This document discusses how deconstructing issues and crises can help enhance corporate reputation. It begins by reviewing literature on corporate image and reputation, and the challenges organizations face in managing issues and crises. Two key theories are discussed - apologia theory, which focuses on justifying actions during crises, and image restoration theory, which examines communication options for addressing threats to reputation. The document then analyzes the roles of public relations in identifying and responding to issues versus crises. It provides an example of how McDonald's addressed various challenges to its image through communication strategies. Overall, the document argues that deconstructing issues and crises can help organizations better understand reputation threats and manage responses to protect and enhance their corporate reputation.
This study analyzes similarities and differences between brand-related generally accepted public relations practices in Canada and the United States based on survey results. The document provides background on the study, including its justification and literature review on concepts of brand equity and excellence in public relations. It describes the Generally Accepted Practices in Public Relations (GAP VIII) survey conducted in both countries and aims to identify practices that impact organizational brand equity and how differences could influence the pursuit of public relations excellence.
1. The document discusses organizational commitment and the importance of building trust between employees to increase motivation, organizational citizenship behavior, organizational commitment, and job satisfaction. It states that strong work relationships built on trust will encourage loyalty to the organization and its goals.
2. It also discusses different dimensions of information systems and supply chain management practices that can impact company performance, and the need to integrate various supply chain practices to improve performance.
3. Additionally, it covers the importance of motivation for employees to willingly perform their tasks and help the organization achieve its objectives. It identifies key regulators and motivators that must be balanced to increase job satisfaction, such as work environment, compensation, personal development, and a sense of belonging.
This document discusses current trends and future directions for public relations research. It outlines two paradigms for public relations - the symbolic/interpretive paradigm which focuses on managing interpretations, and the behavioral/strategic management paradigm which focuses on building relationships through two-way communication. The document then summarizes several areas of ongoing research, including stakeholder identification, situational theory, relationship measurement, and applying public relations concepts in specialized areas. It argues that future research should focus on institutionalizing public relations as a strategic management function.
The document discusses managing corporate reputation. It covers understanding how organizations develop identities and reputations through their communications. Key aspects that influence reputation are discussed, such as organizational culture, stakeholders, forces acting internally and externally, and ensuring strategy and culture align with positioning and reputation. Techniques for measuring reputation are also mentioned, including using criteria like credibility, trustworthiness, and responsiveness. The importance of proactively managing reputation is emphasized.
The effect of CSR content and media on reputation and stakeholder communicati...Vera Engelbertink
This document provides an abstract and introduction for a master's thesis that examines the effect of CSR content and media on corporate reputation and stakeholder communication. Specifically, it aims to understand how intrinsic, extrinsic, and combined CSR messages as well as different media types influence a company's reputation and stakeholders' willingness to share or react to CSR messages. The introduction provides background on CSR and discusses how communicating CSR can have both positive and negative effects depending on stakeholders' perceptions of a company's motives. It proposes examining these concepts through an online experiment testing different message types and media on reputation and secondary communication outcomes.
This document was prepared by Corporate Excellence – Centre for Reputation Leadership, and among other sources, contains references to the 6th edition of Corporate Communication, a book written by Professor Paul A. Argenti from the Tuck Business School of Dartmouth University, New Hampshire (USA) and published by McGraw Hill in 2013.
This document provides guidelines for measuring relationships in public relations. It discusses why relationships are important to measure in PR and outlines a framework involving 6 key elements of relationships: control mutuality, trust, satisfaction, commitment, exchange relationships, and communal relationships. It proposes using a questionnaire with agreement statements about these elements to measure perceptions of relationships. Administering this to both publics and organizations would allow analyzing gaps in perceptions. The guidelines aim to help PR practitioners better evaluate the overall value of PR through measuring long-term relationship outcomes.
Evaluating program efficacy (published)dmichaelson
The document discusses establishing standards for evaluating excellence in public relations and corporate communication campaigns. It proposes a generic model for planning, implementing and evaluating PR campaigns that includes measurable goals and objectives at each stage. The model incorporates research on defining excellence in PR practices and measuring outcomes through indicators like credibility, relationships and reputation. It argues this approach allows for quantifying a campaign's impact and return on investment, and establishing best practices standards for excellence in PR programming.
This study analyzes similarities and differences between brand-related generally accepted public relations practices in Canada and the United States based on survey results. The document provides background on the study, including its justification and literature review on concepts of brand equity and excellence in public relations. It describes the Generally Accepted Practices in Public Relations (GAP VIII) survey conducted in both countries and aims to identify practices that impact organizational brand equity and how differences could influence the pursuit of public relations excellence.
1. The document discusses organizational commitment and the importance of building trust between employees to increase motivation, organizational citizenship behavior, organizational commitment, and job satisfaction. It states that strong work relationships built on trust will encourage loyalty to the organization and its goals.
2. It also discusses different dimensions of information systems and supply chain management practices that can impact company performance, and the need to integrate various supply chain practices to improve performance.
3. Additionally, it covers the importance of motivation for employees to willingly perform their tasks and help the organization achieve its objectives. It identifies key regulators and motivators that must be balanced to increase job satisfaction, such as work environment, compensation, personal development, and a sense of belonging.
This document discusses current trends and future directions for public relations research. It outlines two paradigms for public relations - the symbolic/interpretive paradigm which focuses on managing interpretations, and the behavioral/strategic management paradigm which focuses on building relationships through two-way communication. The document then summarizes several areas of ongoing research, including stakeholder identification, situational theory, relationship measurement, and applying public relations concepts in specialized areas. It argues that future research should focus on institutionalizing public relations as a strategic management function.
The document discusses managing corporate reputation. It covers understanding how organizations develop identities and reputations through their communications. Key aspects that influence reputation are discussed, such as organizational culture, stakeholders, forces acting internally and externally, and ensuring strategy and culture align with positioning and reputation. Techniques for measuring reputation are also mentioned, including using criteria like credibility, trustworthiness, and responsiveness. The importance of proactively managing reputation is emphasized.
The effect of CSR content and media on reputation and stakeholder communicati...Vera Engelbertink
This document provides an abstract and introduction for a master's thesis that examines the effect of CSR content and media on corporate reputation and stakeholder communication. Specifically, it aims to understand how intrinsic, extrinsic, and combined CSR messages as well as different media types influence a company's reputation and stakeholders' willingness to share or react to CSR messages. The introduction provides background on CSR and discusses how communicating CSR can have both positive and negative effects depending on stakeholders' perceptions of a company's motives. It proposes examining these concepts through an online experiment testing different message types and media on reputation and secondary communication outcomes.
This document was prepared by Corporate Excellence – Centre for Reputation Leadership, and among other sources, contains references to the 6th edition of Corporate Communication, a book written by Professor Paul A. Argenti from the Tuck Business School of Dartmouth University, New Hampshire (USA) and published by McGraw Hill in 2013.
This document provides guidelines for measuring relationships in public relations. It discusses why relationships are important to measure in PR and outlines a framework involving 6 key elements of relationships: control mutuality, trust, satisfaction, commitment, exchange relationships, and communal relationships. It proposes using a questionnaire with agreement statements about these elements to measure perceptions of relationships. Administering this to both publics and organizations would allow analyzing gaps in perceptions. The guidelines aim to help PR practitioners better evaluate the overall value of PR through measuring long-term relationship outcomes.
Evaluating program efficacy (published)dmichaelson
The document discusses establishing standards for evaluating excellence in public relations and corporate communication campaigns. It proposes a generic model for planning, implementing and evaluating PR campaigns that includes measurable goals and objectives at each stage. The model incorporates research on defining excellence in PR practices and measuring outcomes through indicators like credibility, relationships and reputation. It argues this approach allows for quantifying a campaign's impact and return on investment, and establishing best practices standards for excellence in PR programming.
MSLGROUP Reputation Impact Indicator Study 2015MSL
The document describes a study conducted by MSLGROUP to develop a new framework for understanding corporate reputation using both intuitive and rational dimensions, surveying over 26,000 people in 10 countries about their perceptions of leading companies and analyzing social media content, in order to provide insights into drivers of reputation across industries and regions.
Dear student, Cheap Assignment Help, an online tutoring company, provides students with a wide range of online assignment help services for students studying in classes K-12, and College or university. The Expert team of professional online assignment help tutors at Cheap Assignment Help .COM provides a wide range of help with assignments through services such as college assignment help, university assignment help, homework assignment help, email assignment help and online assignment help. Our expert team consists of passionate and professional assignment help tutors, having masters and PhD degrees from the best universities of the world, from different countries like Australia, United Kingdom, United States, Canada, UAE and many more who give the best quality and plagiarism free answers of the assignment help questions submitted by students, on sharp deadline. Cheap Assignment Help .COM tutors are available 24x7 to provide assignment help in diverse fields - Math, Chemistry, Physics, Writing, Thesis, Essay, Accounting, Finance, Data Analysis, Case Studies, Term Papers, and Projects etc. We also provide assistance to the problems in programming languages such as C/C++, Java, Python, Matlab, .Net, Engineering assignment help and Finance assignment help. The expert team of certified online tutors in diverse fields at Cheap Assignment Help .COM available around the clock (24x7) to provide live help to students with their assignment and questions. We have also excelled in providing E-education with latest web technology. The Students can communicate with our online assignment tutors using voice, video and an interactive white board. We help students in solving their problems, assignments, tests and in study plans. You will feel like you are learning from a highly skilled online tutor in person just like in classroom teaching. You can see what the tutor is writing, and at the same time you can ask the questions which arise in your mind. You only need a PC with Internet connection or a Laptop with Wi-Fi Internet access. We provide live online tutoring which can be accessed at anytime and anywhere according to student’s convenience. We have tutors in every subject such as Math, Chemistry, Biology, Physics and English whatever be the school level. Our college and university level tutors provide engineering online tutoring in areas such as Computer Science, Electrical and Electronics engineering, Mechanical engineering and Chemical engineering. Regards http://www.cheapassignmenthelp.com/ http://www.cheapassignmenthelp.co.uk/
The document discusses the history and practice of public relations. It defines public relations as the strategic management of mutually beneficial relationships between organizations and their publics. It notes that Edward Bernays is often considered the father of modern public relations. It outlines several key public relations functions including publicity, press relations, industry relations, development/fundraising, lobbying, and public affairs. It also lists various public relations tools and discusses both positive and negative approaches to public relations.
Public relations strategy chapter 1 intro to pr커뮤니케이션북스(주)
Here are some potential PR plans and programs KT&G could implement:
- Launch a CSR campaign to promote their social contribution activities to improve public perception.
- Partner with public health organizations on smoking prevention programs to demonstrate their commitment to public health.
- Diversify their marketing communications to showcase their other business areas beyond cigarettes.
- Conduct market research to better understand customer and public opinions to guide strategy.
- Engage in transparent policy advocacy on tobacco regulations while promoting harm reduction products.
- Implement a internal CSR program to motivate employees as ambassadors of the company's efforts.
The goal is to shift public discussion away from just cigarettes and towards KT&G's broader activities and efforts to be
This document discusses analyzing a corporate identity mix, which consists of communication, behavior, and symbolism expressed by an organization. It provides frameworks for analyzing an organization's projected identity based on values, dimensions of distinctiveness and authenticity. The analysis involves a semiotic examination of an organization's website, communications, and behaviors to understand its expressed personality and starting points.
Corporate image is formed through both internal and external influences. Internally, factors like corporate personality, advertising, branding, public relations, and employee behavior shape how audiences view the company. Externally, industry reputation, country of origin, press, and word-of-mouth all impact corporate image. Managing corporate image requires understanding this formation process and communicating the desired identity through various internal and external channels.
The document discusses the concept of a "citizen brand" which focuses on understanding and addressing social concerns rather than just treating stakeholders well. It argues that in today's "butterfly economy" with empowered and values-driven consumers, ethical and responsible behavior is essential to building trust and reputation. To be a citizen brand, a company must make social issues and local communities a central part of its strategy and be fully transparent in its operations. This model of proactive social engagement can increase business success by generating loyalty and goodwill.
The document discusses a study on the evolving communication function within organizations. Key findings from the study include:
- Fewer than half of communication leaders said they were satisfied with their function's structure, though most felt it was effective.
- Responsibilities of the communication function have increased and are expected to continue growing. However, most expect their headcount to remain the same.
- Top responsibilities included media relations, social media, and crisis communication. Communication functions were often combined with marketing.
The document discusses a study on the impact of social media on corporate brands in Malaysia. It presents background information on social media and corporate brands. The research problem is that while social media is an important part of marketing, there is no accepted theory on its use in Malaysia. The study aims to determine if social media positively influences corporate brands when used in online communications. It proposes a framework relating social media, credibility, embeddedness, user interaction, and corporate brands. Hypotheses and a research design involving questionnaires and statistical analysis are presented to test the framework. A pilot study will check the data collection method and scale the main variables.
Public Relations Management Session 2 Corporate Communications And Pr Com...Moksh Juneja
The document provides an overview of corporate communications and public relations. It defines communication and discusses models of communication, including linear, interactive, and transactional models. It also defines corporate communications and discusses the corporate communications mix, aspects of corporate communication, and tools and scope of corporate communication. Models of public relations are presented, including press agentry, public information, one-way asymmetric, and two-way symmetric models. The roles and areas addressed by corporate communications professionals are outlined.
Can social media marketing-improve-customer-relationship 2017-journal-of-intadnan haidar
This document discusses a study examining how social media usage can help firms build new customer relationship management (CRM) capabilities and improve marketing strategies and business performance. The study uses dynamic capabilities theory and the resource-based view as frameworks. It hypothesizes that social CRM capabilities, defined as a firm's ability to generate, integrate, and respond to customer information from social media interactions, will be positively associated with customer engagement and firm performance, and that social media usage moderates the relationship between social CRM capabilities and firm performance. The study analyzes data from 232 companies to test these hypotheses.
Reputation is probably the most important asset owned by a company, and not only because it attracts and retains the best resources, but also because it leverages the value of the company’s unique character and identity by showing how well the company manages to align its external perception with the internal reality.
This document was prepared by Corporate Excellence and among other sources contains references to Corporate Reputation and Competitiveness by Gary Davies and Rosa Chun, Professors at the University of Manchester (the UK) and the IMD Business School (Switzerland), respectively, and published by Routledge in 2003.
Lean Communications: Process Improvement in PR and Corporate Communications U...Annie Eissler
PR and corporate communications programs are critical to the success of your business. However, there is frequently a lack of clarity around the implementation, measurement, and success of many communications programs. Some believe it’s all about having a relationship with a few reporters or sending out the occasional well-written press release, but with the
fragmentation of the media, everyone is now a consumer and producer of “media.”
Is there a way to create innovative, clutter-busting programs with focused and quantifiable business results without wasting time and money?
This paper examines the application of Lean Six Sigma in the development and improvement of communication programs by showing that the processes involved result in data that can be measured and analyzed to deliver more insightful, targeted efforts with more impactful outcomes. Innovative companies can benefit from growth, adaptability and success while enhancing their brands and reputations with the faster and better results that emerge from improved
communications programs.
Theorical basis: Excellence, Critical and Rhetorical theories in Public Relat...Stephen Tindi
Theories are helpful in understanding and explaining the actions of organizations, PR practitioners and publics. The Excellence, Critical and Rhetorical theories provide useful information on meaning-making between organizations and their publics.
All organizations have an identity. Corporate identity is the process defined as the institution for all the activities of an organization in public relation administration. Okay argument on the corporate identity states that, “it is not only visual designs, but a combination of designs, communications, behavior, philosophy, and culture. All these components are used by the organization to compose a “corporate identity.” As a result of the corporate identity activities a corporate image is established” (2005: 39).
Corporate Reputation or Just Image 2010guest85c7e5
The document defines key concepts related to corporate identity, image, and reputation. It discusses how corporate identity is the tangible manifestation of a corporate personality and is communicated through symbols, behaviors, and communication. Corporate image is stakeholders' immediate impression, while corporate reputation develops over time based on past performance and communication. The role of corporate communicators is to manage these elements and align identity, image, and reputation by understanding gaps between internal and external perceptions.
The role of the Corporate Communication Director or Chief Communications Officer is gaining more weight in organisations, combining various strategic functions from managing some key intangibles, such as brand and reputation, to communication
Marketing is not effective and no longer yields expected results, advertising has become trite and ineffective, traditional public relations fail to reach new audiences and digital communities, communication tools used by companies in the past lost a good part of their capacity to generate value and are no longer useful for companies because the rules of the game have changed.
This document was prepared by Corporate Excellence – Centre for Reputation Leadership and contains references, among other sources, to the statements made by Joan Costa, an expert on communication, design, sociology, profesor of the University of Mexico and a member of the Corporate Excellence Board, during the panel discussion titled “Communication Innovations in Business and the Mass Media”, organised at the Faculty of Information Sciences, Complutense University in Madrid, on April 10, 2012, and his book “El Dircom hoy” (Communications Director Today) published by CPC Editor.
The document discusses the role of public relations (PR) in relationship management during crisis situations from a relational perspective. It examines how communication can help PR practice of relationship management both internally and externally. Key aspects discussed include control mutuality, trust, commitment, satisfaction in exchange and communal relationships. Several research papers on topics like PR strategy, crisis communication, and relationship management are referenced.
Discussion Board 1 – Read and RespondIntroduction .docxedgar6wallace88877
Discussion Board 1 – Read and Respond
Introduction
Nonprofit launch initiatives directed at changes for an organization of this magnitude should begin with an adaptable plan. Here important objectives are identified with the basic concept of how and when the organization can facilitate action. Comprehending the dynamics of challenges being addressed and the resources required is essential for a realistic assessment on a myriad of levels. Allison and Kaye (2005) believe organizers “must recognize that the mission’s success lies in getting involvement from all parts of the organization” (p. 32). That being stated, further illustrates the importance of strategic processing as it relates to communication, evaluation, and prioritization.
Communication
Establishing effective, viable channels of communication provide a means to introduce concerns and begin dialogs. Broadening the scope of the assessment to include feedback from all chapters elicits engagement and improves clarity. Creating forums that openly invites two-way dialog as a means to shore up the effectiveness of communication often mitigate risk associated with subjective perspectives and assumptions. The nonprofit sector encompasses perspectives from volunteers, staff, and board members that are all challenged with meeting diverse mission goals. Murphy (2013) stresses the importance of creating a work environment conducive to working “productively with team members who have different objectives” (p.68).
Evaluation
Decentralized modes of operation within the 100 chapters have presented a challenge with approaching any aspect of changes unilaterally. Consequently, the intricate details of program assessments supportive of the mission statement should commence immediately. Cognitive perceptions of circumstances will help all communicators establish frames of reference that elicit clarity of details for critical thinking and decision making. Reflecting briefly on Proverbs 19:2 (KJV) “Also, that the soul be without knowledge, it is not good; and he that hasteth with his feet sinneth” provides sensible rational for deliberating before giving in to impulsivity. Further delineation of metrics and the cogent analysis of practical applications encourage systematic consensus of outcomes. Ardent attention to details derived collectively will potentially reveal more neglected or overlooked contributing factors. In an effort to minimize wasted resources on duplicate or inane resolves, project objectives may require redirection.
Prioritization
Managing the strategy involves connecting developmental designs to implementation efforts (Worth, 2014, p. 161). Fragmentation plays a critical role in the strategic planning process too. Knowing the objective breakdowns and how they will fall into place within the grand scheme facilitates better control of capacity. The availability and allocations of organizational resources can limit progress or drain resou.
Discussion Board 1 – Read and RespondIntroduction .docxduketjoy27252
Discussion Board 1 – Read and Respond
Introduction
Nonprofit launch initiatives directed at changes for an organization of this magnitude should begin with an adaptable plan. Here important objectives are identified with the basic concept of how and when the organization can facilitate action. Comprehending the dynamics of challenges being addressed and the resources required is essential for a realistic assessment on a myriad of levels. Allison and Kaye (2005) believe organizers “must recognize that the mission’s success lies in getting involvement from all parts of the organization” (p. 32). That being stated, further illustrates the importance of strategic processing as it relates to communication, evaluation, and prioritization.
Communication
Establishing effective, viable channels of communication provide a means to introduce concerns and begin dialogs. Broadening the scope of the assessment to include feedback from all chapters elicits engagement and improves clarity. Creating forums that openly invites two-way dialog as a means to shore up the effectiveness of communication often mitigate risk associated with subjective perspectives and assumptions. The nonprofit sector encompasses perspectives from volunteers, staff, and board members that are all challenged with meeting diverse mission goals. Murphy (2013) stresses the importance of creating a work environment conducive to working “productively with team members who have different objectives” (p.68).
Evaluation
Decentralized modes of operation within the 100 chapters have presented a challenge with approaching any aspect of changes unilaterally. Consequently, the intricate details of program assessments supportive of the mission statement should commence immediately. Cognitive perceptions of circumstances will help all communicators establish frames of reference that elicit clarity of details for critical thinking and decision making. Reflecting briefly on Proverbs 19:2 (KJV) “Also, that the soul be without knowledge, it is not good; and he that hasteth with his feet sinneth” provides sensible rational for deliberating before giving in to impulsivity. Further delineation of metrics and the cogent analysis of practical applications encourage systematic consensus of outcomes. Ardent attention to details derived collectively will potentially reveal more neglected or overlooked contributing factors. In an effort to minimize wasted resources on duplicate or inane resolves, project objectives may require redirection.
Prioritization
Managing the strategy involves connecting developmental designs to implementation efforts (Worth, 2014, p. 161). Fragmentation plays a critical role in the strategic planning process too. Knowing the objective breakdowns and how they will fall into place within the grand scheme facilitates better control of capacity. The availability and allocations of organizational resources can limit progress or drain resou.
MSLGROUP Reputation Impact Indicator Study 2015MSL
The document describes a study conducted by MSLGROUP to develop a new framework for understanding corporate reputation using both intuitive and rational dimensions, surveying over 26,000 people in 10 countries about their perceptions of leading companies and analyzing social media content, in order to provide insights into drivers of reputation across industries and regions.
Dear student, Cheap Assignment Help, an online tutoring company, provides students with a wide range of online assignment help services for students studying in classes K-12, and College or university. The Expert team of professional online assignment help tutors at Cheap Assignment Help .COM provides a wide range of help with assignments through services such as college assignment help, university assignment help, homework assignment help, email assignment help and online assignment help. Our expert team consists of passionate and professional assignment help tutors, having masters and PhD degrees from the best universities of the world, from different countries like Australia, United Kingdom, United States, Canada, UAE and many more who give the best quality and plagiarism free answers of the assignment help questions submitted by students, on sharp deadline. Cheap Assignment Help .COM tutors are available 24x7 to provide assignment help in diverse fields - Math, Chemistry, Physics, Writing, Thesis, Essay, Accounting, Finance, Data Analysis, Case Studies, Term Papers, and Projects etc. We also provide assistance to the problems in programming languages such as C/C++, Java, Python, Matlab, .Net, Engineering assignment help and Finance assignment help. The expert team of certified online tutors in diverse fields at Cheap Assignment Help .COM available around the clock (24x7) to provide live help to students with their assignment and questions. We have also excelled in providing E-education with latest web technology. The Students can communicate with our online assignment tutors using voice, video and an interactive white board. We help students in solving their problems, assignments, tests and in study plans. You will feel like you are learning from a highly skilled online tutor in person just like in classroom teaching. You can see what the tutor is writing, and at the same time you can ask the questions which arise in your mind. You only need a PC with Internet connection or a Laptop with Wi-Fi Internet access. We provide live online tutoring which can be accessed at anytime and anywhere according to student’s convenience. We have tutors in every subject such as Math, Chemistry, Biology, Physics and English whatever be the school level. Our college and university level tutors provide engineering online tutoring in areas such as Computer Science, Electrical and Electronics engineering, Mechanical engineering and Chemical engineering. Regards http://www.cheapassignmenthelp.com/ http://www.cheapassignmenthelp.co.uk/
The document discusses the history and practice of public relations. It defines public relations as the strategic management of mutually beneficial relationships between organizations and their publics. It notes that Edward Bernays is often considered the father of modern public relations. It outlines several key public relations functions including publicity, press relations, industry relations, development/fundraising, lobbying, and public affairs. It also lists various public relations tools and discusses both positive and negative approaches to public relations.
Public relations strategy chapter 1 intro to pr커뮤니케이션북스(주)
Here are some potential PR plans and programs KT&G could implement:
- Launch a CSR campaign to promote their social contribution activities to improve public perception.
- Partner with public health organizations on smoking prevention programs to demonstrate their commitment to public health.
- Diversify their marketing communications to showcase their other business areas beyond cigarettes.
- Conduct market research to better understand customer and public opinions to guide strategy.
- Engage in transparent policy advocacy on tobacco regulations while promoting harm reduction products.
- Implement a internal CSR program to motivate employees as ambassadors of the company's efforts.
The goal is to shift public discussion away from just cigarettes and towards KT&G's broader activities and efforts to be
This document discusses analyzing a corporate identity mix, which consists of communication, behavior, and symbolism expressed by an organization. It provides frameworks for analyzing an organization's projected identity based on values, dimensions of distinctiveness and authenticity. The analysis involves a semiotic examination of an organization's website, communications, and behaviors to understand its expressed personality and starting points.
Corporate image is formed through both internal and external influences. Internally, factors like corporate personality, advertising, branding, public relations, and employee behavior shape how audiences view the company. Externally, industry reputation, country of origin, press, and word-of-mouth all impact corporate image. Managing corporate image requires understanding this formation process and communicating the desired identity through various internal and external channels.
The document discusses the concept of a "citizen brand" which focuses on understanding and addressing social concerns rather than just treating stakeholders well. It argues that in today's "butterfly economy" with empowered and values-driven consumers, ethical and responsible behavior is essential to building trust and reputation. To be a citizen brand, a company must make social issues and local communities a central part of its strategy and be fully transparent in its operations. This model of proactive social engagement can increase business success by generating loyalty and goodwill.
The document discusses a study on the evolving communication function within organizations. Key findings from the study include:
- Fewer than half of communication leaders said they were satisfied with their function's structure, though most felt it was effective.
- Responsibilities of the communication function have increased and are expected to continue growing. However, most expect their headcount to remain the same.
- Top responsibilities included media relations, social media, and crisis communication. Communication functions were often combined with marketing.
The document discusses a study on the impact of social media on corporate brands in Malaysia. It presents background information on social media and corporate brands. The research problem is that while social media is an important part of marketing, there is no accepted theory on its use in Malaysia. The study aims to determine if social media positively influences corporate brands when used in online communications. It proposes a framework relating social media, credibility, embeddedness, user interaction, and corporate brands. Hypotheses and a research design involving questionnaires and statistical analysis are presented to test the framework. A pilot study will check the data collection method and scale the main variables.
Public Relations Management Session 2 Corporate Communications And Pr Com...Moksh Juneja
The document provides an overview of corporate communications and public relations. It defines communication and discusses models of communication, including linear, interactive, and transactional models. It also defines corporate communications and discusses the corporate communications mix, aspects of corporate communication, and tools and scope of corporate communication. Models of public relations are presented, including press agentry, public information, one-way asymmetric, and two-way symmetric models. The roles and areas addressed by corporate communications professionals are outlined.
Can social media marketing-improve-customer-relationship 2017-journal-of-intadnan haidar
This document discusses a study examining how social media usage can help firms build new customer relationship management (CRM) capabilities and improve marketing strategies and business performance. The study uses dynamic capabilities theory and the resource-based view as frameworks. It hypothesizes that social CRM capabilities, defined as a firm's ability to generate, integrate, and respond to customer information from social media interactions, will be positively associated with customer engagement and firm performance, and that social media usage moderates the relationship between social CRM capabilities and firm performance. The study analyzes data from 232 companies to test these hypotheses.
Reputation is probably the most important asset owned by a company, and not only because it attracts and retains the best resources, but also because it leverages the value of the company’s unique character and identity by showing how well the company manages to align its external perception with the internal reality.
This document was prepared by Corporate Excellence and among other sources contains references to Corporate Reputation and Competitiveness by Gary Davies and Rosa Chun, Professors at the University of Manchester (the UK) and the IMD Business School (Switzerland), respectively, and published by Routledge in 2003.
Lean Communications: Process Improvement in PR and Corporate Communications U...Annie Eissler
PR and corporate communications programs are critical to the success of your business. However, there is frequently a lack of clarity around the implementation, measurement, and success of many communications programs. Some believe it’s all about having a relationship with a few reporters or sending out the occasional well-written press release, but with the
fragmentation of the media, everyone is now a consumer and producer of “media.”
Is there a way to create innovative, clutter-busting programs with focused and quantifiable business results without wasting time and money?
This paper examines the application of Lean Six Sigma in the development and improvement of communication programs by showing that the processes involved result in data that can be measured and analyzed to deliver more insightful, targeted efforts with more impactful outcomes. Innovative companies can benefit from growth, adaptability and success while enhancing their brands and reputations with the faster and better results that emerge from improved
communications programs.
Theorical basis: Excellence, Critical and Rhetorical theories in Public Relat...Stephen Tindi
Theories are helpful in understanding and explaining the actions of organizations, PR practitioners and publics. The Excellence, Critical and Rhetorical theories provide useful information on meaning-making between organizations and their publics.
All organizations have an identity. Corporate identity is the process defined as the institution for all the activities of an organization in public relation administration. Okay argument on the corporate identity states that, “it is not only visual designs, but a combination of designs, communications, behavior, philosophy, and culture. All these components are used by the organization to compose a “corporate identity.” As a result of the corporate identity activities a corporate image is established” (2005: 39).
Corporate Reputation or Just Image 2010guest85c7e5
The document defines key concepts related to corporate identity, image, and reputation. It discusses how corporate identity is the tangible manifestation of a corporate personality and is communicated through symbols, behaviors, and communication. Corporate image is stakeholders' immediate impression, while corporate reputation develops over time based on past performance and communication. The role of corporate communicators is to manage these elements and align identity, image, and reputation by understanding gaps between internal and external perceptions.
The role of the Corporate Communication Director or Chief Communications Officer is gaining more weight in organisations, combining various strategic functions from managing some key intangibles, such as brand and reputation, to communication
Marketing is not effective and no longer yields expected results, advertising has become trite and ineffective, traditional public relations fail to reach new audiences and digital communities, communication tools used by companies in the past lost a good part of their capacity to generate value and are no longer useful for companies because the rules of the game have changed.
This document was prepared by Corporate Excellence – Centre for Reputation Leadership and contains references, among other sources, to the statements made by Joan Costa, an expert on communication, design, sociology, profesor of the University of Mexico and a member of the Corporate Excellence Board, during the panel discussion titled “Communication Innovations in Business and the Mass Media”, organised at the Faculty of Information Sciences, Complutense University in Madrid, on April 10, 2012, and his book “El Dircom hoy” (Communications Director Today) published by CPC Editor.
The document discusses the role of public relations (PR) in relationship management during crisis situations from a relational perspective. It examines how communication can help PR practice of relationship management both internally and externally. Key aspects discussed include control mutuality, trust, commitment, satisfaction in exchange and communal relationships. Several research papers on topics like PR strategy, crisis communication, and relationship management are referenced.
Discussion Board 1 – Read and RespondIntroduction .docxedgar6wallace88877
Discussion Board 1 – Read and Respond
Introduction
Nonprofit launch initiatives directed at changes for an organization of this magnitude should begin with an adaptable plan. Here important objectives are identified with the basic concept of how and when the organization can facilitate action. Comprehending the dynamics of challenges being addressed and the resources required is essential for a realistic assessment on a myriad of levels. Allison and Kaye (2005) believe organizers “must recognize that the mission’s success lies in getting involvement from all parts of the organization” (p. 32). That being stated, further illustrates the importance of strategic processing as it relates to communication, evaluation, and prioritization.
Communication
Establishing effective, viable channels of communication provide a means to introduce concerns and begin dialogs. Broadening the scope of the assessment to include feedback from all chapters elicits engagement and improves clarity. Creating forums that openly invites two-way dialog as a means to shore up the effectiveness of communication often mitigate risk associated with subjective perspectives and assumptions. The nonprofit sector encompasses perspectives from volunteers, staff, and board members that are all challenged with meeting diverse mission goals. Murphy (2013) stresses the importance of creating a work environment conducive to working “productively with team members who have different objectives” (p.68).
Evaluation
Decentralized modes of operation within the 100 chapters have presented a challenge with approaching any aspect of changes unilaterally. Consequently, the intricate details of program assessments supportive of the mission statement should commence immediately. Cognitive perceptions of circumstances will help all communicators establish frames of reference that elicit clarity of details for critical thinking and decision making. Reflecting briefly on Proverbs 19:2 (KJV) “Also, that the soul be without knowledge, it is not good; and he that hasteth with his feet sinneth” provides sensible rational for deliberating before giving in to impulsivity. Further delineation of metrics and the cogent analysis of practical applications encourage systematic consensus of outcomes. Ardent attention to details derived collectively will potentially reveal more neglected or overlooked contributing factors. In an effort to minimize wasted resources on duplicate or inane resolves, project objectives may require redirection.
Prioritization
Managing the strategy involves connecting developmental designs to implementation efforts (Worth, 2014, p. 161). Fragmentation plays a critical role in the strategic planning process too. Knowing the objective breakdowns and how they will fall into place within the grand scheme facilitates better control of capacity. The availability and allocations of organizational resources can limit progress or drain resou.
Discussion Board 1 – Read and RespondIntroduction .docxduketjoy27252
Discussion Board 1 – Read and Respond
Introduction
Nonprofit launch initiatives directed at changes for an organization of this magnitude should begin with an adaptable plan. Here important objectives are identified with the basic concept of how and when the organization can facilitate action. Comprehending the dynamics of challenges being addressed and the resources required is essential for a realistic assessment on a myriad of levels. Allison and Kaye (2005) believe organizers “must recognize that the mission’s success lies in getting involvement from all parts of the organization” (p. 32). That being stated, further illustrates the importance of strategic processing as it relates to communication, evaluation, and prioritization.
Communication
Establishing effective, viable channels of communication provide a means to introduce concerns and begin dialogs. Broadening the scope of the assessment to include feedback from all chapters elicits engagement and improves clarity. Creating forums that openly invites two-way dialog as a means to shore up the effectiveness of communication often mitigate risk associated with subjective perspectives and assumptions. The nonprofit sector encompasses perspectives from volunteers, staff, and board members that are all challenged with meeting diverse mission goals. Murphy (2013) stresses the importance of creating a work environment conducive to working “productively with team members who have different objectives” (p.68).
Evaluation
Decentralized modes of operation within the 100 chapters have presented a challenge with approaching any aspect of changes unilaterally. Consequently, the intricate details of program assessments supportive of the mission statement should commence immediately. Cognitive perceptions of circumstances will help all communicators establish frames of reference that elicit clarity of details for critical thinking and decision making. Reflecting briefly on Proverbs 19:2 (KJV) “Also, that the soul be without knowledge, it is not good; and he that hasteth with his feet sinneth” provides sensible rational for deliberating before giving in to impulsivity. Further delineation of metrics and the cogent analysis of practical applications encourage systematic consensus of outcomes. Ardent attention to details derived collectively will potentially reveal more neglected or overlooked contributing factors. In an effort to minimize wasted resources on duplicate or inane resolves, project objectives may require redirection.
Prioritization
Managing the strategy involves connecting developmental designs to implementation efforts (Worth, 2014, p. 161). Fragmentation plays a critical role in the strategic planning process too. Knowing the objective breakdowns and how they will fall into place within the grand scheme facilitates better control of capacity. The availability and allocations of organizational resources can limit progress or drain resou.
the effect of social responsibility and corporate imageIJAEMSJORNAL
This document summarizes a research study that examined how social responsibility, corporate image, and other factors influence brand equity in the tobacco industry in Tehran. A questionnaire was administered to 384 customers to measure these variables. Structural equation modeling found that different variables significantly impacted brand equity and that customer loyalty was an important mediating factor. The results indicated social responsibility and corporate image can enhance brand equity.
1) The document discusses the importance of effective employee relations for improving organizational performance and solving corporate challenges. It argues that workers are the primary determinants of an organization's success or failure.
2) It reflects on learned concepts of employee relations policies and their implications for overall organizational performance. Effective leadership, teamwork, and respect between workers and management are crucial.
3) Implementing strong employee relations policies can help prevent internal conflicts, improve satisfaction, and strengthen performance by allowing workers to voice concerns and participate in decision making. When employee relations are poor, it can lead to distrust, disputes, and high turnover which negatively impact the organization.
Assignment models public relations quotesenock nyoni
The document discusses the evolution of public relations from traditional to modern practices with the rise of digital technologies and social media. It covers key topics such as:
1) How public relations has shifted from one-way communication models to two-way symmetrical models that emphasize mutual understanding between organizations and their publics.
2) The changing roles of PR from controlled messaging to dealing with uncontrolled online communication.
3) The rise of owned, paid, and earned media and how organizations use these different channels for public relations. Owned media refers to channels an organization fully controls like their website or social media, while earned media involves third party endorsements.
4) Grunig's models of public relations that progressed
Examining corporate reputation and commitment to business social responsibili...Alexander Decker
This document examines the relationship between corporate reputation, commitment to business social responsibility (BSR), and organizational performance in the manufacturing sector in Nigeria. It reviews literature on BSR, corporate reputation, and BSR commitment. The study aims to address gaps in previous research that focused mainly on developed countries and large firms. A conceptual framework is developed indicating relationships between the variables. Survey data from 248 manufacturing firms in Nigeria is analyzed to test the pathways in the framework. The results reveal a positive association between corporate reputation and organizational performance, but an insignificant relationship between commitment to BSR and organizational performance. This indicates that while BSR awareness exists, social concerns may not be fully committed to, especially in developing countries. Managerial and theoretical implications are
Assignment Social Media Strategy for Competitive Advantage .docxrock73
This document provides an assignment for a persuasive essay on how organizations in the tax services industry can rethink their social media strategy to gain competitive advantage. The essay should be 2-3 pages, cite at least two sources, and make a reasonable argument for how one social media proposal would provide more advantage than another idea. It includes a grading rubric that awards points for meeting the specific objectives of the assignment.
REPLY 1Organization culture is the trademark and the unmi.docxcarlt4
REPLY 1:
Organization culture is the trademark and the unmistakable character began inside each organization. Regardless of whether we are curious about companies like Starbucks, Google or WWF? Their names speak to the flavour of their work environments, the mentality, the unwritten convention of associations and the organization esteems. While some may consider organizational culture as the aftereffect of the organization's kin and procedures, something that can't be controlled or evaluated, in all actuality, organizational culture is suddenly substantial (Treven & Lynn, 2008). It very well may be purposely planned and utilized. It influences confidence and representative commitment. It oversees income rates and impacts organization execution and it influences benefit.
Organizational culture separates the remarkably effective companies from all the rest. It very well may be a ground-breaking, upper hand. The organizations' culture is constantly unmistakable, yet the enormous champs, reliably, the organizations focus on culture. This article will talk about a portion of the general social definitions and will continue following some particular social definitions for organizations. Taking a gander at the inquiry how the organization culture influences the advancement methodology of the organizations (Weiner, 2018). The article will likewise delineate the impact of the patterns and advancements on the organization structure. What's more, the connection between the organizations' structure and culture? The article will likewise give instances of current patterns and improvements and various techniques that are as of now used to assist organizations with making the necessary change in their culture or structure.
Culture definition changed as the years progressed. For instance, over four decades prior imagined a more extensive meaning of culture by proposing that culture was a »human-made piece of the earth. Attempting to decipher his definition, we may discuss »objective culture« (e.g., tables, PCs, trains) and »subjective culture« (e.g., standards, jobs, values). In an ongoing article in Harvard Business Review, the authors said that, Organizational culture is the aggregate impact of the regular convictions, practices, and estimations of the individuals inside an organization (Zak, 2018). Those standards inside any organization control how workers perform and serve clients, how they co-work with one another, regardless of whether they feel spurred to meet objectives, and on the off chance that they are truly into the organization's general strategic. How are representatives completing their work? Autonomously or cooperatively? Do representatives feel enlivened, submitted, and drew in, or irritated, exhausted, and undervalued? At the point when we talk about organizational culture, we are discussing the representative experience, the inward view. What do the representatives think? How is it, to work here? By what method can the initiative keep.
For this week’s discussion, you are asked to research a bioterroriShainaBoling829
For this week’s discussion, you are asked to research a bioterrorist incident. Begin by reviewing the Media Focus video on bioterrorism in Week 3 of the Content and Activties, then explore the Internet.
Give an example and details from national/international news of a bioterrorist attack.
Address all of the following in your post:
· What was the classification of biological agent used in the attack?
· Discuss the implications of the biological agent.
· Discuss the therapy for the biological agent.
· What are the decontamination procedures for the biological agent used in the attack?
· Define the appropriate level of PPE required for this type of biological agent?
In your post, provide the name of the incident you have chosen, and support your answers with evidence/examples. Please provide a working link and a citation for your source(s).
In your replies to peers, compare the different biological agents, their implications and therapies. Discuss the different types of decontamination procedures and levels of PPE that would be required.
Support your answer with evidence from scholarly sources.
Discussion Board: Managing Dynamic Organizational Processes
Chapter 10: Do you think it is possible for an outsider to accurately discern about the underlying cultural values of an organization by analyzing symbols, ceremonies, dress, or other observable aspects of culture in comparison to an insider with several years of work experience? Select a percentage (e.g., 10%, 70%, etc.) and explain your reasoning.
Daft (2021) notes that culture is, “the set of values, norms, guiding beliefs, and understandings that is shared by members of an organization and taught to new members as the correct way to think, feel, and behave” (p. 445). Culture allows employees to integrate into a common environment and aids in adjusting to the external environment (Daft, 2021). An outside observer would be able to analyze symbols, ceremonies, dress, and other aspects of an organization and could accurately discern about 30% of an organization's cultural values. Symbols, ceremonies, dress, and other visually identifiable aspects of culture do not make up a large amount of organizational culture. The internal integration of coworkers guides employees' working relationships, interactions, communication, behaviors, and power structure (Daft, 2021). These are not easily identifiable from an outsider.
An insider with several years of experience could more accurately gauge an organization’s cultural beliefs. About 90% of an organization’s culture could be projected by an employee after working at the same company for several years. This employee would be able to see day-to-day relationships, how goals are met with outsiders, professional development, and even what nonconforming behaviors are accepted (Daft, 2021). This knowledge is developed with hands-on experience that an outsider may not see from the outside over a short period. Sahoo (2022) notes that or ...
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Reflection and Discussion Week 2
Sri Chaitanya Patluri
University of the Cumberlands
Organizational Behavior
Dr. Johnny Chavez
Aug 31, 2021
Reflections
Emotions and moods in an organization can cause problems for decision-making, the relationship between business ethics and social responsibility, and organizational ethics (Peltokorpi, 2020). The moral philosophy or orientation of an organization is its way of relating to individuals and the world. In the business world, business is measured by its ability to meet customer needs and profit objectives. An organization's moral philosophy tells how it views its responsibilities and views the moral principles that guide it. For example, an organization might have a moral philosophy of honesty and fairness. Personality and values in an organization may be very different from what they are within the company. If there is resentment against the hierarchical structure, this resentment may extend well beyond the people within the organization. Perhaps the person is trying to achieve a different kind of success within the organization, and the organization has become too hierarchical. Perhaps this person would like to find a different organization if possible. The final type of organizational conflict that is likely to occur is when the two organizational forces compete for resources in a marketplace (Radic et al., 2020).
Discussion
a.
Emotional regulation is also associated with poor health. Advertisers have a duty to their clients to promote ethical behavior. Ethical decisions are made as individuals, with ethical philosophies formed by specific values and as a collective. Advertisements can provide feedback to values, worldviews, and even the nature of reality itself. Therefore, the ad maker must provide various examples that will challenge the worldview and assumptions of advertising to create awareness (Radic et al., 2020). Mood changes throughout the day can be observed using a bright light source or microphone or using a timer operated by remote control. There are many ways to monitor physiological changes within a lab environment, such as thermometers, carbon dioxide monitoring devices, and water changes(Peltokorpi, 2020).
Experimental Design a well-designed design enables experimentation to proceed in an orderly and controlled manner. While design details are undoubtedly important, they are not necessary for every situation. Additionally, this type of self-regulation is challenging for businesses because they face both legal and regulatory requirements. The perceived need to manage their brand's image and image can negatively impact a business's bottom line. Moody's Investors Service states in a recent study on the development of risk management for institutional investors and the role of corporate social responsibility that a significant number of respondents experienced significant difficulties in their corporate objectives in terms of meeting investor expectations (Radic et al. ...
14Reflection and Discussion Week 2Sri ChaitanyEttaBenton28
1
4
Reflection and Discussion Week 2
Sri Chaitanya Patluri
University of the Cumberlands
Organizational Behavior
Dr. Johnny Chavez
Aug 31, 2021
Reflections
Emotions and moods in an organization can cause problems for decision-making, the relationship between business ethics and social responsibility, and organizational ethics (Peltokorpi, 2020). The moral philosophy or orientation of an organization is its way of relating to individuals and the world. In the business world, business is measured by its ability to meet customer needs and profit objectives. An organization's moral philosophy tells how it views its responsibilities and views the moral principles that guide it. For example, an organization might have a moral philosophy of honesty and fairness. Personality and values in an organization may be very different from what they are within the company. If there is resentment against the hierarchical structure, this resentment may extend well beyond the people within the organization. Perhaps the person is trying to achieve a different kind of success within the organization, and the organization has become too hierarchical. Perhaps this person would like to find a different organization if possible. The final type of organizational conflict that is likely to occur is when the two organizational forces compete for resources in a marketplace (Radic et al., 2020).
Discussion
a.
Emotional regulation is also associated with poor health. Advertisers have a duty to their clients to promote ethical behavior. Ethical decisions are made as individuals, with ethical philosophies formed by specific values and as a collective. Advertisements can provide feedback to values, worldviews, and even the nature of reality itself. Therefore, the ad maker must provide various examples that will challenge the worldview and assumptions of advertising to create awareness (Radic et al., 2020). Mood changes throughout the day can be observed using a bright light source or microphone or using a timer operated by remote control. There are many ways to monitor physiological changes within a lab environment, such as thermometers, carbon dioxide monitoring devices, and water changes(Peltokorpi, 2020).
Experimental Design a well-designed design enables experimentation to proceed in an orderly and controlled manner. While design details are undoubtedly important, they are not necessary for every situation. Additionally, this type of self-regulation is challenging for businesses because they face both legal and regulatory requirements. The perceived need to manage their brand's image and image can negatively impact a business's bottom line. Moody's Investors Service states in a recent study on the development of risk management for institutional investors and the role of corporate social responsibility that a significant number of respondents experienced significant difficulties in their corporate objectives in terms of meeting investor expectations (Radic et al. ...
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This document discusses a study examining the relationship between shared mission and organizational effectiveness in the Nigerian banking industry. The study found that shared mission is significantly related to key measures of organizational effectiveness like profitability, productivity, and market share. It concludes that having an organizational mission that is shared among employees allows them to more effectively contribute to achieving organizational goals. Recommendations include that organizations should ensure their mission is shared throughout the company.
This document discusses the various stages of the advocacy policy planning cycle. It identifies the main stages as issue identification, research analysis, setting goals and objectives, packaging advocacy messages, identifying targets and creating allies, assessing resources, developing an action plan, and monitoring and evaluation. Each stage is discussed in detail, providing examples and references from other sources. The cycle is described as sequential but also allowing for overlap and flexibility based on the issue and context. The overall process aims to systematically plan and implement advocacy initiatives to achieve policy changes.
This document discusses marketing's potential role in corporate social responsibility (CSR). It argues that marketing, which is often misunderstood, is well-positioned to meaningfully contribute to CSR goals. The document outlines different levels of CSR that marketing can be introduced at, from superficial efforts to damage control to more genuine strategic repositioning. It also discusses factors like changing consumer values, particularly of younger generations, and how CEO views are increasingly aligned with social responsibility concerns. The document analyzes different approaches marketing currently takes toward CSR, from superficial efforts to more meaningful contributions, and opportunities for marketing to further enhance its CSR impact.
An impact of social audits on corporate performance, analyses of nigerian man...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a research study that examined the impact of corporate social responsibility on the profitability of firms in Nigeria. The study analyzed data from 10 randomly selected Nigerian manufacturing firms from 1999-2008. The results showed that firms invested less than 10% of annual profits in social responsibility. A statistical analysis found that corporate social responsibility accounted for about 62% of the variation in firm performance. The study concluded that laws should be enacted to require firms to comply with social responsibility obligations and that more attention should be given to social accounting and costs.
1. Public relations can be evaluated at multiple levels, from individual communication programs to the overall organization and society.
2. At the program level, research methods like surveys and focus groups are used to measure how communication affects awareness, attitudes, and behaviors.
3. At the organizational level, the quality of relationships with stakeholders over the long-term is evaluated by measuring trust, control mutuality, commitment, and satisfaction.
4. A organization's reputation emerges from its performance and relationships with stakeholders, and is best measured using open-ended questions about cognitive representations.
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Abnormalities of hormones and inflammatory cytokines in women affected with p...Alexander Decker
Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have elevated levels of hormones like luteinizing hormone and testosterone, as well as higher levels of insulin and insulin resistance compared to healthy women. They also have increased levels of inflammatory markers like C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and leptin. This study found these abnormalities in the hormones and inflammatory cytokines of women with PCOS ages 23-40, indicating that hormone imbalances associated with insulin resistance and elevated inflammatory markers may worsen infertility in women with PCOS.
A usability evaluation framework for b2 c e commerce websitesAlexander Decker
This document presents a framework for evaluating the usability of B2C e-commerce websites. It involves user testing methods like usability testing and interviews to identify usability problems in areas like navigation, design, purchasing processes, and customer service. The framework specifies goals for the evaluation, determines which website aspects to evaluate, and identifies target users. It then describes collecting data through user testing and analyzing the results to identify usability problems and suggest improvements.
A universal model for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banksAlexander Decker
This document discusses a study that aimed to synthesize motivation theories into a universal model for managing marketing executives in Nigerian banks. The study was guided by Maslow and McGregor's theories. A sample of 303 marketing executives was used. The results showed that managers will be most effective at motivating marketing executives if they consider individual needs and create challenging but attainable goals. The emerged model suggests managers should provide job satisfaction by tailoring assignments to abilities and monitoring performance with feedback. This addresses confusion faced by Nigerian bank managers in determining effective motivation strategies.
A unique common fixed point theorems in generalized dAlexander Decker
This document presents definitions and properties related to generalized D*-metric spaces and establishes some common fixed point theorems for contractive type mappings in these spaces. It begins by introducing D*-metric spaces and generalized D*-metric spaces, defines concepts like convergence and Cauchy sequences. It presents lemmas showing the uniqueness of limits in these spaces and the equivalence of different definitions of convergence. The goal of the paper is then stated as obtaining a unique common fixed point theorem for generalized D*-metric spaces.
A trends of salmonella and antibiotic resistanceAlexander Decker
This document provides a review of trends in Salmonella and antibiotic resistance. It begins with an introduction to Salmonella as a facultative anaerobe that causes nontyphoidal salmonellosis. The emergence of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella is then discussed. The document proceeds to cover the historical perspective and classification of Salmonella, definitions of antimicrobials and antibiotic resistance, and mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in Salmonella including modification or destruction of antimicrobial agents, efflux pumps, modification of antibiotic targets, and decreased membrane permeability. Specific resistance mechanisms are discussed for several classes of antimicrobials.
A transformational generative approach towards understanding al-istifhamAlexander Decker
This document discusses a transformational-generative approach to understanding Al-Istifham, which refers to interrogative sentences in Arabic. It begins with an introduction to the origin and development of Arabic grammar. The paper then explains the theoretical framework of transformational-generative grammar that is used. Basic linguistic concepts and terms related to Arabic grammar are defined. The document analyzes how interrogative sentences in Arabic can be derived and transformed via tools from transformational-generative grammar, categorizing Al-Istifham into linguistic and literary questions.
A time series analysis of the determinants of savings in namibiaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the determinants of savings in Namibia from 1991 to 2012. It reviews previous literature on savings determinants in developing countries. The study uses time series analysis including unit root tests, cointegration, and error correction models to analyze the relationship between savings and variables like income, inflation, population growth, deposit rates, and financial deepening in Namibia. The results found inflation and income have a positive impact on savings, while population growth negatively impacts savings. Deposit rates and financial deepening were found to have no significant impact. The study reinforces previous work and emphasizes the importance of improving income levels to achieve higher savings rates in Namibia.
A therapy for physical and mental fitness of school childrenAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the importance of exercise in maintaining physical and mental fitness for school children. It discusses how physical and mental fitness are developed through participation in regular physical exercises and cannot be achieved solely through classroom learning. The document outlines different types and components of fitness and argues that developing fitness should be a key objective of education systems. It recommends that schools ensure pupils engage in graded physical activities and exercises to support their overall development.
A theory of efficiency for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banksAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study examining efficiency in managing marketing executives in Nigerian banks. The study was examined through the lenses of Kaizen theory (continuous improvement) and efficiency theory. A survey of 303 marketing executives from Nigerian banks found that management plays a key role in identifying and implementing efficiency improvements. The document recommends adopting a "3H grand strategy" to improve the heads, hearts, and hands of management and marketing executives by enhancing their knowledge, attitudes, and tools.
This document discusses evaluating the link budget for effective 900MHz GSM communication. It describes the basic parameters needed for a high-level link budget calculation, including transmitter power, antenna gains, path loss, and propagation models. Common propagation models for 900MHz that are described include Okumura model for urban areas and Hata model for urban, suburban, and open areas. Rain attenuation is also incorporated using the updated ITU model to improve communication during rainfall.
A synthetic review of contraceptive supplies in punjabAlexander Decker
This document discusses contraceptive use in Punjab, Pakistan. It begins by providing background on the benefits of family planning and contraceptive use for maternal and child health. It then analyzes contraceptive commodity data from Punjab, finding that use is still low despite efforts to improve access. The document concludes by emphasizing the need for strategies to bridge gaps and meet the unmet need for effective and affordable contraceptive methods and supplies in Punjab in order to improve health outcomes.
A synthesis of taylor’s and fayol’s management approaches for managing market...Alexander Decker
1) The document discusses synthesizing Taylor's scientific management approach and Fayol's process management approach to identify an effective way to manage marketing executives in Nigerian banks.
2) It reviews Taylor's emphasis on efficiency and breaking tasks into small parts, and Fayol's focus on developing general management principles.
3) The study administered a survey to 303 marketing executives in Nigerian banks to test if combining elements of Taylor and Fayol's approaches would help manage their performance through clear roles, accountability, and motivation. Statistical analysis supported combining the two approaches.
A survey paper on sequence pattern mining with incrementalAlexander Decker
This document summarizes four algorithms for sequential pattern mining: GSP, ISM, FreeSpan, and PrefixSpan. GSP is an Apriori-based algorithm that incorporates time constraints. ISM extends SPADE to incrementally update patterns after database changes. FreeSpan uses frequent items to recursively project databases and grow subsequences. PrefixSpan also uses projection but claims to not require candidate generation. It recursively projects databases based on short prefix patterns. The document concludes by stating the goal was to find an efficient scheme for extracting sequential patterns from transactional datasets.
A survey on live virtual machine migrations and its techniquesAlexander Decker
This document summarizes several techniques for live virtual machine migration in cloud computing. It discusses works that have proposed affinity-aware migration models to improve resource utilization, energy efficient migration approaches using storage migration and live VM migration, and a dynamic consolidation technique using migration control to avoid unnecessary migrations. The document also summarizes works that have designed methods to minimize migration downtime and network traffic, proposed a resource reservation framework for efficient migration of multiple VMs, and addressed real-time issues in live migration. Finally, it provides a table summarizing the techniques, tools used, and potential future work or gaps identified for each discussed work.
A survey on data mining and analysis in hadoop and mongo dbAlexander Decker
This document discusses data mining of big data using Hadoop and MongoDB. It provides an overview of Hadoop and MongoDB and their uses in big data analysis. Specifically, it proposes using Hadoop for distributed processing and MongoDB for data storage and input. The document reviews several related works that discuss big data analysis using these tools, as well as their capabilities for scalable data storage and mining. It aims to improve computational time and fault tolerance for big data analysis by mining data stored in Hadoop using MongoDB and MapReduce.
1. The document discusses several challenges for integrating media with cloud computing including media content convergence, scalability and expandability, finding appropriate applications, and reliability.
2. Media content convergence challenges include dealing with the heterogeneity of media types, services, networks, devices, and quality of service requirements as well as integrating technologies used by media providers and consumers.
3. Scalability and expandability challenges involve adapting to the increasing volume of media content and being able to support new media formats and outlets over time.
This document surveys trust architectures that leverage provenance in wireless sensor networks. It begins with background on provenance, which refers to the documented history or derivation of data. Provenance can be used to assess trust by providing metadata about how data was processed. The document then discusses challenges for using provenance to establish trust in wireless sensor networks, which have constraints on energy and computation. Finally, it provides background on trust, which is the subjective probability that a node will behave dependably. Trust architectures need to be lightweight to account for the constraints of wireless sensor networks.
This document discusses private equity investments in Kenya. It provides background on private equity and discusses trends in various regions. The objectives of the study discussed are to establish the extent of private equity adoption in Kenya, identify common forms of private equity utilized, and determine typical exit strategies. Private equity can involve venture capital, leveraged buyouts, or mezzanine financing. Exits allow recycling of capital into new opportunities. The document provides context on private equity globally and in developing markets like Africa to frame the goals of the study.
This document discusses a study that analyzes the financial health of the Indian logistics industry from 2005-2012 using Altman's Z-score model. The study finds that the average Z-score for selected logistics firms was in the healthy to very healthy range during the study period. The average Z-score increased from 2006 to 2010 when the Indian economy was hit by the global recession, indicating the overall performance of the Indian logistics industry was good. The document reviews previous literature on measuring financial performance and distress using ratios and Z-scores, and outlines the objectives and methodology used in the current study.
The Genesis of BriansClub.cm Famous Dark WEb PlatformSabaaSudozai
BriansClub.cm, a famous platform on the dark web, has become one of the most infamous carding marketplaces, specializing in the sale of stolen credit card data.
IMPACT Silver is a pure silver zinc producer with over $260 million in revenue since 2008 and a large 100% owned 210km Mexico land package - 2024 catalysts includes new 14% grade zinc Plomosas mine and 20,000m of fully funded exploration drilling.
[To download this presentation, visit:
https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations]
This presentation is a curated compilation of PowerPoint diagrams and templates designed to illustrate 20 different digital transformation frameworks and models. These frameworks are based on recent industry trends and best practices, ensuring that the content remains relevant and up-to-date.
Key highlights include Microsoft's Digital Transformation Framework, which focuses on driving innovation and efficiency, and McKinsey's Ten Guiding Principles, which provide strategic insights for successful digital transformation. Additionally, Forrester's framework emphasizes enhancing customer experiences and modernizing IT infrastructure, while IDC's MaturityScape helps assess and develop organizational digital maturity. MIT's framework explores cutting-edge strategies for achieving digital success.
These materials are perfect for enhancing your business or classroom presentations, offering visual aids to supplement your insights. Please note that while comprehensive, these slides are intended as supplementary resources and may not be complete for standalone instructional purposes.
Frameworks/Models included:
Microsoft’s Digital Transformation Framework
McKinsey’s Ten Guiding Principles of Digital Transformation
Forrester’s Digital Transformation Framework
IDC’s Digital Transformation MaturityScape
MIT’s Digital Transformation Framework
Gartner’s Digital Transformation Framework
Accenture’s Digital Strategy & Enterprise Frameworks
Deloitte’s Digital Industrial Transformation Framework
Capgemini’s Digital Transformation Framework
PwC’s Digital Transformation Framework
Cisco’s Digital Transformation Framework
Cognizant’s Digital Transformation Framework
DXC Technology’s Digital Transformation Framework
The BCG Strategy Palette
McKinsey’s Digital Transformation Framework
Digital Transformation Compass
Four Levels of Digital Maturity
Design Thinking Framework
Business Model Canvas
Customer Journey Map
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HOW TO START UP A COMPANY A STEP-BY-STEP GUIDE.pdf46adnanshahzad
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Introduction
Have you ever dreamed of turning your innovative idea into a thriving business? Starting a company involves numerous steps and decisions, but don't worry—we're here to help. Whether you're exploring how to start a startup company or wondering how to start up a small business, this guide will walk you through the process, step by step.
Unveiling the Dynamic Personalities, Key Dates, and Horoscope Insights: Gemin...my Pandit
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Enhancing Corporate Reputation Through A
Deconstruction of Issues and Crises Roles.
John Maikomo Moses
Department of Mass Communication, Taraba State University. Jalingo
jonmoziz@yahoo.com
Idorenyin Akpan, [Corresponding Author]
Communications and Multimedia Designs Program,, The American University of Nigeria, Yola,NIGERIA
E-mail: idorenyin.akpan@aun.edu.ng &
Obukoadata Ogheneruke Presly,
Mass Communication Department, Delta State Polytechnic, Ogwashi-Uku
Email: pressdat@gmail.com
Abstract:
Overtime, the issues associated with corporate reputation have thrown several challenges at scholars who try to
decipher what should and should not be an ideal reputation. With literatures suggesting that different publics
have different perceptions of an organization whether the origin, length of planning circle, quantum and scale of
branding engaged by such organizations matter or not (Hatch and Schultz, 2008) and the fact that the individual
specific circumstances of message reception interact with the changing behaviour and activities of an
organization , (L’etang and Pieczka, 2006); this paper adopted a critical analysis approach to identify issues in
image and reputation building, situate the issues in the context of corporate values; and, appraised how such
issues associated with the roles played during crises can help in enhancing corporate reputation.
Keywords: Corporate reputation, corporate issues, Crises, Crises Roles, Deconstruction
1.0 Introduction and Literature Review
Although public relations has been conceived to involve responsibilities which encourage the well-
being and relationships of people, marketing communications and other bridge processes at the heart of different
organizations, it has plummeted , recently to include emerging, strategic and creative discipline driven by the
frames of newer communications (Gordon, 2011, p.5) , all in in a bid to help the process decision making and
reputation management. Every corporate entity has its reputation to worry about, hence, it has been argued that
the scheme of corporate reputation embraces both tangible and intangible perceptions from the inner and wider
publics of an organization about its goods, products and services. Excellent reputation is equally argued to be a
prime requirement for successfully branding the organization (Aaker et. al. 2004; Capozzi, 2005).
The inertia behind the forgoing is enhanced by earlier challenges that public relations as a profession
went through where it was supposedly misconstrued as several other practices. These practices meant that
several models would evolve to help grant it a passage towards excellent reputation. Organizations today find
themselves sandwiched in this maze. The point to note as emphasized by Gunning (2007, p.243) position is that
images are mental, but formed, at least in part by physical elements of the institution or organization . And this,
gives credence to Baines et. al. (2004) categorization of the different forms of image as well as their relationship
with one another.. Generically, the following five image points are identified.
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The mirror image which is how internal management think or perceived outsiders see the organization;
the Current image which is the one held by outsiders based on a consensus of perception modelled by their
knowledge and experience as displayed by the organisation over time and the Multiple image which exemplifies
a situation where different people see different images dependent on their particular relationship with the
organization over time. The others are the Wish image that connotes the image that the organisation might want
to aspire to or what they wish to attend to; and ultimately the less perfect image that an organization might seek
to attain in the absence of the aspired one regarded as the Optimum image.
Consequent on the above, attempt to build a fostering corporate image is mitigated and acted upon by
what Egan (2007, p.254) sees as the twin pronged reasons for poor image – issues arising from industrial
relations, best practices, staff welfare to isolated crisis points. Hence all attempts to deal with an organization’s
image would be precipitated on dealing with the root cause for such negative publicity thus suggesting that they
readily serve as the base for enhancing corporate image and reputation. All these swerve within the framework
of public relations. For instance, no amount of public relations justification could resolve the exposure of Nike’s
use of overseas ‘sweat-shops’ which seriously affected its corporate image until they changed their
manufacturing policy. In a nutshell, misunderstanding can be resolved through deconstructing such issues and
crisis roles through adequate communicating and implementing same. For an organization to redeem its image
effectively the disparity between how a company would like to see itself (wish image) and how management
might regard it (mirror image) and contrast this with how its publics see it (current image) has to do that through
a communication audit.Public relations help all these processes.
Defining public relations as a communication function of management through which organizations adapt,
maintain, and enhance organizational goals to relationship management (Trench and Yeoman, 2009) and looking
after reputation (CIPR, 2010), scholars are unanimous in asserting the fact the current trend is about relationship
management which can only suffice when issues are properly canvassed and crisis mitigated. Not done too, some
had maintained that marketing as a management process would better the reputation building process because of
the wider social and environmental issues in both long and short terms. Marketing is the management process
responsible for identifying, anticipating and satisfying customer requirement profitably (Chartered Institute of
Marketing, 2010) while marrying it to the succinct role of communicating organizational activities to elicit
favourable response hedges on the activities of marketing communications and when focus is on the corporate
image, then the concept becomes corporate communications.
Chun (2005) argues that despite the general view which links reputation to profitability, the
performance has not been empirically studied as few or no studies exist to indicate little association between
reputation and brand equity, even though (Page and Fearn, 2005) maintained that a bad reputation makes the
attainment of brand equity difficult, the good reputation on the other hand does not guarantee strong brands. This
brings to the fore the 3Ps of people, planet and profiteering in public relations practice.
An organization’s hesitation in any aspects of these triple bottom line (3) Ps, signals an indication of a
risk that will snowball into an occurring issue or crisis that can damage the reputation of an organization and
possible affects its overall success or even its continue existence (Gordon, 2011, p.279). Stakeholder’s demands
ethical trustworthy behaviour from organizations as it is essential that organisations take the responsibility for an
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issue or crisis and take the lead on it. Conflicts related to an organisation take many forms that fall under the
purview of public relations which also means that the practitioner must engage in communication strategies and
processes so as to influence the event to the benefit of both the organisation and its publics.So, how do these
twins of issue and crisis management convalesce?
Issue management provides the public relations practitioners the responsibility of testing his
preparedness and prompt response to check and coil or prevent the issues through the building of durable
relationships between stakeholders so as to attain set benefits. Gregory (2006, p.144) sees an issue “as being
present when the reputation, capital, or marketing relations (trading) of an organization is damage or
interrupted”. Thus Gregory’s view pinned the practicability of an issue to negatively impacting on corporate
reputation within and outside the organisation. When an issue is evident, then it requires an issue management
process to deal with the potential impact.
As part of strategic planning for an organisation that requires monitoring and analysis to ensure not only
influencing target audience (publics) but also changing set own practices as a glaring need to be responsive to
the interest of their customers and consumers, Regester and Larkin (2005, p.42) equally see it as looking into the
future to recognize probable trend or events which may influence the way an organisation is to function but
which at present may have little real spotlight, probably with no sense of necessity and an unclear time
reference.
However, the impact of an issue in general varies with different publics, this conceive the need by
stakeholders analysis to be carried out in order to view how the niche target audience is affected and also how
the issue is being interpreted within the frame of social and cultural factors influencing behaviour (Dade, 2009).
Crisis always means coping with unfriendly public relations hence it cannot be alluded to be good. The
word crisis seems borderless when it comes to defining it. Griffin (2008, p.80) sees crisis as “something that
happens suddenly and is a severe threat to the organisation reputation which may lead to extreme enquiry and
puts the organization in the spotlight for all the wrong reasons”. This approach centres on the reputation of an
organisation which the crisis put at risk. From a broad perspective Fearn-Bank (2008, p.480) view crisis as “a
major occurrence or event with a potentially negative outcome affecting an organisation including its publics,
products, services or its good name”. Fearn-Banks (2001) no doubt went beyond the reputation of the
organisation to include the stakeholders of the organisation to be at risk as well. For example, in the late 2009
Tiger Woods, who is estimated to earn about $100 (one hundred) million dollars a year in endorsement,
confessed to marital unfaithfulness. The company’s which had sponsored Tiger Wood also confessed dropped in
value, which also indicate that the crisis did not only affect Tiger Wood’s reputation alone but also affect the
organisation and their investor (Eurosports, 2009)
Framing crisis will see 14% of it coming up suddenly and 86% of it well aware of but with no defining
plans to mitigate it; the attention to the snake metaphor where the analogy of the cobra and the python specie of
snakes was used to describe the attack pattern to the crisis issue (Tench and Yeomans, 2009, p.386).
Crisis Management as different from the word ‘crisis’, according to Fearn-Bank (2001, p.480) is “a
strategic planning to prevent and respond to a negative event, it’s a process that removes some of the threat,
understanding, and allows the organization to be in good control of the situation or its destiny”. The definition
indicates that Crisis management is not an everyday affair, but preparedness and harnessing its gains positively
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should be regularly the agenda of the organisation. Baines et al. (2004, p.327) contend that active preparedness
should be on top of the priority list, a kind of logical approach which engages the whole organisations in hard
work to avoid crisis that may influence the company and manage those that do. Thus openness, information and
communications during and after crisis event are crucial to its management.
The relation and the way a company communicates to the media are essential. Tench and Yeomans
(2009, p.396) argue that communication during crisis is the most important choice to ensure effective
management of any crisis. They prescribe a proposed 5cs model that a spokesperson should follow. The model is
based on consultancy knowledge of top crisis managers and these include concern, clarity, control, confidence
and competence. In terms of concern, the organization and its spokesperson needs to show sincere concern about
the occurrence or problem over what has happened and most importantly concern for the people affected now
and in the future. Concern is just a simple human passion but relief a lot of reaction. Clarity focusses on the need
for the spokesperson of an organization in a crisis to give clear and consistent messages in honesty and sincerity
as these are the important pillars in establishing, maintaining and promoting venerate reputation. Control ensures
that the tone of communication, the situation, the venue and also the environment are within the grasp of the
crisis managers so that the organizational spokesperson can appear not be arrogant but must get the messages
across with great humour and confidence which is the purview of confidence. Competence reflects the
organisation exhibition of capability to handle the crisis situation.This study thus sought to identify and
deconstruct some of the organizational issues that impact on public and appraise how they can help the
enhancing process of corporate reputation.
1.1 Objectives of the Study
The objectives of the study were:
a. To identify issues in image and reputation building and public relations inputs.
b. To understand what corporate image is all about and the challenges.
c. Appraise how these twin issues when deconstructed can help the process of enhancing corporate
reputation.
2.0 Theoretical Underpinning
Two theories that can be used in this study are Apologia and the Image Restoration theories. Hearit (2005)
underscores the basis of the Apologia theory that “a corporate apologia is a response to acquisitions of ethical
misconduct in which a company has its reputation and to which it offers discourse in self-defense that denies,
explain or apologizes for its action” especially when issues and crisis arise. The theory does not align with the
issue of public apology over an incident that has affected the fortunes of the company, although such actions
might imply apologies, rather the apologia is a justification of certain actions presenting “a competing
interpretation of the facts and, in so doing repairs an organization’s damaged reputation.
In the opinion of Benoit (2005) image restoration theory provides understanding of the communication
options available for those - whether organizations or persons, who face threat to their reputation. A person’s
image or reputation is extremely important. Accusations or suspicious of wrongdoing have a variety of adverse
effects. Corporations can lose business, politicians can lose support and elections, people can lose friends and
attract hostility, and at times legal or other sanctions can be applied. Because credibility is important to
persuasion, threats to image can damage one’s ability to communicate effectively. People and organizations
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have important reasons to maintain a favorable image.
In all of these the public relations person determines (i) what accusation(s) threaten the image and (ii)
who is or are the most important audience(s). You cannot hope to successfully counteract an accusation unless
you know the nature of the accusation. Vague rumours or whispers may arouse your concern, but you must
know the problem to repair it. These signal the process of deconstructing the issues and crisis to help enhance
corporate reputation.
3.0 Research Methodology
The study is qualitative. Public relations practitioners were isolated in separate organizations and their
views, generated from interview schedule and ethnographic approaches were collated and analyzed against the
thrust of literature and theoretical postulations underpinning the study using explanation building pattern to form
deductions and recommendations. Ten (10) practitioners drawn purposively from ten select organizations
constitute the sample for the study.
4.0 Discussions
a. Issues in image and reputation building and public relations inputs.
Responding to emerging issues and crisis has become an important function of public relation. Wilcox
and Cameron (2010, p.248) argued that public relations practitioners must decide the position its
organization will take towards its publics during a quarrel situation. The public relations practitioners
should be able to identify and monitor threats, assess them, take a decision or a position with the
organisation and then commit to communication effort from the position. In order to distinguish
between issues and crisis and the activities of public relations practitioner, Gordon (2011, p.280) has
identified the role of public relations person during issues or crisis that is facing an organization.
Table 4.1
Source: Gordon (2011, p.280)
The above table differentiate issues from crisis and also the role of public relations in dealing with each
of them as they emerge which supports the position of the public relations practitioners.
b. Corporate image and its challenges.
The McDonald’s challenge provided a guiding light in this regards. It was drawn from the technical
challenges (issues) that had confronted McDonalds and how the company have been able to address the
situation. With weighty and countless challenges over its offerings, the company did not shy away from
the issues but rather employed the snake approach through the following defining approaches:
Introduction of staff website and online training for its employees
BTEC qualification in “work skills” for its employees
Reducing fat contents in fries
Converting chip fat to bio fuel
Providing Wi-Fi access
Practitioners were unanimous in their assertion that the larger and successful the organization, the more
likely it will be susceptible to reputation challenges especially when the competition is as strong as the
others. Their views amplified those identified as the roles of public relations to marketing of the
organization, failure which they become daunting challenges. Public relations contributes to developing
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new prospects for new markets, such as people who inquire after seeing or hearing a product release in
the news media; provides third-party endorsement via newspapers, magazines, radio and television,
through news releases about a company’s products or services, community involvement, inventions and
new plans; supports in generating sales lead, usually through articles in the trade press about new
products and services as well as paved the way for sales calls. Others identified include the provision of
inexpensive sales literature which can be reprinted as informative pieces for prospective customers;
supporting in establishing the corporation as an authoritative source of information on a given product
and helping in selling minor products that do not have large advertising budgets. Without any of these,
the respondents enthused reputation would have suffered decisive affront. Just as the idea of
organizations as network of stake holding communities gains credence in the business world, there is
also a growing recognition that public relation, with its own particular skills in relationship building,
has a role far beyond marketing communication (Rogers 2007). For example, the corporate branding
debate in marketing circles recognises that organizations have many stake holders and that if a whole
organization is to gain support then all stake holders not just customers will need to be addressed,
(Balmer and Gray 2003; Gregory 2007). Public relations practitioners today understand the immense
richness of audience that have an interest in the company or organization, public relation practitioners
can develop these as they have the multiplicity of audiences and channels to use to reach them. In the
views of Wilcox and Cameron (2010, p.22), the concept of integration is the measuring sophistication
of an organisation to use a variety of strategies and tactics to convey a consistent in a variety of as many
forms as possible. Arguably, there is a realization today on the part of much management and marketing
executives that public relation is an effective strategy in several important areas as well.
c. Deconstructing issues and crisis in enhancing corporate reputation
This question is important to reaching the understanding and conclusion about the study. Issues and
crisis exact a good deal of pressure upon any organisation that is going through it, because it submerge
and expose the organisation to a great risk. Hayes (cited Egan 2007, p.258) observed that the best
avenue to tarnish or destroy ones reputation is to be ill-prepared for all kinds of crisis and fall short to
make a stand on the appropriate decision. Hayes also stress the fact that the effects of issues and crisis
put an organisational reputation on the point of destruction most especially if the organization refuse to
respond accordingly with the right measures. This direction of argument was reinforced by the
respondents and well observed in most organizations under consideration. Tench and Yeomans (2009,
p.390) explains the real cost of a crisis, that the most significant cost of all (crisis) to any organisation is
market confidence and ‘reputation’ as such fully managing issues and crises by means of integrating
them into the overall corporate portfolio of the organization is a sure way of enhancing reputation rather
than allowing these issues to destroy the framework of the organization. Dealing with them in this guide
demands some form of apologia and not propaganda. This is because building reputation is not only
expensive but it can take years to realize. Egan (2007) also attest to an effect of crisis which pose a high
degree of threat to corporate reputation or even to the continued existence of the organization as a
whole. Issue is something that any meaningful organisation will not leave unattended to because it
carries venom that is poisonous which can lead to the death of the organisation. Gregory (2002, p.144)
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emphasizes that both issue and crisis are potentially harmful, as unmanaged issues become threats to
corporate reputation, which is its most precious asset. Scholars have also identify that crisis is an acute
risk to reputation which may take ages to put it back on the right platform but when well managed
rather than destroy, becomes a re-enforcer. This view is in line with Tench and Yeomans (2009, p.390)
when they assert that reputation building is not only expensive but it can take years to attain. Although,
Seeger et al. (2001, p.156) argue from a different perspective, that issues, conflict, disruption or crisis
are a crucial element of an organisation lifecycle and can also be viewed as a chance for development.
Did the respondents agree on the contrary? Definitely not! The views as expressed by the scholars are
equally as engaging as with the practitioners.
5.0 Implications and Findings
Findings revealed the following:
1. Hesitation in the domain of the triple bottom line (people, planet and profit) will ignite risk of an issues or
crisis emerging which could become double barrelled. Although there marked difference between an issue
and crisis, some correlation also exists. It is important to subsist that issues are not always negative because
as Regester and Larking (2008, p.42) argue, that issues can identify new opportunity within the organization
which can be harness to shape the company positively. The respondents concur that the main issue about
issues is the seemingly lack of preparedness and the inability to make the right decision which naturally
provide avenues to tarnish and destroy corporate reputation. Invariable it was established that public
relations plays an essential role in resolving issues and crisis and provoke the Jefkins Transfer Process in
establishing, building and maintaining relations between an organization and its publics.
2. The practitioners enthused that managing issues involves a systematic approach of predicting problems,
anticipating threats, minimising surprises, deciding on issues and relatively preventing crisis as a means of
enhancing reputation. A growing market confidence and reputation are the most importance managerial
costs because reputation building is not only expensive but can take ages to be achieve and moments with
only a tiny issue to destroy. Issues and crises have consequences such as management distraction, labour
concern, political backlash, legal actions or reactions, customer and consumer reactions. But with effective
communication which is the gamut of public relations, reinforcement can be made of both the public and
corporate reputation.
3. Gruning (2007, p.243), argued that corporate image management is a very vital aspect of public relations.
Because the task of public relations in all of this is to increase peoples knowledge and increase their
experience of the company, the greater the understanding that a public relations practitioner can create the
better are the chances of the public having a sort of real and correct image of the industry, company or
organization and the way it attends to issues. Just as public image is vital to all organisations, this work has
found out that public relation agencies offer important and timely transmission of information that helps
save the image (face) of organizations. In clear terms “public relations help an establishment and its public
acclimatize mutually to one another”. The assertion by Gunning (2007), indicates that public relations is an
essential tool in building good corporate image because it aids in creating mutual understanding between the
corporate institution and its publics through the increased knowledge and experience of the company.
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4. The practitioners see public relations roles as a helper in building a stronger brand image, through getting
the wider public understanding of the organization and its product or services by making the company
achieve transparency. Public relations stories in the media are like third party testimonials people can easily
believe what they read in the newspapers or news story than advertisement. In competitive marketing and
low level of brand differentiation, there is need of practitioners or communicators with the right technical
knowhow who can explain the goals and aspirations of audiences like individuals, organization and
government to their publics in a socially acceptable and responsive manner. In the frames of PRSA practices
and most applicable to practitioners in Nigeria, defining the role of public relations today amounts to
providing a tone of voice in the marketplace of ideas, facts and viewpoints to help informed public debate.
This indicates the background that public relations provide the clear bridge between organizations and its
publics to further make clear about the activities of an institution towards achieving its goals and objective
on one hand and on the other define the position of the publics to its organisation. Public relation in itself is
a purpose of clarity.
5. To sum it up, despite the issues surrounding the practice of public relations today, this work revealed that
public relations is indeed a service industry, it is used to achieve a number of important activities and the
most valuable of these is that public relations is use to raise awareness, sensitise, inform publics to gain
understanding, to build trust, to make friends, to give people reasons to relate with an organisation and
finally to establish a platform of consumer acceptance. The most obvious strategic role is to create
community affinity while at the same time complementing consumer affinity for the brand. PR is uniquely
capable of building relationships with communities e.g. geographic, demographic, social, political, special
interest, etc. through events, sampling, causes, and sponsorships, to name but a few, and that is essentially
what it takes to create good marketing, and building reputable corporate image.
6.0 Conclusion
Public relations activities are both mitigated and inherently sacrosanct in roles definition, issues and
crisis management. These activities which covert objectivity in approach, variety of skills, deploying of
extensive resources, special problem solving skills, creativity and credibility confer sets of responsibilities that
can affect an industry, institution, companies, firms and organizations in different ways hence the need to
identify issues and crisis roles and transfer same to reputation enhancers. Dealing with issues is all about good
assessment, impact analyses and scenario planning. A good crisis plan brings all those together speedily where
the full commitment of all the stages is obligatory. Public Relations today act as very important buffer between
an organisation and its publics, which is correctly explained by the concept of Relationship Management Theory
and to sum it all effective communication is the most valuable key that will reinforce public opinion, build and
maintain a responsible corporate reputation.
7.0 Recommendations
• Organizations that are concerne with stability, increase and expansion should prioritize the triple bottom
line (people, planet before profit) approach in every sphere of its activities because ‘when people
(organizations) believe that because nothing has gone wrong, nothing will go wrong, they court
problems or disaster. There is noise in every system and every design. If this reality is mistreated,
natures soon remind us of our folly’.
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• Organizations should inject people oriented programmes and policies in driving its objectives so as not
only to optimize its image but attain both forms of images it desired. In this light, it becomes proactive
in minimizing and managing the effects of any sort of issues or sudden crisis as they emerge.
• Just as the activities of an organization have implication on its image, the way PR practitioners behave
also has an implication on the profession at large. The PR practitioners should be very conscious of the
ethics of the profession at all cost in trying to manage and enhance corporate reputation.
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Table 4.1
Issues PR Crisis PR
-Addresses potential threat to the organization but
which may also be a positive influence in leading
to changes
-Deals with on-going matters
-Focuses on anticipating and planning , requires
on-going research and monitoring
-More time and space to consider a plan
-Looks future to identify potential trends and
events that may influence it
-Publics considers issues as negative aspects of an
organization
-Plans in a developmental stage
-Key teams developing clear guidelines and
drawing on expert knowledge in the organization.
-Language is clear and not emotional
-Issues may never happened and can be prevented
or it can become chronic issue with on-going
consequence
-Addresses existing disasters facing the
organization
-Deals with severe risks
-More action-oriented
-Reactive, deals with the situation after they have
come to the knowledge of the publics
-Situation must be dealt with immediately
-Window of goodwill if it is an accident because a
crisis may have the public on side if it is an
accident
-Clear focus with finite actions and publics
-Needs a large active senior team with specialist
expertise.
-Emotive language is a pre-requisite
-Crisis has happened and has an effect on the
organizations development
11. This academic article was published by The International Institute for Science,
Technology and Education (IISTE). The IISTE is a pioneer in the Open Access
Publishing service based in the U.S. and Europe. The aim of the institute is
Accelerating Global Knowledge Sharing.
More information about the publisher can be found in the IISTE’s homepage:
http://www.iiste.org
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