognized as notable business.docxcroysierkathey
LEADER: STEVE JOBS
Many names are recognized as notable business leaders identified for their unique approach to leading people. Please review the "Contemporary Business Leaders". Select one leader from this list discuss (300-500 words) what you have learned about the selected individual as a leader and the leadership style that leader embodies. Address the following in your discussion:
· Provide a discussion on two to three attributes a leader should emulate or avoid based on course materials. Describe how these characteristics would be beneficial or detrimental in an organizational setting.
You are required to use at least two external sources to provide evidence in support of the leadership style displayed by your selected leader. The rationale should be justified; this should not be completed based on an opinion.
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Environmental Research
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/envres
Low doses and non-targeted effects in environmental radiation protection;
where are we now and where should we go?
Carmel Mothersill⁎, Andrej Rusin, Colin Seymour
Medical Physics and Applied Radiation Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
A R T I C L E I N F O
Keywords:
Historic dose effects
Non-targeted effects
Genomic instability
Memory effects
Non-human biota
A B S T R A C T
The field of low dose radiobiology has advanced considerably in the last 30 years from small indications in the
1980's that all was not simple, to a paradigm shift which occurred during the 1990's, which severely dented the
dose-driven models and DNA centric theories which had dominated until then. However while the science has
evolved, the application of that science in environmental health protection has not. A reason for this appears to
be the uncertainties regarding the shape of the low dose response curve, which lead regulators to adopt a
precautionary approach to radiation protection. Radiation protection models assume a linear relationship be-
tween dose (i.e. energy deposition) and effect (in this case probability of an adverse DNA interaction leading to a
mutation). This model does not consider non-targeted effects (NTE) such as bystander effects or delayed effects,
which occur in progeny cells or offspring not directly receiving energy deposition from the dose. There is huge
controversy concerning the role of NTE with some saying they reflect “biology” and that repair and homeostatic
mechanisms sort out the apparent damage while others consider them to be a class of damage which increases
the size of the target. One thing which has recently become apparent is that NTE may be very critical for
modelling long-term effects at the level of the population rather than the individual. The issue is that NTE
resulting from an acute high dose such as occurred after the A-bomb or Chernobyl occur in parallel with chronic
effects induced by the continuing residual effects due to radiation dose decay. This ...
Describe in your own words the benefits, but also the problems of ha.pdfarenamobiles123
Describe in your own words the benefits, but also the problems of having the human genome
deciphered. Write several paragraphs.
Solution
The history of the human race has been filled with curiosity and discovery about our abilities and
limitations. As an egotistical creature with a seemingly unstoppable desire for new
accomplishments, we attempt feats with emotion and tenacity. People worldwide raced to be the
first to discover the secrets and the ability of flight. Enormous amounts of monies were spent on
sending people into space and the race to land on the moon. With the rapid growth of scientific
knowledge and experimental methods, humans have begun to unravel and challenge another
mystery, the discovery of the entire genetic make-up of the human body.
This endeavor, the Human Genome Project (HGP), has created hopes and expectations about
better health care. It has also brought forth serious social issues. To understand the potential
positive and negative issues, we must first understand the history and technical aspects of the
HGP.
History of the Human Genome Project
The HGP has an ultimate goal of identifying and locating the positions of all genes in the human
body. A researcher named Renato Dulbecco first suggested the idea of such a project while the
U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) was also considering the same project because issues related
to radiation and chemical exposure were being raised. Military and civilian populations were
being exposed to radiation and possible carcinogenic chemicals through atomic testing, the use
of Agent Orange in Vietnam, and possible nuclear power facility accidents. Genetic knowledge
was needed to determine the resiliency of the human genome.
Worldwide discussion about a HGP began in 1985. In 1986, the DOE announced its\' Human
Genome Initiative which emphasized the development of resources and technologies for genome
mapping, sequencing, computation, and infrastructure support that would lead to the entire
human genome map. United States involvement began in October 1990 and was coordinated by
the DOE and the National Institute of Health (NIH). With an estimated cost of 3 billion dollars,
sources of funding also include the National Science Foundation (NSF) and the Howard Hughes
Medical Institute (HHMI). Because of the involvement of the NIH, DOE, and NSF who receive
U.S. Congressional funding, the HGP is partly funded through federal tax dollars. Expected to
last 15 years, technological advancements have accelerated the expected date of completion to
the year 2003. This completion date would coincide with the 50th anniversary of Watson and
Crick\'s description of the structure of DNA molecule.
Human Genome Project Goals
The specific goals of the HGP are to::
Technical Aspects of the HGP
Mapping Strategies
To sequence the human genome, maps are needed. Physical maps are a series of overlapping
pieces of DNA isolated in bacteria. Physical maps are used to describe the DNA\'s chemical
characteristics..
Environmental Factor - November 2012_ Study offers insight into HIV metal and ligand binding
1. 7/15/14 2:06 PMEnvironmental Factor - November 2012: Study offers insight into HIV metal and ligand binding
Page 1 of 3http://www.niehs.nih.gov/news/newsletter/2012/11/science-hiv/index.htm
Environmental Factor, November 2012
London’s NMR Group studies
the molecular mechanisms that
underlie problems of
environmental concern. (Photo
courtesy of Steve McCaw)
Research Fellow Xunhai Zheng,
Study offers insight into HIV metal and ligand binding
By Cindy Loose
A discovery by scientists in the NIEHS Laboratory of Structural
Biology (LSB) opens the door for developing new treatments for
human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Members of the LSB Nuclear
Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Group, headed by Robert London,
Ph.D., identified a new, highly sensitive probe that can monitor the
binding of compounds to a viral enzyme that allows HIV to infect
humans. The finding is particularly critical, as some patients become
resistant to existing antivirals for HIV.
“The HIV virus is a moving target, due to its exceptionally high ability
to mutate,” London said. “This allows it to escape existing drug
therapies. Hence, additional strategies are needed to interfere with
the virus.”
London and three members of his group published their findings
(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22941642) online Aug. 31 in
the publication Nucleic Acids Research.
The critical role of the RNase H domain
Understanding the breakthrough requires information about how the
virus and current treatments work. HIV is a retrovirus, meaning it
stores its genome as RNA instead of DNA, explained staff scientist
and paper co-author Geoffrey Mueller, Ph.D. The virus has to
convert the single-stranded RNA into double-stranded DNA to infect
the host cell. It does so in a three-step process. First, it copies the
RNA into DNA creating an RNA:DNA hybrid molecule. Second, it
destroys the RNA part of the RNA:DNA hybrid. Third, it copies the
remaining single strand of DNA to make double-stranded DNA that
eventually infects the host.
According to Mueller, most treatments currently available target
steps one and three. They do so by interrupting, or inhibiting, the
process by which the viral genome is copied. So far, none of the
drugs inhibit step two, which is the destruction of the old RNA
genome. Mueller believes the new discovery could allow scientists to
target this activity, which is carried out by the RNase H domain of the
reverse transcriptase enzyme. The RNase H domain is considered
equally essential to the replication of the HIV virus as the polymerase
domain that is currently targeted by existing treatments.
2. 7/15/14 2:06 PMEnvironmental Factor - November 2012: Study offers insight into HIV metal and ligand binding
Page 2 of 3http://www.niehs.nih.gov/news/newsletter/2012/11/science-hiv/index.htm
Research Fellow Xunhai Zheng,
Ph.D., is first author on the
paper. (Photo courtesy of Steve
McCaw)
Eugene DeRose, Ph.D., is a co-
author and serves as NMR Mueller was instrumental is
NMR
The new probe identified by London and colleagues can monitor the
binding of compounds to the RNase H domain. They found that one
of the residues of the protein had a characteristic signature when
compounds bound, despite the residue being very distant from the active site. Using Nuclear
Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, they realized that the residue is a good probe of what’s
in the active site. Their results will allow scientists who are testing a treatment intended to inhibit
the HIV virus to see whether or not the potential drug is binding to the RNase H domain and having
an effect.
NMR is a research technique that exploits the magnetic properties of atomic nuclei to study
molecules. It can provide detailed information about the structure, dynamics, chemical
environment, and even the reactions of molecules.
“There had been attempts to identify inhibitors of RNase H activity, but because it has such a
strange active site, the work has been difficult,” said Mueller. “This finding advances the goal of
finding an antiviral that works on this domain.”
The group plans to continue work on understanding the RNase H domain and its promise as a
drug target.
Citation: Zheng X, Mueller GA, DeRose EF, London RE.
(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22941642) 2012. Metal and ligand binding to the HIV-RNase
H active site are remotely monitored by Ile556. Nucleic Acids Res; doi:10.1093/nar/gks791 [Online
31 August 2012].
(Cindy Loose is a contract writer with the NIEHS office in Bethesda, Md.)
3. 7/15/14 2:06 PMEnvironmental Factor - November 2012: Study offers insight into HIV metal and ligand binding
Page 3 of 3http://www.niehs.nih.gov/news/newsletter/2012/11/science-hiv/index.htm
Center Manager. (Photo
courtesy of Steve McCaw)
Mueller was instrumental is
explaining the science for this
Environmental Factor article.
(Photo courtesy of Steve
McCaw)
The Environmental Factor is produced monthly by the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS)
(http://www.niehs.nih.gov/), Office of Communications and Public Liaison. The content is not copyrighted, and it can be
reprinted without permission. If you use parts of Environmental Factor in your publication, we ask that you provide us with
a copy for our records. We welcome your comments and suggestions. (bruskec@niehs.nih.gov)
This page URL: http://www.niehs.nih.gov/news/newsletter/2012/11/science-hiv
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Email the Web Manager at webmanager@niehs.nih.gov