English Grammar, Unit 46
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This document discusses the uses of question words like what, which, and how in English. It explains that "what" is used for more general questions without a specific set of options, while "which" implies a small number of choices. "What" is also used without a noun, while "which" usually requires a noun. "How" is used to ask about characteristics like size, quantity, or manner. The document provides examples of questions using these words to clarify their proper usage.
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![What + noun (What colour ? / What kind ... ? etc.) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],A](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7)
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This document discusses the historical development of parts of speech in English grammar. It describes how early grammars defined 8 parts of speech based on Latin, which were later refined. Modern linguistics classifies words into three groups: form classes based on inflection, positional classes based on word order, and structure classes like prepositions. The form classes discussed in detail are nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs - defined by their inflectional patterns and derivational suffixes. Exceptions for words without inflection are also noted.
Inflectional Paradigms - morphology- Dr. Shadia Yousef Banjar
The document discusses verb paradigms and inflectional morphology. It defines a paradigm as a set of related word forms that share the same stem but have different affixes. Specifically, it examines the verb paradigm which consists of 5 forms: the stem, third person singular present, present participle, past tense, and past participle. Each form has a specific grammatical function, such as the stem is used in simple present tense except for third person singular and in imperatives. The past participle is used to form perfect aspect constructions and the passive voice.
Acronyms & word fomation pdf
This document discusses word formation processes that are not based on morphemes, such as acronyms, blends, and clippings. It notes that while mainstream word formation analyzes the formation of new words from morphemes, there are some processes that combine submorphemic elements or shorten words in ways that cannot be analyzed using morphemes. The document aims to analyze the role played by submorphemic elements in the formation of acronyms, blends, and clippings, which have been particularly productive in English since the mid-20th century.
Studying Arabic Dialects
This document provides the contents for a book titled "Arabic Dialectology: In honour of Clive Holes on the Occasion of his Sixtieth Birthday." It contains an acknowledgements section, introduction, bibliography of Clive Holes' published works, a poem written for Clive Holes, and various articles on topics in Arabic dialectology, descriptive dialectology, contact phenomena, social dialectology, and code mixing. The book brings together leading scholars and researchers in Arabic linguistics to honor Clive Holes, a highly acclaimed linguist and professor, on the occasion of his 60th birthday through a collection of articles reflecting the wide spectrum of Arabic linguistics and linguistics in general.
Processes of Word Formation - Morphology-LANE 333-2012- dr. shadia
This document discusses various processes of word formation in English. It examines compounding, derivation, invention, echoism, clipping, acronymy, blending, back-formation, folk etymology, and antonomasia. For each process, examples of English words formed through that process are provided, along with brief explanations and definitions. The document is authored by Dr. Shadia Yousef Banjar and appears to be part of a course on morphology.
Words - Morphology Presentation- Dr. Shadia Y. Banjar
This document discusses the definition and classification of words. It defines words as linguistic units that can be identified by pauses in speech. Words are then classified as simple, complex, or compound. Simple words contain a single morpheme, while complex words contain two bound morphemes or a bound and free morpheme. Compound words contain two or more free morphemes that imply a grammatical relationship, such as subject-verb or adjective-noun.
Phonesthemes- LANE 333- Dr. Shadia Yousef Banjar
Phonesthemes are sounds in words that suggest meaning. They are defined as a sound that appears in multiple words of similar meaning and has a recognizable semantic association. Examples include the 'i' sound suggesting smallness, and 'sl' having overwhelmingly pejorative connotations. Phonesthemes are considered different from morphemes as they do not meet all the criteria to be classified as morphemes. Specifically, phonesthemes are viewed as a distinct linguistic feature or "bound submorphemic" elements.
Homophones LANE 333 - Dr.Shadia Yousef Banjar
This document discusses homophones in morphology. It defines a homophone as a word that sounds like another word but has a different meaning and spelling. The document notes that in morphology, homophones must be remembered as different morphemes. It provides examples of homophones like "sale/sail" and "meet/meat" to illustrate this point. The document also explains that this is true for bound morphemes like verbal, noun plural, and noun possessive suffixes that are homophonous but represent different morphemes.
Allomorphs - Dr. Shadia Yousef Banjar
This document discusses allomorphs, which are different phonological forms of a single morpheme. It provides examples of morphemes with multiple allomorphs conditioned by their phonetic environment, such as the past tense morpheme {-d} having allomorphs /-d/, /-t/, /-əd/. The document also discusses types of allomorphs like additive, replacive, and suppletive allomorphs. Formulas are presented to represent morphemes and their allomorphs, noting tildes for phonological alternation and infinity signs for morphological alternation. Exercises are provided to have the reader identify allomorphs and explain their conditioning.
Immediate Constituents - Dr. Shadia Y. Banjar- presentation
This document discusses the morphology of words and their immediate constituents. It explains that words can be composed of one, two, or more morphemes. When a word has multiple morphemes, it has a hierarchical structure where morphemes are grouped into twosomes. This hierarchical structure can be represented using tree diagrams that show the steps of word formation. When analyzing words, they are broken down into their immediate constituents, which are the smallest meaningful parts the word is divided into. There are recommendations for how to divide words, such as separating suffixes first or ensuring the immediate constituents are related in meaning. Some words can also have ambiguous structures and meanings.
Noun Diminutive Forms- Dr. Shadia Y. Banjar
This document discusses diminutive suffixes in English. It identifies six main diminutive suffixes: -ie, -i, -y; -ette; -kin, -ikini, -kins; -ling; -et; -let. These suffixes typically convey meanings of smallness or endearment. The suffixes contain front vowels like /i/, /ɪ/, or /ɛ/ and are often attached to names or nouns to suggest intimacy or a small version. While the first two suffixes, -ie/-i/-y and -ette, remain productive, the others are less commonly used to form new words. Some borrowed diminutives from other languages have also entered English but lost their diminutive sense over time
Noun Feminine Forms - Dr. Shadia Yousef Banjar
This document discusses feminine derivational suffixes in English. It provides examples of masculine and feminine noun pairs such as nephew/niece and king/queen. It notes that English has a small number of feminizing suffixes, most of which are of foreign origin, that are added to masculine forms or base morphemes to create feminine nouns, such as -ess, -ette, and -ina. Tables are included listing common feminizing suffixes like -e, -enne, and -ix along with examples of masculine-feminine noun pairs they derive. The document concludes that all the listed feminizing suffixes except -ster are of foreign origin and added to create feminine forms.
Suffixal Homophones, Dr. Shadia Yousef Banjar
The document discusses several suffixal homophones in English morphology. It identifies four cases:
1) The inflectional suffix "-ER" has two homophones that indicate an agent/doer or repetition.
2) The verbal inflectional suffix "-ING" has homophones that indicate ongoing action or a noun.
3) The verbal inflectional suffix "-ED" has a homophone that derives adjectives.
4) The adverbial suffix "-LY" has a homophone that derives adjectives from nouns or forms alternate adjectives. Tests are provided to distinguish between homophones in some cases.
Lane 424 - IA-2012- Dr. Shadia Yousef Banjar
The document provides tips for students starting research projects. It discusses choosing a research area and topic, getting organized by making a plan and taking notes, using resources like libraries and databases, conducting research by collecting and analyzing data safely and ethically, and being wise by following presentation guidelines and avoiding plagiarism. The document aims to give students guidance on the initial steps of research from selecting a topic to writing up results.
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