ENERGY CRISIS AND ITS SOLUTION IN PRESENT DAY CIVILIZATION

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ENERGYCRISIS AND ITS SOLUTION IN PRESENTDAYCIVILIZATION
Sujay kumar patar Registration no.161030410026 of2016-17
Roll no.10312416004 Department ofmechanical engineering
HALDIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY,HALDIA ICAREcomplex
M . Tech .seminar-2 report ,2017-18
___________________________________________________________________________
1 Introduction
2 Present Scenario: India
3 Present Scenario: world
4 Problem and there Causesand
effect
5 Historical crisis…case study
6 Emerging shortages
7 Solutions : future and
alternative energy sources
8 Conclusions
ABSTRACT
In this paper, the evolution of the energy use by
human society is discussed, relating the energy,
environmental and economic crisis,which ap-
pear to be closely linked. With the widespread use
of fossil fuels since the industrial revolution, a
major environmental problem was generated: the
climate changes. The economic consequen- ces of
climate changes are discussed in Stern (2006).
Possible solutions to confront climate change are
presented in the Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change (IPCC) report (2007). Some of
these solutions are based on technolo- gical
development, while others do not directly depend
on the technology (paradigm shifts). Fa- ced with
the needs of a new paradigm suggestedby the
IPCC, the recent concept of sustainable triangular
cells (2012) was introduced. The geo- metric
representation of triangu-ar cells,which can be
linked to form a regular hexagon, is used to
demonstrate a sustainable society, where hu- man
cooperation prevails. This model is in line with
one of the pillars of the Third Industrial Re-
volution, indicated by Rifkin, where an intense
collaboration between individuals in human
society is suggested.

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1. INTRODUCTION
The development of human civilization is closely
linked to energy use and its multiple sources.Since the
era of the early hominids on the planet, seven million
years ago up to the current homo sapiens,energy has
been the primary factor of the species survival. Com-
paring the rates of energy use by our ancestors to
modern men, we noticed a significant change.
Analyzing a hunting and gathering society of homo
sapiens, before the advent of agriculture, we can
notice that their daily energy needs were approaching
2500 kilocalories per person to hunt, fish, gather,
defend and reproduce. On the other hand, the energy
needs of modern men, depending on their ecological
footprint can reach more than 100 times the energy
needs of the hunter-gatherer societies.
One of the most important energy source used by
prehistoric man, besides the food, is the fire, obtained
from dry biomass. Its use is reported for at least
500,000 years. As a source of light and heat, the fire
became important for defense, protection against the
cold and cooking of food. Throughout the
evolutionary path, the fire is also used for heat
treatment of some materials. In the social sphere, the
fire introduces an important factor that defines a new
space for humans around the campfire, changing the
group structure, thus broadening the social contact
between individuals.
Ten thousand years ago, a period known as the
“Neolithic revolution”begins. This period is cha-
racterized by a change in the use of natural resources
by men. They no longer use few energy resources in
hunting and gathering, but a much larger amount of
resources in agriculture and livestock activities. The
domain of production and reproduction of animals and
plants was due to significant breakthroughs, i.e., the
use of new methods and procedures for collection,
transport and storage of food and new methods for
food preparation. These methods were as important as
the selection of animals and plants for the formation of
energy-food lines.
The global domain of food chains is a radically new
feature of the energy systemof the Neolithic. Human
energy is now applied to the cultivation of the land.
The agricultural cycle is expanded and the use of
energy
becomes more complex, so that the short
cycles of hunting and gathering tend to be
subordinated to the longer agricultural cycles. In
energy terms, in any of the cycles, human society
uses an amount of energy that can be measured,
and gets in return a certain food energy, which
represents the energy productivity of this society.
The energy era, which began with the fire
(firewood), and continued which the agricultural
development (food energy) enabled a major
advance of civilization (cities). Both the fire and
the food are renewable energies from biomass.
The great maritime discoveries of the sixteenth
centu- ry were made possible by the intensive
use of renewable energy, as the winds, which
moved the ships built of wood, and the food,
which supplied to sailors the energy needed to
drive their caravels. From the seventeenth and
eighteenth centuries, the first industrial revolution
was made possible by the invention of the steam
engine, by James Watt. Since then, the use of
non-renewable energy sources, specifically the
“fossil fuels” (coal, oil, natural gas) was
inaugurated.
From an energy perspective, the twentieth
century established the “ideology of
hydrocarbons”, which today are the main energy
sources of the world energy matrix. Fossil fuels
virtually support every economic develop- ment of
the XXI Century. The intensive use of fossil fuels
since the industrial revolution brought most
serious environmental problems, including air
pollution, which is responsible for phenomena
such as acid rain, photo- chemical smog, global
warming and many damages to human health, all
widely reported in the scientific lite- rature
worldwide.
With the publication of the Intergovernmental Panel
on ClimateChange (IPCC) Report, in 2007 , anthro-
pogenic global warming was identified as the most
likely causeof climatechange , sincethe inten- sive
use of fossil fuels produces large-scaleemissionsof
greenhouse gases,includingcarbon dioxide(CO2)
and methane (CH4). Then, we are faced with a big
dilemma: we need to modify the planetary energy
matrix,replacingfossil fuels for energy sources of
low carbon impact.This modification will drastically
change the world energy matrix,which is mainly
fossil,whatwill bringa bigimpactto the world
economic system. In addition,cli- matechange can
also bringgreatdamage to the produ- ctive system.
Accordingto the Stern Report, we face a great
civilization challengeand the twenty-first century
seems to be the limitof the transition to a low
carbon economy. The Stern report discusses the
economic im- pacts of climatechange and the future
prospects of reachinginternational agreements that
are truly sustain- able.Chakravarty etal. proposed
to be taken into account the issueof individual CO2

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emissions rather than by nation.This new
conceptualization indicates thatthe
2. PRESENT SCENARIO: INDIA
1.Total Installed Capacity:(As on 31.03.2017)
Sector MW % of Total
State Sector 103,967 32.53%
Central Sector 80,257 25.11%
Private Sector 135,382 42.36%
Total 319,606
Fuel MW % of Total
Total Thermal 218,330 68.3%
Coal 192,163 60.1%
Gas 25,329 7.9%
Oil 838 0.3%
Hydro (Renewable) 44,478 13.9%
Nuclear 6,780 2.1%
RES** (MNRE) 50,018 15.6%
Total
319,606
Renewable EnergySources(RES) include SHP,BG,
BP, U&I and Wind Energy
SHP= Small Hydro Project,BG= Biomass Gasifier
,BP= Biomass Power,
U & I=Urban & Industrial Waste Power,
RES=Renewable EnergySources
Policy Initiatives / Decision Taken
Electricity Act 2003 has been enacted and came into
force from 15.06.2003.The objective is to introduce
competition,protectconsumer’s interests and provide
power for all. The Act provides for National Electricity
Policy, Rural Electrification,Open access in
transmission,phased open access in distribution,
mandatorySERCs,license free generation and
distribution,power trading,mandatorymetering and
stringentpenalties for theft of electricity.
It is a comprehensive legislation replacing Electricity
Act 1910,Electricity Supply Act 1948 and Electricity
RegulatoryCommission Act1998.The Electricity Act,
2003 has been amended on two occasions bythe
Electricity (Amendment) Act, 2003 and the Electricity
(Amendment) Act,2007. The aim is to push the sector
onto a trajectory of sound commercial growth and to
enable the States and the Centre to move in harmony
and coordination.
Policies,Rules and guidelines etc.issued under the
Electricity Act.
Generation Performance
1.0 ELECTRICITY GENERATION
PERFORMANCE
1.1 The electricity generation target for the year 2016-
17 has been fixed as 1178 Billion Unit(BU). i.e.
growth of around 6.38% over actual generation of
1107.822 BU for the previous year (2015-16).The
generation during 2015-16 was 1107.822 BU as

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compared to 1048.673 BU generated during April-
March 2015,representing a growth of about
5.64%.1.2 Programme, actual achievement
and growth in electricity generation in the
country during 2009-10 to 2016-17 :-
Year
Energy
Generation
from
Conventional
Sources
(BU)
% of
growth
2009-10 771.551 6.6
2010-11 811.143 5.56
2011-12 876.887 8.11
2012-13 912.056 4.01
2013-14 967.150 6.04
2014-15 1048.673 8.43
2015-16 1107.822 5.64
2016-17* 1159.836 4.70 Generation (Billion Units)
* Provisional (Upto March, 2017)
1.3 The electricity generation target for the
year 2016-17 was fixed at 1178 BU
comprising of 999.000 BU thermal; 134.000
BU hydro; 40.000 nuclear; and 5.000 BU
import from Bhutan.
2.0 Plant Load Factor (PLF):
2.1 The PLF in the country during 2009-10 to 2016-
17 is as under:
* Provisional (Upto March, 2017)
3.0 Power Supply Position The power
supply position in the country during 2009-
10 to 2016-17 :
* Provisional (Upto March, 2017)
Year
PLF Sector-wise PLF (%)
% Central State Private
2009-
10
77.5 85.5 70.9 83.9
2010-
11
75.1 85.1 66.7 80.7
2011-
12
73.3 82.1 68.0 69.5
2012-
13
69.9 79.2 65.6 64.1
2013-
14
65.60 76.10 59.10 62.10
2014-
15
64.46 73.96 59.83 60.58
2015-
16 62.29 72.52 55.41 60.49
2016-
17*
60.01 71.87 54.34 56.17

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India's Annual Solar installations to grow
over four times by 2017. 10.50 GW of utility-
scale solar and grid connected rooftop solar
capacity will be added by 2016-17.
(27.441 GW) of renewable installed capacity,
thereby making India the world’s fourth largest
wind energy producer.
which will take the total renewable capacity to
175 GW by the end of 2022. This includes 60
GW from wind power, 100 GW from solar
power, 10 GW from biomass power and 5 GW
from small hydro power.
Energy Peak
Y
ea
r
Requ
irem
ent
Avai
labil
ity
Surplus(
+)/Defict
s(-)
Pe
ak
De
ma
nd
Pe
ak
Me
t
Sur
plus
(+) /
Defi
cts(-
)
(MU)
(MU
)
(MU
)
(%
)
(M
W)
(M
W)
(
M
W
)
(
%
)
20
09
-
10
8,30,
594
7,46,
644
-
83,9
50
-
10.
1
1,1
9,1
66
1,0
4,0
09
-
15
,1
57
-
1
2.
7
20
10
-
11
8,61,
591
7,88,
355
-
73,2
36
-
8.5
1,2
2,2
87
1,1
0,2
56
-
12
,0
31
-
9.
8
20
11
-
12
9,37,
199
8,57,
886
-
79,3
13
-
8.5
1,3
0,0
06
1,1
6,1
91
-
13
,8
15
-
1
0.
6
20
12
-
13
9,95,
557
9,08,
652
-
86,9
05
-
8.7
1,3
5,4
53
1,2
3,2
94
-
12
,1
59
-
9.
0
20
13
-
14
10,02
,257
9,59,
829
-
42,4
28
-
4.2
1,3
5,9
18
1,2
9,8
15
-
6,
10
3
-
4.
5
20
14
-
15
10,68
,923
10,3
0,78
5
-
38,1
38
-
3.6
1,4
8,1
66
1,4
1,1
60
-
7,
00
6
-
4.
7
20
15
-
16
11,14
,408
10,9
0,85
0
-
23,5
58
-
2.1
1,5
3,3
66
1,4
8,4
63
-
4,
90
3
-
3.
2
20
16
-
17
*
11,42
,092
11,3
4,63
3
-
7,45
9
-
0.7
1,5
9,5
42
1,5
6,9
34
-
2,
60
8
-
1.
6
This section provides in-depth information about
resources and status ofsectors like petroleum,
natural gas,coal, and power (including thermal,
hydro, nuclear,as well as transmission and
distribution).Besides,trends in research,
development,and deployment;and applications of
renewable energyresources like solar,wind,small
hydro, biomass/bio-fuels,waste to energy, and
hydrogen etc - including those for distributed
generation/rural electrification - are covered in detail.
The fine points ofapplication of solar energyin the
building sector,through solar passive architecture are
also dealtwith in this section.Besides,itcovers
applications ofenergyconservation measures in
buildings,industrial,agricultural,rural/communityand
transportation sectors.

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The Government has revised its target of
renewable energy capacity to 175 GW by
end of 2022, making it the largest expansion
in the world and providing plenty of
opportunities for investors. The target
capacity is as shown below:
The UN Environment Program’s (UNEP)
‘Global Trends in Renewable Energy
Investment 2016’ report ranks India among
the top ten countries in the world investing
in renewable energy. The Government is
also committed to Clean Energy and is
driving efforts to achieve 40% power
installed capacity from non-fossil-fuel-based
energy resources and reducing emissions by
33- 35% of its GDP by 2030.
The New & Renewable Energy sector has
witnessed the highest ever-solar power and
wind power capacity addition over the last
two years since April 2014.
Department of Industrial Policy and
Promotion Key achievements in the sector
during the last 2 years are:
 The world's largest 648-MW solar power
plant was commissioned in Tamil Nadu on
September 21, 2016.
 A 157% increase in solar power capacity
addition (4132 MW) during the last two
years (FY2014-15 & FY 2015-16).
 Highest ever wind power capacity addition
of 3300 MW in 2015-16.
 34 solar parks of aggregate capacity of
20,000 MW have been sanctioned for 21
states. INR 356.63 crores has been released
to Solar Energy Corporation of India for the
projects.
 31,472 solar water pumps were installed in
2015-16; this is higher than total number of
pumps installed during the last 24 years
since 1991.
 501 MW grid connected solar rooftop
projects have been installed in the country.

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Latest update: April, 2017
Power generation capacity
growing at a healthy pace
 Installed capacity increased steadily over the years,
posting a CAGR of 8.7 per cent in FY09–16*
Power generation has grown
rapidly
 With electricity production of 1,107.8 BU in India in FY16,
the country w itnessed grow th of around 5.64 per cent
over the previous fiscal year.
 Over FY10–16, electricity production expanded at a
CAGR of 6.21 per cent.
 During April-September 2016, electricity production in
India reached 584.22 BU.
 The 12th Five Year Plan projects that, by 2016–17, total
domestic energy production w ould reach 669.6 million
tonnes of oil equivalent (MTOE) and w ould further
increase to 844 MTOE by 2021–22.
Solutions:
The Sun: Goldmine of
green energy
BIODIESEL
In recent years fossil fuel depletion and global
warming issues
are the point of concern around the world. To
reduce Carbon

8. 8 | P a g e
emissions and decreasing reserves of fossil
fuels, Biofuel can
be an attractive source of energy. In comparison
to fossil fuels,
biofuel can reduce the emission of CO2. Next
generation biofuels
can be a great solution to the global warming
and the
crying need of fossil fuels. Biofuel or Biodiesel is
clean
burning oil produced by Transesterification of
oils with short
chain alcohols. Now-a-days, researchers are
turning their
attention into the production of biodiesel from
algae because
of their higher productivity, abundance in the
nature, high
Triacylglycerides and they can be a major
source for biodiesel
production. Production of biodiesel from algae is
less time
consuming and cheaper than the petroleum
diesel. So rather
using petroleum diesel in the diesel generators
in the power
plants, we can use biodiesel which will both
save our money
and reduce our dependence on the diminishing
fossil fuel
reserves. This biodiesel can be used in the
diesel generator to
produce electricity. This will be cost efficient and
as well as
environment friendly. Algae grow in abundant in
Bangladesh.
So we can produce biodiesel from algae which
we can use in
the power plants to generate electricity

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The World Energy Council is the principal
impartial network of leaders and practitioners
promoting an affordable, stable and
environmentally sensitive energy system for the
greatest benefit of all.
Formed in 1923, the Council is the UN-
accredited global energy body, representing the
entire energy spectrum, with more than 3000
member organisations located in over 90
countries and drawn from governments, private
and state corporations, academia, NGOs and
energy-related stakeholders.
The World Energy Council informs global,
regional and national energy strategies by
hosting high-level events, publishing
authoritative studies, and working through its
extensive member network to facilitate the
world’s energy policy dialogue.

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World Energy
Scenarios 2016 report:
Global energy demand
growth set to fall
Per capita energy demand will peak before
2030, finds a new World Energy Council report
launched at the 23rd World Energy Congress in
Istanbul . This is in stark contrast to historic
growth levels, which have seen global demand
for energy more than double since 1970.
Technological innovation, government policies
and lower growth expectations will have a
significant impact on the sector in the coming
decades.
The findings
come in a new set of exploratory scenarios,
developed by the World Energy Council in
collaboration with Accenture Strategy and
the Paul Scherrer Institute. The report ‘World
Energy Scenarios 2016 – The Grand Transition’
includes three scenarios entitled “Unfinished
Symphony”, “Modern Jazz” and “Hard Rock”,
which present three distinct trajectories for the
energy sector to 2060, with very different
realities across regions.

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Speaking at the report launch Ged
Davis, Executive Chair of Scenarios,
World Energy Council, said:
“It is clear that we are undergoing a
Grand Transition, which will create a
fundamentally new world for the
energy industry. Historically people
have talked about Peak Oil but now
disruptive trends are leading energy
experts to consider the implications
of Peak Demand. Our research
highlights seven key implications for
the energy sector which will need to
be carefully considered by leaders in
boardrooms and staterooms.”
The report goes on to highlight that there will be
a shift in final energy consumption with demand
for electricity doubling by 2060. Solar and wind,
which currently account for approximately four
percent of power generation, will see the largest
increase so that by 2060 they will represent
between 20 percent and 39 percent of power
generation.
Fossil fuel usage could fall to as little as 50
percent of the primary energy mix in one of the
scenarios, with very differing futures for coal, oil
and natural gas. However, in all three scenarios
the carbon budget is also likely to be broken
within the next 30 to 40 years. Oil will continue
to play a significant role in the transportation
sector representing over 60 percent of the mix in
all three scenarios to 2060 and natural gas will
continue to increase at a steady rate.
Nuri Demirdoven, Managing Director
at Accenture Strategy added:
“By 2060, all scenarios point to an
increase in demand for gas, as well
as a possible peak demand for oil
within the 2035-2045 timeframe.
Misspending including misallocation
of capital has always been a risk for
energy assets, and will continue to
grow due to fundamental shifts in the
industry. Leading companies across
all scenarios will be those that adapt
quickly and take two urgent steps:
rethink the balance of their energy
portfolio, and utilize business and
digital technologies to transform how
they deliver work and organize and
manage performance across their
businesses.”
Ged Davis concluded:
“The underlying drivers will re-shape
the economics of energy. We are
entering a world where the concern is
no longer just about stranded assets
but also the impact of stranded
resources on nations.”
The World Energy Scenarios, entitled “The
Grand Transition” were built by a network of
more than 70 experts from over 25 countries
and were quantified using a global multi-region
energy system model by the Paul Scherrer
Institute.

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CONCLUSIONS
The current global energy matrix, centered on the
intensive use of fossil fuels, produces an
environmental crisis unprecedented in human society,
the dreaded climate change. According to the Stern
report, this crisis could seriously jeopardize the global
economy in the twenty-first century. These crises are
interconnected and do not have separated solutions in
a projection of the new industrial revolution, which
is a conceptual and technological revolution.
A more collaborativephaseof human society would
emerge from this new Rifkin’s industrial revolution
proposal.Therefore, the concept of a social
organization based on intense human collaboration,
proposed by Sthel/Tostes can be applied.This model
uses sustainabletriangular cells,which are
associated to form a hexagonal structure, where the
cooperation between individualsprevails.The
association of hexagonal structures allows the
structural organization of human society, which can
be represented as a beehive. By sharingresources in
a sustainablemanner, society would apply the
concept of cultural damping,already used on major
environmental challenges.
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sector-glance-all-india

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http://www.indiaenergyportal.org/energyresou
rces.php
http://www.makeinindia.com/article/-
/v/renewable-energy-sector-achievement-
report
https://www.worldenergy.org