The document discusses two medical research studies. The first study investigates telomeres, the protective structures at the end of chromosomes, and finds defective telomeres are linked to diseases like cancer. The second describes a new efficient method for making RNA molecules using robotics that could speed up research exponentially. The student observes both studies have important clinical applications, with telomeres key to future cancer therapy and the new RNA technique allowing diagnostics and therapeutics.
The document discusses several studies related to lung cancer and DNA. It summarizes that mouse models show similarities to human lung cancer, allowing scientists to study disease progression. Researchers identified a gene called NF-Iβ associated with lung cancer. A separate study found specific DNA breakage characteristics in cancer cells. This molecular-level analysis improves understanding of cancer development and susceptibility.
The document discusses several studies related to lung cancer and DNA. It summarizes that mouse models show similarities to human lung cancer, allowing scientists to study disease progression. Researchers identified a gene called NF-Iβ associated with lung cancer. A separate study found specific DNA breakage characteristics in cancer cells. This molecular-level analysis improves understanding of cancer development and susceptibility.
The document discusses several studies related to lung cancer and DNA. It summarizes that mouse models show similarities to human lung cancer, allowing scientists to study disease progression. Researchers identified a gene called NF-Iβ associated with lung cancer. A separate study found specific DNA breakage characteristics in cancer cells. This molecular-level analysis improves understanding of cancer development and susceptibility.
Unlocking The Secrets Of DNA And First View Of DNA Damage Within Entire Human...Isabella Cano
Neutron scattering can provide information about the correlation between DNA base pairs during denaturation, which is not possible using other techniques. The experiment measured the first stage of the melting transition where DNA strands separate as the bonds between base pairs break. A new technique developed at Cardiff University allows scientists to examine DNA damage across all 28,000 human genes for the first time, providing an unprecedented view of damage that can lead to cancer. This novel technology will have implications for cancer risk assessment, diagnostics, and developing new therapeutics.
The document discusses two scientific discoveries and their potential medical applications. The first is the discovery of unknown viruses in fish DNA by researchers at Oxford University, which could help identify new viruses and prevent future outbreaks. The second is the finding by University of Seville researchers that chromatin plays a role in genome instability and cancer risk by influencing DNA mutations. Understanding these cancer mechanisms could lead to improved treatments that are less aggressive than current options. Both discoveries have the potential for significant medical benefits if further research can unlock their applications.
The document discusses the importance of DNA studies for improving quality of life and advancing medicine. DNA plays a key role in transporting drugs across cell membranes and can be used in gene therapy by altering intracellular functions with packaged DNA delivered into cells. Studies of DNA cages and sequences help develop new drug delivery methods and genetic experiments for implanting new gene therapies to potentially treat diseases and prevent malformations by correcting transcriptional errors in the genome.
The document discusses recent discoveries related to DNA and stem cells that are allowing for new therapeutic approaches to cancer management. Specifically, it discusses how discoveries of the protein MutL, which helps repair DNA errors, and how mutations in genes encoding DNA repair proteins can lead to cancers. It also discusses how researchers have identified a new stem cell signaling pathway that may help lower tumor risks in stem cell therapies by reducing formation of teratomas during stem cell differentiation.
The document discusses several studies related to lung cancer and DNA. It summarizes that mouse models show similarities to human lung cancer, allowing scientists to study disease progression. Researchers identified a gene called NF-Iβ associated with lung cancer. A separate study found specific DNA breakage characteristics in cancer cells. This molecular-level analysis improves understanding of cancer development and susceptibility.
The document discusses several studies related to lung cancer and DNA. It summarizes that mouse models show similarities to human lung cancer, allowing scientists to study disease progression. Researchers identified a gene called NF-Iβ associated with lung cancer. A separate study found specific DNA breakage characteristics in cancer cells. This molecular-level analysis improves understanding of cancer development and susceptibility.
The document discusses several studies related to lung cancer and DNA. It summarizes that mouse models show similarities to human lung cancer, allowing scientists to study disease progression. Researchers identified a gene called NF-Iβ associated with lung cancer. A separate study found specific DNA breakage characteristics in cancer cells. This molecular-level analysis improves understanding of cancer development and susceptibility.
Unlocking The Secrets Of DNA And First View Of DNA Damage Within Entire Human...Isabella Cano
Neutron scattering can provide information about the correlation between DNA base pairs during denaturation, which is not possible using other techniques. The experiment measured the first stage of the melting transition where DNA strands separate as the bonds between base pairs break. A new technique developed at Cardiff University allows scientists to examine DNA damage across all 28,000 human genes for the first time, providing an unprecedented view of damage that can lead to cancer. This novel technology will have implications for cancer risk assessment, diagnostics, and developing new therapeutics.
The document discusses two scientific discoveries and their potential medical applications. The first is the discovery of unknown viruses in fish DNA by researchers at Oxford University, which could help identify new viruses and prevent future outbreaks. The second is the finding by University of Seville researchers that chromatin plays a role in genome instability and cancer risk by influencing DNA mutations. Understanding these cancer mechanisms could lead to improved treatments that are less aggressive than current options. Both discoveries have the potential for significant medical benefits if further research can unlock their applications.
The document discusses the importance of DNA studies for improving quality of life and advancing medicine. DNA plays a key role in transporting drugs across cell membranes and can be used in gene therapy by altering intracellular functions with packaged DNA delivered into cells. Studies of DNA cages and sequences help develop new drug delivery methods and genetic experiments for implanting new gene therapies to potentially treat diseases and prevent malformations by correcting transcriptional errors in the genome.
The document discusses recent discoveries related to DNA and stem cells that are allowing for new therapeutic approaches to cancer management. Specifically, it discusses how discoveries of the protein MutL, which helps repair DNA errors, and how mutations in genes encoding DNA repair proteins can lead to cancers. It also discusses how researchers have identified a new stem cell signaling pathway that may help lower tumor risks in stem cell therapies by reducing formation of teratomas during stem cell differentiation.
This document discusses New Approach Methodologies (NAM) for biomedical research as alternatives to traditional animal testing. It provides background on the 3Rs principle of replacing, reducing, and refining animal use. It then describes several NAMs including induced pluripotent stem cells, organ-on-chip models, disease-in-a-dish models using human tissues, increased use of biomarkers and 'omics technologies, and in silico methods like computational modeling. The document argues these methods can help map chemical toxicity more efficiently while also allowing studies of individual human variability, disease modeling, and multi-organ interactions in ways not possible with animal models. It concludes by providing additional resources for learning more about alternative methods.
Nanotechnology has aided cancer treatment development in several ways:
1) It has enabled earlier cancer detection through highly sensitive nanoscale devices that can detect rare molecular signals associated with malignant cells.
2) It has improved imaging techniques using nanoparticles and MRI to identify cancers that have spread.
3) It allows monitoring of environmental exposures to cancer risks and studying gene-environment interactions in cancer development.
Improvisation of Conventional Techniques: The Future of Oncology Researchasclepiuspdfs
This document discusses two advanced techniques that may improve future oncology research: resonant harmonic excitation and low-intensity pulsed ultrasound. Resonant harmonic excitation uses ultrasound at specific frequencies to rupture the nucleolar envelopes of cancer cells without harming healthy cells. Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound bombards a mixture of cancer and normal cells with short pulses of low-intensity ultrasound at various frequencies and durations, killing cancer cells through microbubble oscillations while leaving normal cells unharmed. These techniques offer targeted cancer cell destruction with less damage to surrounding tissue compared to conventional chemotherapy and may provide new avenues for cancer treatment if validated in human studies.
Scientists have made progress in mapping the cancer genome and identifying genetic markers for lupus. A study identified many new genetic markers for lupus by analyzing over 27,000 people of European, African, and Hispanic descent. Separately, scientists evaluated algorithms used to analyze the cancer genome, finding that subgene algorithms provide a high-resolution view of how mutations in the same gene can lead to different health outcomes depending on location. Genetic mapping provides medical utility by aiding the discovery of drug targets and enabling targeted research in populations with high disease risk.
Wu has over 10 years of experience in bioinformatics, immunology, and cancer research. She received her Master of Engineering in Bioinformatics from NYU in 2017 and her Master of Science in Life Science from National Taiwan Normal University in 2006. Her research has included projects analyzing CAR-T cell markers in mesothelioma patients, screening for metastatic genes in pancreatic cancer, and detecting EGFR mutations in lung cancer specimens. She is proficient in Python, C++, R, Perl, Linux, Next Generation Sequencing, microarrays, and various molecular and cellular techniques.
Methods, Challenges and Future Directions of Radiogenomics-Crimson PublishersCrimsonpublishersCancer
Tissue response to the radiation is a complex pathophysiological process and is an inherited polygenic trait. Aim of the Radiogenomics studies is to discover related genetic variants that confer tumor or nontumor tissue radio sensitivity as the target of radio-sensitizing and/or radio-protective agents and to identify specific genetic markers for prognosis or risk prediction. The methods for radiogenomics studies include candidate gene approaches, genome-wide association studies, Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS), epigenetic study, and other methods. The future direction of radiogenomics should be the development of the polygenic risk scores that are incorporated into end point-specific clinical models/nomograms.
Biochemistry: A pivotal aspects in forensic scienceVanshikaVarshney5
In the above presentation, you will know the importance of biochemistry in forensic science. Biochemistry is not all about the chemicals, it is about your life, your environment. Basically, it belongs to you.
in this presentation, you can know about the biochemical techniques which are majority used in forensic science and various research occurs in the field of forensic science which is related with biochemistry.
DIAGNOSTICS - Diagnosis of TB - A Nanodiagnostic Approach.pdfsudeepbhattacharyya
The document discusses diagnosis of tuberculosis and highlights opportunities for nanotechnology-based diagnostic approaches. It summarizes several existing methods for TB diagnosis including microscopy, culture-based techniques, immunological methods, and molecular tests. However, current diagnostics have limitations such as low sensitivity, long turnaround time, and requirements for specialized equipment and facilities. The document proposes that nanodiagnostics utilizing nanoparticles, antigens, and antibodies may enable the development of improved point-of-care tests for more rapid, affordable and accurate TB detection.
Pluripotent stem cells An in vitro model for nanotoxicityDr. Harish Handral
This document discusses the use of pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) as an in vitro model for assessing nanotoxicity. It notes that existing in vitro and in vivo models have limitations, and that PSCs can differentiate into various cell types and provide a more realistic model that reflects human physiology. PSCs are proposed as a promising alternative platform that could help address current challenges in predicting nanomaterial toxicity and screening new drugs and materials in a reliable and cost-effective way. The review focuses on how induced pluripotent stem cells and embryonic stem cells could be used to establish three-dimensional tissue models for more accurately assessing the hazardous effects of nanomaterials.
DIAGNOSTICS - Application of nanodiagnostics in point-of-care tests for infec...sudeepbhattacharyya
This document discusses the application of nanodiagnostics in point-of-care tests for infectious diseases. It provides an overview of nanoparticle-based, nanodevice-based, and point-of-care test platforms for infectious disease diagnostics. Specifically, it examines current state-of-the-art point-of-care nanodiagnostic technologies like miniaturized diagnostic magnetic resonance platforms, magnetic barcode assays, cell phone-based polarized light microscopy, cell phone-based dongles, and paper-based tests. The review discusses the potential for nanotechnology to enable affordable, portable and robust point-of-care testing to improve infectious disease diagnosis, treatment and prevention, especially in developing countries.
Advances in experimental medicine and biology hussain bookmantu verma
This document provides an introduction and overview to the book "Nanomaterial Impacts on Cell Biology and Medicine". The book contains 13 chapters written by experts in various fields related to nanomaterials, cell biology, and medicine. It aims to demonstrate the broad applications of nanomaterials in areas relevant to cell biology and medicine. The introduction summarizes that nanomaterials are increasingly being used in medicine for applications like cancer treatment and drug delivery and also influence cells at the subcellular level, but the cross-disciplinary nature of the field means some advances have been overlooked.
The researchers analyzed genomic data from 367 tissue samples from 18 locations and 20 ethnic groups in India and found evidence of 5 distinct ancestral components among the Indian population. They compared the Indian genomic data to the HUMAN GENOME DIVERSITY PANEL. In a separate study, scientists used algorithms to digitally analyze and sort cells by their cell cycle phase, providing a less toxic alternative to traditional staining methods. This new computational approach opens up opportunities for further cell cycle research and other areas of science. Studying genomic differences in populations can provide insights into disease susceptibility and help tailor medical treatments based on a person's ancestral origins and genome.
The document summarizes research from the Institute for Genomic Biology (IGB) at the University of Illinois. It describes several projects that revealed new insights by reexamining familiar topics with improved tools and approaches. Princess Imoukhuede developed new techniques to identify cancer cell subpopulations to enable more personalized cancer treatments. A collaboration found that a small group of bees do most of the work in a hive, challenging assumptions about bee industriousness. James O'Dwyer improved an ecological model inspired by Lewis Carroll's Red Queen to better understand species evolution over long time periods. Hyunjoon Kong created a self-folding hydrogel that can slowly release drugs for tissue regeneration in a controlled manner, mimicking
Quadruple helix dna and epigenetics in rheumatism genesEstefaniaReza
Researchers at Cambridge discovered quadruple-stranded DNA structures in human cancer cells. They believe these quadruplexes may be targeted to halt cancer cell proliferation. Using antibodies, they identified these structures, especially during cell division. A gene with more quadruplex DNA was found to be more susceptible to external interference. Separately, scientists at Johns Hopkins and Karolinska Institutet identified DNA sequences and regulatory tags linked to rheumatoid arthritis by studying white blood cells. Tracking these tags may help improve arthritis treatment by directly targeting implicated genes and tags. Epigenetic studies can help explain links between genetics and diseases.
This document provides an overview of the application of nanotechnology in biomedicine. It discusses how nanoparticles can be used for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes, including for cancer detection and drug delivery. The document describes several types of nanoparticles that are being researched, such as liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, metallic nanoparticles, and metal oxide nanoparticles. It also discusses some of the methods used to produce nanoparticles and highlights potential safety issues that require further study before clinical use.
This document summarizes Paolo Vineis' presentation on measuring the exposome. It discusses:
1. Defining the exposome as the totality of environmental exposures from conception onward, including measuring internal exposures through biomarkers in biological samples.
2. Challenges in exposome research like limited biobanked samples, single spot samples, lack of life-course cohorts, and feasibility of extensive exposure assessment and omics measurements.
3. The "meet-in-the-middle" approach which integrates epidemiology, exposure assessment, omics, and bioinformatics to study cancer risk factors using samples from existing cohorts.
Erik Rogers earned his M.S. in Molecular and Cellular Biology and B.S. in Molecular Bioscience and Biotechnology from Arizona State University, where he worked as a teaching assistant for several courses. His research focused on the role of inflammation in muscle repair and regeneration. He has published two papers and presented his work at several conferences. Erik has extensive experience in histology, molecular biology techniques, cell culture, microscopy, and animal research. He is looking to apply his skills in an industrial research setting.
- A study found that endogenous retroviruses, which make up 8-10% of our genome, may play an important role in gene expression and development in the brain. Retroviruses can affect gene expression through a protein called TRIM28. Understanding this could provide insight into genetic brain diseases.
- A separate study discovered that proteins involved in lipid and membrane formation are synthesized more efficiently during cell division. Identifying the proteins and processes involved in cell division could lead to new ways of controlling cell division and potentially treating diseases like cancer.
I will show some news that are important to the understanding of the importance of the genetic transcription and how it provides important tools to the actual medicine
The document discusses two studies on the causes of cancer at the chromosomal and DNA level. The first study found that dramatic structural changes to chromosomes could not be explained by standard models of DNA damage and were a major cause of cancer proliferation. The second study discovered the overexpression of repetitive satellite DNA sequences in common tumor cells that are normally found in heterochromatin and centromeres. Understanding the molecular causes of diseases like cancer will enable early diagnosis, new therapeutic targets, and improved treatment strategies.
The mechanisms of DNA repair help us maintain the body in a normal physiological state, despite of the constant inducing damage that we are exposed.
But if these repair mechanisms fail for some reason it could cause mutations, cell death and many diseases.
Therefore, a low mutation rate indicates the efficiency of repair mechanisms, but a failure of these will be the cause of several mutations.
Several studies point to the discovery of new mechanisms of repair, so try to create treatments for diseases.
New Insight Into the Human Genome Through the Lens of Evolution and decode M...Christian Sanchez Valencia
DNA contains the genetic blueprint for human life. It can be used to diagnose diseases by comparing DNA sequences between past and present humans. DNA is transcribed into RNA, some of which encodes proteins and some that performs regulatory functions by determining gene expression. Scientists have discovered that up to 30% of human DNA is conserved at the RNA structure level through a process called transcription. Understanding how RNA is regulated through interactions with proteins and sequences is important for identifying patterns involved in diseases and their treatment.
This document discusses New Approach Methodologies (NAM) for biomedical research as alternatives to traditional animal testing. It provides background on the 3Rs principle of replacing, reducing, and refining animal use. It then describes several NAMs including induced pluripotent stem cells, organ-on-chip models, disease-in-a-dish models using human tissues, increased use of biomarkers and 'omics technologies, and in silico methods like computational modeling. The document argues these methods can help map chemical toxicity more efficiently while also allowing studies of individual human variability, disease modeling, and multi-organ interactions in ways not possible with animal models. It concludes by providing additional resources for learning more about alternative methods.
Nanotechnology has aided cancer treatment development in several ways:
1) It has enabled earlier cancer detection through highly sensitive nanoscale devices that can detect rare molecular signals associated with malignant cells.
2) It has improved imaging techniques using nanoparticles and MRI to identify cancers that have spread.
3) It allows monitoring of environmental exposures to cancer risks and studying gene-environment interactions in cancer development.
Improvisation of Conventional Techniques: The Future of Oncology Researchasclepiuspdfs
This document discusses two advanced techniques that may improve future oncology research: resonant harmonic excitation and low-intensity pulsed ultrasound. Resonant harmonic excitation uses ultrasound at specific frequencies to rupture the nucleolar envelopes of cancer cells without harming healthy cells. Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound bombards a mixture of cancer and normal cells with short pulses of low-intensity ultrasound at various frequencies and durations, killing cancer cells through microbubble oscillations while leaving normal cells unharmed. These techniques offer targeted cancer cell destruction with less damage to surrounding tissue compared to conventional chemotherapy and may provide new avenues for cancer treatment if validated in human studies.
Scientists have made progress in mapping the cancer genome and identifying genetic markers for lupus. A study identified many new genetic markers for lupus by analyzing over 27,000 people of European, African, and Hispanic descent. Separately, scientists evaluated algorithms used to analyze the cancer genome, finding that subgene algorithms provide a high-resolution view of how mutations in the same gene can lead to different health outcomes depending on location. Genetic mapping provides medical utility by aiding the discovery of drug targets and enabling targeted research in populations with high disease risk.
Wu has over 10 years of experience in bioinformatics, immunology, and cancer research. She received her Master of Engineering in Bioinformatics from NYU in 2017 and her Master of Science in Life Science from National Taiwan Normal University in 2006. Her research has included projects analyzing CAR-T cell markers in mesothelioma patients, screening for metastatic genes in pancreatic cancer, and detecting EGFR mutations in lung cancer specimens. She is proficient in Python, C++, R, Perl, Linux, Next Generation Sequencing, microarrays, and various molecular and cellular techniques.
Methods, Challenges and Future Directions of Radiogenomics-Crimson PublishersCrimsonpublishersCancer
Tissue response to the radiation is a complex pathophysiological process and is an inherited polygenic trait. Aim of the Radiogenomics studies is to discover related genetic variants that confer tumor or nontumor tissue radio sensitivity as the target of radio-sensitizing and/or radio-protective agents and to identify specific genetic markers for prognosis or risk prediction. The methods for radiogenomics studies include candidate gene approaches, genome-wide association studies, Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS), epigenetic study, and other methods. The future direction of radiogenomics should be the development of the polygenic risk scores that are incorporated into end point-specific clinical models/nomograms.
Biochemistry: A pivotal aspects in forensic scienceVanshikaVarshney5
In the above presentation, you will know the importance of biochemistry in forensic science. Biochemistry is not all about the chemicals, it is about your life, your environment. Basically, it belongs to you.
in this presentation, you can know about the biochemical techniques which are majority used in forensic science and various research occurs in the field of forensic science which is related with biochemistry.
DIAGNOSTICS - Diagnosis of TB - A Nanodiagnostic Approach.pdfsudeepbhattacharyya
The document discusses diagnosis of tuberculosis and highlights opportunities for nanotechnology-based diagnostic approaches. It summarizes several existing methods for TB diagnosis including microscopy, culture-based techniques, immunological methods, and molecular tests. However, current diagnostics have limitations such as low sensitivity, long turnaround time, and requirements for specialized equipment and facilities. The document proposes that nanodiagnostics utilizing nanoparticles, antigens, and antibodies may enable the development of improved point-of-care tests for more rapid, affordable and accurate TB detection.
Pluripotent stem cells An in vitro model for nanotoxicityDr. Harish Handral
This document discusses the use of pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) as an in vitro model for assessing nanotoxicity. It notes that existing in vitro and in vivo models have limitations, and that PSCs can differentiate into various cell types and provide a more realistic model that reflects human physiology. PSCs are proposed as a promising alternative platform that could help address current challenges in predicting nanomaterial toxicity and screening new drugs and materials in a reliable and cost-effective way. The review focuses on how induced pluripotent stem cells and embryonic stem cells could be used to establish three-dimensional tissue models for more accurately assessing the hazardous effects of nanomaterials.
DIAGNOSTICS - Application of nanodiagnostics in point-of-care tests for infec...sudeepbhattacharyya
This document discusses the application of nanodiagnostics in point-of-care tests for infectious diseases. It provides an overview of nanoparticle-based, nanodevice-based, and point-of-care test platforms for infectious disease diagnostics. Specifically, it examines current state-of-the-art point-of-care nanodiagnostic technologies like miniaturized diagnostic magnetic resonance platforms, magnetic barcode assays, cell phone-based polarized light microscopy, cell phone-based dongles, and paper-based tests. The review discusses the potential for nanotechnology to enable affordable, portable and robust point-of-care testing to improve infectious disease diagnosis, treatment and prevention, especially in developing countries.
Advances in experimental medicine and biology hussain bookmantu verma
This document provides an introduction and overview to the book "Nanomaterial Impacts on Cell Biology and Medicine". The book contains 13 chapters written by experts in various fields related to nanomaterials, cell biology, and medicine. It aims to demonstrate the broad applications of nanomaterials in areas relevant to cell biology and medicine. The introduction summarizes that nanomaterials are increasingly being used in medicine for applications like cancer treatment and drug delivery and also influence cells at the subcellular level, but the cross-disciplinary nature of the field means some advances have been overlooked.
The researchers analyzed genomic data from 367 tissue samples from 18 locations and 20 ethnic groups in India and found evidence of 5 distinct ancestral components among the Indian population. They compared the Indian genomic data to the HUMAN GENOME DIVERSITY PANEL. In a separate study, scientists used algorithms to digitally analyze and sort cells by their cell cycle phase, providing a less toxic alternative to traditional staining methods. This new computational approach opens up opportunities for further cell cycle research and other areas of science. Studying genomic differences in populations can provide insights into disease susceptibility and help tailor medical treatments based on a person's ancestral origins and genome.
The document summarizes research from the Institute for Genomic Biology (IGB) at the University of Illinois. It describes several projects that revealed new insights by reexamining familiar topics with improved tools and approaches. Princess Imoukhuede developed new techniques to identify cancer cell subpopulations to enable more personalized cancer treatments. A collaboration found that a small group of bees do most of the work in a hive, challenging assumptions about bee industriousness. James O'Dwyer improved an ecological model inspired by Lewis Carroll's Red Queen to better understand species evolution over long time periods. Hyunjoon Kong created a self-folding hydrogel that can slowly release drugs for tissue regeneration in a controlled manner, mimicking
Quadruple helix dna and epigenetics in rheumatism genesEstefaniaReza
Researchers at Cambridge discovered quadruple-stranded DNA structures in human cancer cells. They believe these quadruplexes may be targeted to halt cancer cell proliferation. Using antibodies, they identified these structures, especially during cell division. A gene with more quadruplex DNA was found to be more susceptible to external interference. Separately, scientists at Johns Hopkins and Karolinska Institutet identified DNA sequences and regulatory tags linked to rheumatoid arthritis by studying white blood cells. Tracking these tags may help improve arthritis treatment by directly targeting implicated genes and tags. Epigenetic studies can help explain links between genetics and diseases.
This document provides an overview of the application of nanotechnology in biomedicine. It discusses how nanoparticles can be used for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes, including for cancer detection and drug delivery. The document describes several types of nanoparticles that are being researched, such as liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, metallic nanoparticles, and metal oxide nanoparticles. It also discusses some of the methods used to produce nanoparticles and highlights potential safety issues that require further study before clinical use.
This document summarizes Paolo Vineis' presentation on measuring the exposome. It discusses:
1. Defining the exposome as the totality of environmental exposures from conception onward, including measuring internal exposures through biomarkers in biological samples.
2. Challenges in exposome research like limited biobanked samples, single spot samples, lack of life-course cohorts, and feasibility of extensive exposure assessment and omics measurements.
3. The "meet-in-the-middle" approach which integrates epidemiology, exposure assessment, omics, and bioinformatics to study cancer risk factors using samples from existing cohorts.
Erik Rogers earned his M.S. in Molecular and Cellular Biology and B.S. in Molecular Bioscience and Biotechnology from Arizona State University, where he worked as a teaching assistant for several courses. His research focused on the role of inflammation in muscle repair and regeneration. He has published two papers and presented his work at several conferences. Erik has extensive experience in histology, molecular biology techniques, cell culture, microscopy, and animal research. He is looking to apply his skills in an industrial research setting.
- A study found that endogenous retroviruses, which make up 8-10% of our genome, may play an important role in gene expression and development in the brain. Retroviruses can affect gene expression through a protein called TRIM28. Understanding this could provide insight into genetic brain diseases.
- A separate study discovered that proteins involved in lipid and membrane formation are synthesized more efficiently during cell division. Identifying the proteins and processes involved in cell division could lead to new ways of controlling cell division and potentially treating diseases like cancer.
I will show some news that are important to the understanding of the importance of the genetic transcription and how it provides important tools to the actual medicine
The document discusses two studies on the causes of cancer at the chromosomal and DNA level. The first study found that dramatic structural changes to chromosomes could not be explained by standard models of DNA damage and were a major cause of cancer proliferation. The second study discovered the overexpression of repetitive satellite DNA sequences in common tumor cells that are normally found in heterochromatin and centromeres. Understanding the molecular causes of diseases like cancer will enable early diagnosis, new therapeutic targets, and improved treatment strategies.
The mechanisms of DNA repair help us maintain the body in a normal physiological state, despite of the constant inducing damage that we are exposed.
But if these repair mechanisms fail for some reason it could cause mutations, cell death and many diseases.
Therefore, a low mutation rate indicates the efficiency of repair mechanisms, but a failure of these will be the cause of several mutations.
Several studies point to the discovery of new mechanisms of repair, so try to create treatments for diseases.
New Insight Into the Human Genome Through the Lens of Evolution and decode M...Christian Sanchez Valencia
DNA contains the genetic blueprint for human life. It can be used to diagnose diseases by comparing DNA sequences between past and present humans. DNA is transcribed into RNA, some of which encodes proteins and some that performs regulatory functions by determining gene expression. Scientists have discovered that up to 30% of human DNA is conserved at the RNA structure level through a process called transcription. Understanding how RNA is regulated through interactions with proteins and sequences is important for identifying patterns involved in diseases and their treatment.
The central-dogma-oh-genetic-informationDaniel Madrid
The central dogma of genetics describes the flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to proteins. Two articles discuss cancer-causing mechanisms related to this dogma. One found that the enzyme APOBEC3G can induce mutations during DNA replication that lead to cancer. The other identified that cancer cells rely on the protein SMARCAL1 to resolve replication stress and maintain telomere length through the ALT pathway. Further research is needed to identify targets of these carcinogenic processes to develop new treatment strategies.
This document summarizes two scientific articles. The first article describes a new method called PIP-seq that establishes a complete footprint of RNA-protein interactions by comparing protein-bound RNA segments protected from degradation to a control sample. The second article describes a novel approach using the single-celled fungus saccharomyces cerevisiae to understand how individual genetic variants affect gene expression over a two-and-a-half year study period. The observation notes that choosing a simple organism provides insights into RNA expression, genetic variations, and protein regulation applicable to human genetics, with implications for precision medicine through understanding disease vulnerability and tailoring treatments.
The document discusses transcription and RNA processing. It summarizes two scientific articles about regulating DNA transcription in bacteria and accessing DNA in mitochondria to treat disease. The first article finds that a riboswitch can regulate transcription in bacteria and may be a target for new antibiotics. The second discovers compounds that can access mitochondrial DNA to silence genes associated with nerve and muscle diseases. The medical utility section argues that further research on transcription and RNA processing could provide new treatments for common neurological disorders and address the growing problem of antibiotic resistance.
- Dr. Constantin Polychronakos proposes a novel approach to scanning the entire genome that will help understand the effects of genes on human traits. Understanding how genetic variants affect translation of RNA to protein could enable development of personalized therapies.
- Scientists identified a key transcription factor, HLH-30, that regulates the autophagy process in nematodes and mice. Autophagy is a cleansing mechanism in cells that degrades waste and protects against damage, modulating aging. Discovering this regulator of autophagy brings researchers closer to developing therapies for age-related disorders.
- Gene transcription, the first step of expressing genetic information by transcribing DNA into RNA, plays an important role in
The document discusses two recent discoveries related to genetics and disease. Researchers discovered a mechanism of gene silencing in hormone-dependent breast cancer cells involving a protein that interacts with the progesterone receptor and compacts chromatin. Scientists also discovered an X-chromosome inherited form of brittle bone disease osteogenesis imperfecta caused by two mutations in the MBTPS2 gene on the X chromosome, making men more vulnerable. These findings provide insights that can help improve diagnosis and treatment of these diseases.
The DNA is the basis of our genetic code, we could almost say that we are all made of DNA; therefore all studies are trying to understand this important part of us. Over time, they have discovered that DNA contains all the instructions that control the development and function of every cell in our body. What we know is that the DNA is able to divide itself, replicating and giving two daughter strands which contain exactly the same information from DNA mother. Then these are transcribed into RNA and finally translated into proteins, this is what we know as the central dogma of genetic information.
Although nature seems to be so perfect there are some cases where this beautiful process fails, and this is where certain diseases are originated and can cause multiple problems. Scientists are increasingly closer to find answers and perhaps their studies can help in the future.
New treatments for Alzheimer's, autism and depression, could be developed.
It could be the starting point for future researches on genes involved in these diseases.
Knowing which genes are involved, people who are not sick yet, might prevent some disease.
These findings help us understand how diseases work and where they come from.
Encourages doctors and scientists to find more about this genes, to achieve excellent results that could benefit many people.
It gives us hope and determination to achieve incredible things in this medicine area; we know that humans are able to find and develop things that we have never imagine.
We know that DNA is the basis of everything, thus if we understand certain parts of it and what is involved on it, we would be able to control many diseases that affects society nowadays.
With these discovery we would be contributing to industry and researches.
new hypothesis could change the way we see things, and would make researchers focused in other cell structures such as ribosomes.
The cause of some diseases might not be in the DNA, but on the malfunctioning of ribosomes, in that way we must look for the real cause of them.
In my opinion this is a big step for medicine, although there is not yet a certain result, and they have to investigate more about the genes, they have a great part of the investigation that can guide them to find the solution to multiple diseases. I think that this kind of researches benefit a lot our society, because they are trying to improve people’s life, by finding the different places of de brain where illnesses are originated. With this project we can start thinking on possible cures and treatments for Alzheimer's, autism, depression and other disorders.
It's good to start investigating on other cellular structures that may be quite involved in the most complex processes of DNA. Scientists may have never wondered what real role of ribosome is. Thinking about new hypotheses and that maybe the ribosome is the central point is crazy but good, because they could be right.
1. Researchers have developed a new method for more efficiently labeling proteins that is faster, higher yielding, and less disruptive to protein and cell function than current methods.
2. They engineered mammalian cells to incorporate an artificial chemical handle that allows a small fluorescent molecule to rapidly and stably attach to proteins of interest, enabling new types of cell biological studies.
3. Understanding protein interactions with nanomaterials at the nanoscale is important for controlling their function in applications like biosensing and tissue engineering, and for developing new composite materials.
The document discusses two recent studies on nuclear transport and its implications for medical research. The first study used high-speed atomic force microscopy to visualize the dynamics of nuclear pores in colon cancer cells at nanoscale resolution. It found that nuclear pore deformation may be involved in cancer cell death. The second study identified a potential way to prevent mRNA with disease-causing mutations from leaving the nucleus in motor neuron disease. Advances in understanding nuclear transport could lead to new treatment approaches for diseases like cancer and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
Two scientific studies focused on understanding the "control code" of DNA replication and RNA transcription in order to learn more about human diseases like cancer and autism. The studies revealed that RNA transcription, like DNA replication, is regulated by proteins. One study identified the RBFOX1 protein, which ensures activity of important brain genes, is turned off in autism patients. The other study found that inositol phosphates regulate histone deacetylases, enzymes that control DNA replication by packaging DNA tightly and switching genes off. Understanding these protein interactions that control genetic expression could enable new treatments for misunderstood diseases.
The document discusses two recent studies that focused on the "control code" of DNA replication and RNA transcription in order to better understand causes of diseases like cancer and autism. The studies revealed new insights into how small signaling molecules regulate genome expression by controlling protein complexes that switch genes on and off. Understanding the interactions between proteins that control replication and transcription could allow developing new treatments for many misunderstood diseases.
Researchers at the UT Southwestern Medical Center and the University of Geneva studied how certain genes and proteins involved in maintaining genetic stability can sometimes contribute to cancer development. They found:
1) Mutations in the p53 tumor suppressor gene, which normally restrains mobile genetic elements, were prevalent in cancer samples. This leads to genomic instability by allowing increased movement of these elements within chromosomes.
2) The APOBEC protein, intended to fight viruses by modifying single-stranded DNA, can exploit weaknesses during human DNA replication to introduce mutations, as detected in tumor cells. It acts on the single strands present during replication fork separation.
3) Understanding how p53 and APOBEC influence genetic
This document discusses two recent studies on DNA repair mechanisms and their implications for cancer research and treatment. The first study found a higher incidence of germline mutations in DNA repair genes in men with metastatic prostate cancer compared to localized disease, which could enable more personalized cancer therapies. The second study was able to film the enzymes involved in DNA repair, providing insights into the repair process that may help counter cancer's resistance to chemotherapy and develop new treatments. Both studies increase understanding of cancer at the molecular level and open doors to improved early detection and more targeted therapies.
Two studies investigated the "control code" of DNA replication and RNA transcription to better understand diseases like cancer and autism. One study found that RNA transcription is regulated by proteins similar to how DNA replication is regulated. The other study discovered that inositol phosphates regulate genome expression by controlling enzymes that switch genes on and off. Understanding how proteins control replication and transcription could help develop new treatments for diseases caused by defects in the genetic control code.
Biology and medicine have a close relationship where biology serves as an important tool for medicine. Studies on cellular metabolism and the role of proteins in cell division have helped further our understanding of diseases from the beginning. Research on a single protein that controls genetic networks essential for sperm development found that without this protein, sperm development is abnormal. A separate study on mitochondrial diseases found they are becoming more frequent and costly to healthcare systems, highlighting the need for improved prevention and treatment strategies. Advances in understanding basic biological mechanisms allow for more effective diagnosis and management of illnesses.
This document summarizes two recent discoveries: 1) A new "megapixel" DNA replication technique that can detect single nucleotide variations and rare mutations with greater sensitivity and precision than previous methods. 2) The identification of two new bases in DNA, 5-formylcytosine and 5 carboxylcytosine, that are involved in DNA methylation and demethylation and could advance stem cell and cancer research. The document discusses how these discoveries may enable earlier disease diagnosis and more precise biomedical research and diagnostics.
Similar to Defective telomeres linked to diseases and cancer (20)
1. By: Juan Felipe González Franco
Medicine student
Faculty of health sciences UPB
2015
2. BIBLIOGRAPHY
-Centro Nacional de Investigaciones
Oncológicas (CNIO). (2015, July 15).
Defective telomeres are now being linked
to dozens of diseases, including many
types of cancer. ScienceDaily. Retrieved
august 2, 2015 from
www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/07/
150715130828.htm
-The University of Texas Health
Science Center at San Antonio. (2015,
May 4). Revolutionary method of
making RNAs. ScienceDaily. Retrieve
august 2, 2015 from
www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015
/05/150504121041.htm
MEDICAL UTILITY
These researches are very
important in my opinion because of
the clinical application:
The first one talks about
investigating the telomeres and
understanding these complex
structures may help future medicine
with new treatments for diseases
like cancer.
The second one
Dr. Sousa thinks this new method to
make RNA molecules that are
chemically diverse will speed up
research exponentially.
In my humble opinion Dr. Sousa is
too optimistic but, if he is right,
biological sciences will benefit
most.
Until now make RNAs to develop
diagnostics and therapeutics has
been limited by existing technology.
The interest in this is because RNAs
are molecules that can be used to
make therapeutics, sensors and
diagnostics.
GENETIC MATERIAL
REPLICATION
By: J. Felipe Gonzalez F.
MOLECULAR
BIOLOGY
Teacher: Lina
Martínez
3. Defective telomeres are now
being linked to dozens of
diseases, including many types
of cancer:
Telomeres are the structures that
prevent the DNA strands makes
chemically bonds to other strands,
i.e. the chromosomes would merge
and that would be lethal for the
cell.
The researchers are amazed about
how complex is the biology of
telomeres, and the high number
of factors “they are finding that are
essential to the preservation of
telomeres and, above all, the
precise coordination that is
required between them all.”
STUDENT OBSERVATION
In my opinion what they are
investigating is very important and
will be will be a key issue in the
future research, because they talk
about topics of great interest for
modern science like are cancer
therapy and ageing.
INTRODUTION
In recent years not only their
relation to ageing has been
confirmed; also defective telomeres
seem to be linked to a lot of diseases
even with some types of cancer, this
is very important for the future
medicine. The importance of
investigating these structures is to
improve diagnoses and develop
possible treatments for many
diseases. Telomeres, in the opinion
of these researchers, will become
increasingly important in clinical
studies.
Different types of RNAs perform
different functions, such as silencing
a gene or regulating a plethora of
processes in cells.
The new method described by Dr.
Sousa and his colleagues in Nature,
which includes robotics, will speed
up research exponentially.
This is desirable for studies of RNA
structure and function, and for
design of applications that could be
used to diagnose and treat diseases.
This new technique allows the
researcher make RNA molecules
that are chemically diverse.
Revolutionary method of making
RNAs:
Rui Sousa, Ph.D., professor of
biochemistry in the School of Medicine at
the Health Science Center is a co-author
on the paper with colleagues from the
National Institutes of Health, the
University of Colorado, said that “RNAs
are molecules that can be used to make
therapeutics, sensors and diagnostics, for
which there is a growing market”.
He and his colleagues describes a new,
more efficient method of making
ribonucleic acids (RNAs).
"This new technique allows a
researcher to make RNA molecules that
are chemically diverse,“ and they think
this new method, will speed up
research exponentially.
STUDENT OBSERVATION
Dr. Sousa and his collages propose a
new method for making RNA in a
more effective way, that will help a
lot in my opinion because of what the
told us at the beginning “RNAs are
molecules that can be used to make
therapeutics, sensors and
diagnostics“.
5. Defectivetelomeres arenowbeinglinkedto
dozensofdiseases, includingmanytypesof
cancer:
CentroNacionaldeInvestigaciones
Oncológicas (CNIO).
Defective telomeres are now
being linked to dozens of
diseases, including many types
of cancer:
Telomeres are the structures that
prevent the DNA strands makes
chemically bonds to other strands, i.e.
the chromosomes would merge and
that would be lethal for the cell.
The researchers are amazed about
how complex is the biology of
telomeres, and the high number of
factors “they are finding that are
essential to the preservation of
telomeres and, above all, the precise
coordination that is required between
them all.”
STUDENT OBSERVATION
In my opinion what they are
investigating is very important and
will be a key issue in the future
research, because they talk about
topics of great interest for modern
science like are cancer therapy and
ageing.
6. TELOMESRES
Telomeres are the ending
regions of a chromatid, their
presence protects the genes
before them on the
chromosome from being
truncated instead.
Defectivetelomeres arenowbeing linkedto dozensofdiseases,including manytypesof
cancer:
8. telomeres havebeen tightly preserved
throughout the evolution in all cell lines,
that indicates its importance.
Theyprevent the fusion of chromosomes
and the loss of genetic information each
time a cell divides.
9.
Defective telomeres are now being linked to dozens of
diseases, including many types of cancer:
Student observation:
In my opinion what they are
investigating is very important
and will be a key issue in the
future research, because they
talk about topics of great
interest for modern science like
are cancer therapy and ageing.
10. Revolutionary method of making RNAs:
Rui Sousa, Ph.D., professor of biochemistry
in the School of Medicine at the Health
Science Center is a co-author on the paper
with colleagues from the National Institutes
of Health, the University of Colorado, said
that “RNAs are molecules that can be used
to make therapeutics, sensors and
diagnostics, for which there is a growing
market”.
He and his colleagues describes a new,
more efficient method of making
ribonucleic acids (RNAs).
"This new technique allows a researcher to
make RNA molecules that are chemically
diverse,“ and they think this new method,
will speed up research exponentially.
STUDENT OBSERVATION
Dr. Sousa and his collages propose a new
method for making RNA in a more effective
way, that will help a lot in my opinion
because of what the told us at the beginning
“RNAs are molecules that can be used to
make therapeutics, sensors and
diagnostics“.
Revolutionary
method of making
RNAs:
11. Revolutionary method of making
RNAs:
Dr. Sousa and his
colleagues talk us about a
new method that
includes robotics, and
they think will speed up
research exponentially.
12. Revolutionary method of making
RNAs:
Dr. Sousa mentioned this new
technique and he said it allows a
researcher to make RNA molecules
that are chemically diverse, and can
reduce the time it takes to make
those molecules.
13. Revolutionary method of making
RNAs:
The great importance of these
molecules regarding medicine, in
words of Dr. Sousa is that “RNAs are
molecules that can be used to make
therapeutics, sensors and
diagnostics”.
14.
Dr. Sousa and his collages
propose a new method for
making RNA in a more
effective way, that will help a
lot in my opinion because of
what the told us at the
beginning “RNAs are molecules
that can be used to make
therapeutics, sensors and
diagnostics“.
Revolutionary method of making RNAs:
Student observation
17. MEDICAL UTILITY
The researchAbouttelomeres hasincreasing
becausenowtheinvestigations areconsidering
The ImportanceofThesenotvery simple
structuresin topicslike conserving the genetic
materialin eachchromatid.thishaveaclose
relationshipWiththe mutationsand
degenerationofthe genetic code, withCancer
andaging.
18. MEDICAL UTILITY
Until nowmakeRNAstoDevelop diagnostics
andtherapeuticshas-beenlimitedbyExisting
technology.
As Dr.SousaSaid RNAsaremolecules thatcan
beusedtomaketherapeutics, sensorsand
diagnostics,forthatreasonithas anImportant
clinical applicationimproving themethodto
makeDNA.
19.
Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (CNIO). (2015, july 15). Defective
telomeres are now being linked to dozens of diseases, including many types of cancer.
ScienceDaily. Retrieved august 2, 2015 from
www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/07/150715130828.htm
The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio. (2015, May 4).
Revolutionary method of making RNAs. ScienceDaily. Retrieve august 2, 2015 from
www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/05/150504121041.htm
Martínez Sánchez, Lina María. Biología molecular.8.ed.Medellin: UPB. Fac. Medicina.
BIBLIOGRAPHY