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1. QUARTER 3

2. Physiologic system that controls the
proper functioning of multiple bodily
functions and organs. It is
comprised of ductless glands that
secrete hormones into the
bloodstream. Its essential role is to
ensure a coordinated response
between messages from internal
organs and tissues.

4. A series of ductless glands make up the
endocrine system. The most important
glands in the endocrine system are the
adrenal, thyroid, and pituitary gland,
though reproductive organs, such as the
female ovaries and male testes, are also
considered endocrine glands. When a
number of glands communicate with one
another in a sequence, it is called a gland
axis, like the hypothalamic, pituitary, and
adrenal axis.

12. Common disorders of the endocrine system
include over secretion or under secretion of
specific chemical messengers. Such
disorders commonly induce diseases that
may affect the proper functioning of multiple
organs and systems. Some diseases may be
unbearable or even life-threatening. The field
of study that deals with disorders of
endocrine glands is endocrinology.

13. HORMONES
Hormones are chemical signals that
transmit messages from one part of the
body to another. They travel through the
bloodstream to target specific tissues or
organs. Hormones regulate many
different processes, such as growth and
development, metabolism, sexual
function, reproduction, and mood.

15. Hormones also work to control natural
chemical balances to ensure the body is in
a stable state. They may induce
immediate bodily effects, or work slowly,
over time, to affect entire bodily
processes. Hormones act as very powerful
signals. It takes a very small amount of
hormonal imbalance to cause significant
changes in the human body.

16. TYPES OF HORMONES

21. THE
NERVOUS
SYSTEM

22. The nervous system consists of the:
• brain,
• spinal cord,
• sensory organs,
• and all of the nerves that connect
these organs with the rest of the
body.

23. • Together, these organs are responsible for the
control of the body and communication among its
parts.
• The brain and spinal cord form the control center
known as the central nervous system (CNS), where
information is evaluated, and decisions made.
• The sensory nerves and sense organs of the
peripheral nervous system (PNS) monitor conditions
inside and outside of the body and send this
information to the CNS.

24. • Neurons, also known as
nerve cells, communicate
within the body by trans-
mitting electrochemical
signals.
• Neurons look quite different
from other cells in the body
due to the many long
cellular processes that
extend from their central
cell body.

25. • The cell body is the roughly
round part of a neuron that
contains the nucleus,
mitochondria, and most of
the cellular organelles.
• Small tree-like structures called
dendrites extend from the cell
body to pick up stimuli from the
environment, other neurons, or
sensory receptor cells.

26. Long transmitting
processes called axons
extend from the cell body
to send signals onward to
other neurons or effector
cells in the body. The
majority of the nervous
system are tissues made
up of two classes of cells:
neurons and neuroglia.