EMPAYAR UTHMANI ADALAH EMPAYAR TERAKHIR UMMAH. MENGKAJI SEJARAH UMMAH ADALAH KEBAIKKAN KEPADA IBADAH DAN DAPAT MENGAJAR UMMAH AGAR TIDAK TERPERANGKAP DENGAN TIPUDAYA MUSUH DAN SYAITAN. MUSUH ALLAH SWT SENTIASA INGIN MENJATUHKAN UMMAH DAN UGAMANYA YANG MULIA.
Under the Tokugawa shogunate in the early 1600s, Japan pursued a policy of isolationism by expelling foreigners and prohibiting Japanese from leaving the country. However, in the 1800s increasing threats from Western powers and a desire for change led Japan to open up to foreign influence. The Tokugawa rulers were overthrown and the Meiji period began, bringing a transformation of Japan into a major industrial and military power through the 1900s. The Japanese government and leadership selectively adapted Western ideas like industrialization and military modernization while maintaining political and cultural independence.
Under isolationist policies in the early 1600s, Japan closed itself off from foreign influence and trade. However, pressure from outside powers like the U.S. forced Japan to open up in the 1850s. This led to a period of reform as the Tokugawa rulers were overthrown and replaced by the Meiji government. During the Meiji Restoration from 1860s-1900s, Japan transformed rapidly into a major industrial and military power by adopting Western ideas and technologies while maintaining independence. Japan then began exhibiting its own imperialist ambitions through victories over China and Russia, gaining control of territories in East Asia.
Under the Tokugawa shogunate in the early 1600s, Japan pursued a policy of isolationism, expelling foreigners and prohibiting the Japanese from leaving. However, in the 1800s, outside powers like Britain threatened Japan militarily. Japanese leaders opened the country to trade and Western influence to modernize. This led to the overthrow of the Tokugawa rulers and the start of the Meiji period. During the Meiji restoration from 1860 to 1900, Japan transformed rapidly into an industrial and military power by selectively adopting Western ideas while maintaining independence.
Japan began modernizing in the late 19th century after Commodore Perry convinced them to open trade with the West. This threatened Japan's isolationist policies under the shoguns. In response, Emperor Mutsuhito seized power and established the Meiji government to rapidly modernize Japan by emulating Western nations. They sent representatives abroad to study foreign systems, modeling their centralized government after Germany, navy after Britain, and education after America. Japan also quickly industrialized, developing railroads, coal production, and military weapons to preserve their independence and compete globally.
The Ottoman Empire expanded greatly between 1453 and 1757 CE, conquering large areas of Western Asia, North Africa, and parts of Europe under sultans like Mehmet II and Suleiman I. The Safavid dynasty ruled Persia starting in the 16th century as strict Shiite Muslims, reaching their height under Shah Abbas, while the Mughal Empire was established in Northern India by Babur and expanded all of India by Akbar's rule, creating a period of cultural and economic flourishing, though all three empires began experiencing decline by the 1700s.
Political events that led to the creation of modern day Malaysia, from pre-colonial times to the 2010s.
For our Southeast Asian Politics class (comparative politics).
Three things were needed to end the Sengoku Era in Japan:
1) Oda Nobunaga utilized ruthless force and military skill to unite most of Honshu before being betrayed and killed in 1580.
2) Toyotomi Hideyoshi utilized great military skill and diplomacy to pacify resisting daimyos, becoming the military master of Japan by 1590 before dying in 1598.
3) Tokugawa Ieyasu utilized military and political skill to limit the power of the daimyos, being granted the title of Shogun in 1603 and unifying Japan, ending the era of "sengoku".
1) Japan invaded Manchuria in 1931 under the pretext of a staged railway explosion, and used propaganda to set up a puppet state called Manchukuo.
2) In 1937, Japan launched a full-scale invasion of China, capturing many major cities. The Nanjing Massacre resulted in 300,000 civilian deaths.
3) While Japan gained resources and territory, China suffered severe losses from violence, slave labor, and cultural destruction that have lasted into the modern era.
Under the Tokugawa shogunate in the early 1600s, Japan pursued a policy of isolationism by expelling foreigners and prohibiting Japanese from leaving the country. However, in the 1800s increasing threats from Western powers and a desire for change led Japan to open up to foreign influence. The Tokugawa rulers were overthrown and the Meiji period began, bringing a transformation of Japan into a major industrial and military power through the 1900s. The Japanese government and leadership selectively adapted Western ideas like industrialization and military modernization while maintaining political and cultural independence.
Under isolationist policies in the early 1600s, Japan closed itself off from foreign influence and trade. However, pressure from outside powers like the U.S. forced Japan to open up in the 1850s. This led to a period of reform as the Tokugawa rulers were overthrown and replaced by the Meiji government. During the Meiji Restoration from 1860s-1900s, Japan transformed rapidly into a major industrial and military power by adopting Western ideas and technologies while maintaining independence. Japan then began exhibiting its own imperialist ambitions through victories over China and Russia, gaining control of territories in East Asia.
Under the Tokugawa shogunate in the early 1600s, Japan pursued a policy of isolationism, expelling foreigners and prohibiting the Japanese from leaving. However, in the 1800s, outside powers like Britain threatened Japan militarily. Japanese leaders opened the country to trade and Western influence to modernize. This led to the overthrow of the Tokugawa rulers and the start of the Meiji period. During the Meiji restoration from 1860 to 1900, Japan transformed rapidly into an industrial and military power by selectively adopting Western ideas while maintaining independence.
Japan began modernizing in the late 19th century after Commodore Perry convinced them to open trade with the West. This threatened Japan's isolationist policies under the shoguns. In response, Emperor Mutsuhito seized power and established the Meiji government to rapidly modernize Japan by emulating Western nations. They sent representatives abroad to study foreign systems, modeling their centralized government after Germany, navy after Britain, and education after America. Japan also quickly industrialized, developing railroads, coal production, and military weapons to preserve their independence and compete globally.
The Ottoman Empire expanded greatly between 1453 and 1757 CE, conquering large areas of Western Asia, North Africa, and parts of Europe under sultans like Mehmet II and Suleiman I. The Safavid dynasty ruled Persia starting in the 16th century as strict Shiite Muslims, reaching their height under Shah Abbas, while the Mughal Empire was established in Northern India by Babur and expanded all of India by Akbar's rule, creating a period of cultural and economic flourishing, though all three empires began experiencing decline by the 1700s.
Political events that led to the creation of modern day Malaysia, from pre-colonial times to the 2010s.
For our Southeast Asian Politics class (comparative politics).
Three things were needed to end the Sengoku Era in Japan:
1) Oda Nobunaga utilized ruthless force and military skill to unite most of Honshu before being betrayed and killed in 1580.
2) Toyotomi Hideyoshi utilized great military skill and diplomacy to pacify resisting daimyos, becoming the military master of Japan by 1590 before dying in 1598.
3) Tokugawa Ieyasu utilized military and political skill to limit the power of the daimyos, being granted the title of Shogun in 1603 and unifying Japan, ending the era of "sengoku".
1) Japan invaded Manchuria in 1931 under the pretext of a staged railway explosion, and used propaganda to set up a puppet state called Manchukuo.
2) In 1937, Japan launched a full-scale invasion of China, capturing many major cities. The Nanjing Massacre resulted in 300,000 civilian deaths.
3) While Japan gained resources and territory, China suffered severe losses from violence, slave labor, and cultural destruction that have lasted into the modern era.
Malaysia has rapidly industrialized over the past 30 years, transforming from an economy relying on exports of commodities like palm oil and rubber to one dominated by manufacturing and services. Manufacturing accounted for 30.6% of GDP in 2002, up slightly from 2001, while services fell to 50.7% from 51.8%. Malaysia aims to become a developed nation by 2020. Electronics exports in particular have grown at double-digit rates for over 25 years and remain a key export.
The document provides an overview of the formation of Malaysia based on a chapter from an Malaysian Studies textbook. It discusses the reasons and process for forming Malaysia, which originally included Singapore, Sabah, Sarawak and Brunei. While most parties supported the formation, there was some opposition from Indonesia, the Philippines and within Brunei. The formation process involved several committees to discuss terms and get feedback from the public, and Malaysia was officially proclaimed on September 16, 1963, though Brunei ultimately did not join.
Sec 2 History Chapter 4: British governanceFrancy Phay
The British governed Singapore before World War 2 through:
1. The British government in London oversaw Singapore as a Crown Colony through the Governor of the Straits Settlements and Executive/Legislative Councils.
2. Locals had little involvement in government, though a few held positions on the Legislative Council with little influence.
3. The British aimed to improve law and order by reforming the police, addressing issues like secret societies, and establishing a Chinese Protectorate. They also improved social services like education, healthcare and living conditions.
4. However, the British showed preferential treatment for Europeans and viewed Asians as inferior, implementing discriminatory policies and justifying colonial rule as a
" The GOOD, the BAD & the UGLY"
by Amirul HM & Group in January 2009
FOR & AGAINST Presentation for European Studies taught by Prof. Panos from Greece & Dr. Seidleman from Germany.
- Amirul HM, Malaysia ( the UGLY)
- Raf, Philippines ( the BAD )
- Fizah & Ai Yamada, Malaysia & Japan( the GOOD )
- Kurt, Switzerland ( Neutral cum Judge )
The document discusses the origins and development of Malay civilization from ancient times to the present. It describes how the Proto-Malays established settlements on the peninsula and blended with local groups like the Negritos. Indian cultural influences arrived around 100 BC, bringing Hinduism and Buddhism. Islam spread to the region starting around the 7th-8th centuries through contact with Arab, Indian, and Chinese Muslim traders. The Malacca Sultanate rose as a major port in the 15th century, further spreading Islam. European colonial powers took control starting in the 16th century. Malaysia gained independence in 1957 and continues to develop its national identity.
Nigeria- The journey to amalgamation- a brief summary.Ed Keazor
A brief textual and pictorial guide to the formation of the modern Nigerian State in 1914. Descriptive images of milestone events and documents in the course of this journey.
During the Meiji Era from 1868 to 1912, Japan underwent significant changes in leadership and modernized rapidly after opening up to Western influence. Commodore Perry's arrival in 1853 forced Japan to open to Western trade. After witnessing China become weak after unequal treaties following the Opium Wars, Japan resolved to modernize to avoid colonization. The Meiji Restoration overthrew the shogunate and restored the emperor to power, beginning reforms to adopt Western technology and culture while maintaining Japanese spirit. Japan industrialized, grew powerful militarily, and expanded its territory, setting the stage for future tensions with other world powers.
This document discusses the evolution of Indian society from ancient times to the present. It analyzes whether Indian society was equal or unequal under different empires and rules. It notes that the caste system created inequality but some rulers like the Mauryas and Mughals promoted cultural assimilation. British rule replaced traditional concepts of dharma and contracts with ideas of profit. Post-independence, Nehru aimed to create a more equal society but increasing population made this difficult. The document questions if modern India can have true equality without equal representation. It also examines the importance of upholding contracts for infrastructure projects.
The document discusses the history of the Protestant Reformation in Europe from the early 16th century through the Thirty Years' War in the early 17th century. It covers key figures like Erasmus, Martin Luther, John Calvin and Ulrich Zwingli and events like the 95 Theses, the Peace of Augsburg, the Wars of Religion and the Thirty Years' War. The document also examines the Catholic Counter-Reformation and how the Reformation divided Europe along religious lines and led to prolonged periods of conflict and war.
The document provides information about the history and struggle for independence in Malaysia across three chapters:
Chapter 1 discusses the early history of Malaysia, including the development and downfall of the Malacca Sultanate and British colonial rule.
Chapter 2 covers the struggle for independence, including the establishment and dissolution of the Malayan Union and the roles of various organizations in awakening Malay nationalism.
Chapter 3 addresses the formation of Malaysia through discussions that led to Malaya being granted independence on August 31, 1957 and the establishment of a new nation called Malaysia in 1963.
This document discusses 19th century imperialism in China from the perspective of a local Chinese government official. The official takes pride in China's self-sufficiency but is curious about foreign products not available domestically. However, he is wary of foreign influence and wonders what foreigners hope to gain from trade. The document provides context on China's isolationist policies and growing foreign trade, particularly Britain's smuggling of opium into China. It outlines the ensuing disputes, including the Opium Wars that resulted in treaties ceding Hong Kong to Britain and granting extraterritorial rights. While foreign goods brought new opportunities, opium addiction and domestic issues like the Taiping Rebellion challenged China as it resisted foreign encroachment
The British Raj refers to the British rule over India between 1858 and 1947. The British East India Company originally established as a trading company gained control of India through military victories and treaties with local rulers. Key events that increased British control included the Battle of Plassey in 1757 and the Sepoy Rebellion of 1857 after which the British government took direct control over India from the East India Company. While British rule brought infrastructure development and order, it also negatively impacted India's economy through taxation and policies that led to famines, and did not allow Indians significant roles in government.
Sultan Abdul Hamid II is avery strong and inspiring visionary leader of the late Ottoman Empire. His is the last great Sultan of the Islamic Empire. Plot by Jew to topple and bribe him failed.
The document discusses the decline and fall of the Ottoman Empire from 1566 to 1876. It covers several key points:
1. The timeline and map showing the rise and expansion of the Islamic empires, including the Ottoman Empire.
2. The strengths and weaknesses of Ottoman sultans during the decline period, identifying sultans who were strong and expanded the empire, and those who were weak.
3. Analysis of factors that contributed to the decline of the Ottoman Empire, including religious and political issues, as well as the emergence of deviant groups that collaborated with enemies of Islam.
EMPAYAR UTHMANI ADALAH EMPAYAR TERAKHIR UMMAH. MENGKAJI SEJARAH UMMAH ADALAH KEBAIKKAN KEPADA IBADAH DAN DAPAT MENGAJAR UMMAH AGAR TIDAK TERPERANGKAP DENGAN TIPUDAYA MUSUH DAN SYAITAN. MUSUH ALLAH SWT SENTIASA INGIN MENJATUHKAN UMMAH DAN UGAMANYA YANG MULIA.
My source in this report was a video from you tube entitled "Ottoman Empire the war machine". I watched the video and scripted the knowledge that I acquired from the video.
This presentation contains brief descriptions of the key figures and events from the Ottoman Empire. The Ottomans ruled over much of Europe, Africa and Asia for nearly 600 years.
The document summarizes the four major Islamic empires of the 15th-16th centuries: the Ottoman Empire, Safavid Empire, Songhay Empire, and Mughal Empire. It describes their origins, religious diversity, economic power, and cultural achievements. It also notes tensions between the Sunni Ottoman and Shia Safavid empires and the gradual decline of these frontier empires over time due to external economic and political forces.
The Crimean War involved four major powers: Russia, led by Tsar Nicholas I, who sought to expand Russian control and influence over Slavic peoples and Christian sites; the Ottoman Empire, a declining Muslim empire controlling Jerusalem and territory in Europe and Asia; Britain, a powerful naval empire seeking to prevent any one power from dominating Europe and promote liberalism; and France, with a strong professional army led by Emperor Napoleon III, who disliked Tsar Nicholas and wanted to maintain French influence.
The Ottoman Empire, known as the "Sick Man of Europe", faced numerous problems in the 18th-19th centuries that contributed to its decline. Elite factions developed and corruption rose as the empire lost territory to European powers like Austria, Russia, and others. Modernization efforts met resistance but the Tanzimat Reforms brought western-style changes. Nationalist movements also emerged that further threatened Ottoman control over its lands.
The Ottomans established a vast Muslim empire between 1300 and 1600 CE that combined many cultures. They were led by effective military leaders like Osman, Mehmed II, Selim I, and Suleiman I. Under Suleiman, the empire reached its peak, stretching from Hungary to Iraq and controlling Mecca and Medina. However, later incompetent rulers, fratricide, and imprisoning potential heirs weakened the empire and led to a slow decline.
European nations extended their power into Muslim regions in several ways:
1) They exploited internal weaknesses in Muslim empires like the Ottomans and external challenges like nationalist revolts.
2) European powers sought to capitalize on the declining power of these empires and gain influence through advisors, education programs, and economic ties.
3) Eventually European nations were able to gain control over key regions and protect strategic interests by taking on debts and securing concessions then sending troops when their interests were threatened.
Malaysia has rapidly industrialized over the past 30 years, transforming from an economy relying on exports of commodities like palm oil and rubber to one dominated by manufacturing and services. Manufacturing accounted for 30.6% of GDP in 2002, up slightly from 2001, while services fell to 50.7% from 51.8%. Malaysia aims to become a developed nation by 2020. Electronics exports in particular have grown at double-digit rates for over 25 years and remain a key export.
The document provides an overview of the formation of Malaysia based on a chapter from an Malaysian Studies textbook. It discusses the reasons and process for forming Malaysia, which originally included Singapore, Sabah, Sarawak and Brunei. While most parties supported the formation, there was some opposition from Indonesia, the Philippines and within Brunei. The formation process involved several committees to discuss terms and get feedback from the public, and Malaysia was officially proclaimed on September 16, 1963, though Brunei ultimately did not join.
Sec 2 History Chapter 4: British governanceFrancy Phay
The British governed Singapore before World War 2 through:
1. The British government in London oversaw Singapore as a Crown Colony through the Governor of the Straits Settlements and Executive/Legislative Councils.
2. Locals had little involvement in government, though a few held positions on the Legislative Council with little influence.
3. The British aimed to improve law and order by reforming the police, addressing issues like secret societies, and establishing a Chinese Protectorate. They also improved social services like education, healthcare and living conditions.
4. However, the British showed preferential treatment for Europeans and viewed Asians as inferior, implementing discriminatory policies and justifying colonial rule as a
" The GOOD, the BAD & the UGLY"
by Amirul HM & Group in January 2009
FOR & AGAINST Presentation for European Studies taught by Prof. Panos from Greece & Dr. Seidleman from Germany.
- Amirul HM, Malaysia ( the UGLY)
- Raf, Philippines ( the BAD )
- Fizah & Ai Yamada, Malaysia & Japan( the GOOD )
- Kurt, Switzerland ( Neutral cum Judge )
The document discusses the origins and development of Malay civilization from ancient times to the present. It describes how the Proto-Malays established settlements on the peninsula and blended with local groups like the Negritos. Indian cultural influences arrived around 100 BC, bringing Hinduism and Buddhism. Islam spread to the region starting around the 7th-8th centuries through contact with Arab, Indian, and Chinese Muslim traders. The Malacca Sultanate rose as a major port in the 15th century, further spreading Islam. European colonial powers took control starting in the 16th century. Malaysia gained independence in 1957 and continues to develop its national identity.
Nigeria- The journey to amalgamation- a brief summary.Ed Keazor
A brief textual and pictorial guide to the formation of the modern Nigerian State in 1914. Descriptive images of milestone events and documents in the course of this journey.
During the Meiji Era from 1868 to 1912, Japan underwent significant changes in leadership and modernized rapidly after opening up to Western influence. Commodore Perry's arrival in 1853 forced Japan to open to Western trade. After witnessing China become weak after unequal treaties following the Opium Wars, Japan resolved to modernize to avoid colonization. The Meiji Restoration overthrew the shogunate and restored the emperor to power, beginning reforms to adopt Western technology and culture while maintaining Japanese spirit. Japan industrialized, grew powerful militarily, and expanded its territory, setting the stage for future tensions with other world powers.
This document discusses the evolution of Indian society from ancient times to the present. It analyzes whether Indian society was equal or unequal under different empires and rules. It notes that the caste system created inequality but some rulers like the Mauryas and Mughals promoted cultural assimilation. British rule replaced traditional concepts of dharma and contracts with ideas of profit. Post-independence, Nehru aimed to create a more equal society but increasing population made this difficult. The document questions if modern India can have true equality without equal representation. It also examines the importance of upholding contracts for infrastructure projects.
The document discusses the history of the Protestant Reformation in Europe from the early 16th century through the Thirty Years' War in the early 17th century. It covers key figures like Erasmus, Martin Luther, John Calvin and Ulrich Zwingli and events like the 95 Theses, the Peace of Augsburg, the Wars of Religion and the Thirty Years' War. The document also examines the Catholic Counter-Reformation and how the Reformation divided Europe along religious lines and led to prolonged periods of conflict and war.
The document provides information about the history and struggle for independence in Malaysia across three chapters:
Chapter 1 discusses the early history of Malaysia, including the development and downfall of the Malacca Sultanate and British colonial rule.
Chapter 2 covers the struggle for independence, including the establishment and dissolution of the Malayan Union and the roles of various organizations in awakening Malay nationalism.
Chapter 3 addresses the formation of Malaysia through discussions that led to Malaya being granted independence on August 31, 1957 and the establishment of a new nation called Malaysia in 1963.
This document discusses 19th century imperialism in China from the perspective of a local Chinese government official. The official takes pride in China's self-sufficiency but is curious about foreign products not available domestically. However, he is wary of foreign influence and wonders what foreigners hope to gain from trade. The document provides context on China's isolationist policies and growing foreign trade, particularly Britain's smuggling of opium into China. It outlines the ensuing disputes, including the Opium Wars that resulted in treaties ceding Hong Kong to Britain and granting extraterritorial rights. While foreign goods brought new opportunities, opium addiction and domestic issues like the Taiping Rebellion challenged China as it resisted foreign encroachment
The British Raj refers to the British rule over India between 1858 and 1947. The British East India Company originally established as a trading company gained control of India through military victories and treaties with local rulers. Key events that increased British control included the Battle of Plassey in 1757 and the Sepoy Rebellion of 1857 after which the British government took direct control over India from the East India Company. While British rule brought infrastructure development and order, it also negatively impacted India's economy through taxation and policies that led to famines, and did not allow Indians significant roles in government.
Sultan Abdul Hamid II is avery strong and inspiring visionary leader of the late Ottoman Empire. His is the last great Sultan of the Islamic Empire. Plot by Jew to topple and bribe him failed.
The document discusses the decline and fall of the Ottoman Empire from 1566 to 1876. It covers several key points:
1. The timeline and map showing the rise and expansion of the Islamic empires, including the Ottoman Empire.
2. The strengths and weaknesses of Ottoman sultans during the decline period, identifying sultans who were strong and expanded the empire, and those who were weak.
3. Analysis of factors that contributed to the decline of the Ottoman Empire, including religious and political issues, as well as the emergence of deviant groups that collaborated with enemies of Islam.
EMPAYAR UTHMANI ADALAH EMPAYAR TERAKHIR UMMAH. MENGKAJI SEJARAH UMMAH ADALAH KEBAIKKAN KEPADA IBADAH DAN DAPAT MENGAJAR UMMAH AGAR TIDAK TERPERANGKAP DENGAN TIPUDAYA MUSUH DAN SYAITAN. MUSUH ALLAH SWT SENTIASA INGIN MENJATUHKAN UMMAH DAN UGAMANYA YANG MULIA.
My source in this report was a video from you tube entitled "Ottoman Empire the war machine". I watched the video and scripted the knowledge that I acquired from the video.
This presentation contains brief descriptions of the key figures and events from the Ottoman Empire. The Ottomans ruled over much of Europe, Africa and Asia for nearly 600 years.
The document summarizes the four major Islamic empires of the 15th-16th centuries: the Ottoman Empire, Safavid Empire, Songhay Empire, and Mughal Empire. It describes their origins, religious diversity, economic power, and cultural achievements. It also notes tensions between the Sunni Ottoman and Shia Safavid empires and the gradual decline of these frontier empires over time due to external economic and political forces.
The Crimean War involved four major powers: Russia, led by Tsar Nicholas I, who sought to expand Russian control and influence over Slavic peoples and Christian sites; the Ottoman Empire, a declining Muslim empire controlling Jerusalem and territory in Europe and Asia; Britain, a powerful naval empire seeking to prevent any one power from dominating Europe and promote liberalism; and France, with a strong professional army led by Emperor Napoleon III, who disliked Tsar Nicholas and wanted to maintain French influence.
The Ottoman Empire, known as the "Sick Man of Europe", faced numerous problems in the 18th-19th centuries that contributed to its decline. Elite factions developed and corruption rose as the empire lost territory to European powers like Austria, Russia, and others. Modernization efforts met resistance but the Tanzimat Reforms brought western-style changes. Nationalist movements also emerged that further threatened Ottoman control over its lands.
The Ottomans established a vast Muslim empire between 1300 and 1600 CE that combined many cultures. They were led by effective military leaders like Osman, Mehmed II, Selim I, and Suleiman I. Under Suleiman, the empire reached its peak, stretching from Hungary to Iraq and controlling Mecca and Medina. However, later incompetent rulers, fratricide, and imprisoning potential heirs weakened the empire and led to a slow decline.
European nations extended their power into Muslim regions in several ways:
1) They exploited internal weaknesses in Muslim empires like the Ottomans and external challenges like nationalist revolts.
2) European powers sought to capitalize on the declining power of these empires and gain influence through advisors, education programs, and economic ties.
3) Eventually European nations were able to gain control over key regions and protect strategic interests by taking on debts and securing concessions then sending troops when their interests were threatened.
The Ottoman Empire dominated the Eastern Mediterranean during the 15th-17th centuries under the rule of Osman I, Mehmet II, and Suleyman I. Mehmet II expanded Ottoman power by conquering Constantinople in 1453 and making it the new imperial capital of Istanbul. He converted Hagia Sophia into a mosque and turned the Christian city into a Muslim city. Suleyman I further expanded the empire and presided over its cultural golden age before its power began declining in the 16th century due to overexpansion, corruption, and military weaknesses.
The first Malaysian was Sheikh Muszaphar Shukor in space. Science
Policy in Malaysia is regulated by the Ministry of Science, Technology, and
Environment.
From 1987-1997 research and development used 0.24% of GNP, and in 1998
high-tech exports made up 54% of Malaysia's manufactured exports. The country
is one of the world's largest exporters of semiconductor devices, electrical goods,
and information and communication technology products.
The document summarizes the four major Islamic empires of the 15th-16th centuries: the Ottoman Empire, Safavid Empire, Mughal Empire, and Songhay Empire. It describes their origins, religious diversity, and economic and cultural achievements. Tensions existed between the Sunni Ottoman and Shia Safavid empires. All four empires declined due to internal religious conflicts, European influence, and the transatlantic slave trade.
The document provides an overview of the Ottoman Empire through a presentation. It discusses the empire's origin in Asia Minor in the 13th century under Osman I. At its peak, the empire spanned Southeast Europe, Western Asia, the Caucasus, North Africa, and the Horn of Africa. It then began declining after naval defeats in the 16th century. The presentation covers additional topics like language, food, festivals, economy, sultans, conquests, architecture, and the devshirme system of conscripting non-Muslim children. The golden era is identified under Suleiman the Magnificent, and three main reasons for the empire's eventual decline are discussed.
Chapter 12 Ways of the World, Worlds of 15th century S Sandoval
AP World History / Ways of the World second edition by Robert W. Strayer. Summary of Chapter 12 An Age of Accelerating Connections 500-1500, The worlds of the fifteenth century.
1312 11 The Middle East, Asia, and The AmericasDrew Burks
The document provides an overview of political and social developments in the Middle East, Asia, and the Americas between the late 18th century and early 20th century. It discusses the decline of the Ottoman Empire and rise of Muhammad Ali in Egypt; British rule in India; European colonialism in Southeast Asia, China, and Japan; independence movements and conflicts in Mexico and South America; expansion of the United States; and systems of oppression including treatment of indigenous groups and slavery.
The document provides an overview of major world empires in 1500 CE, prior to European exploration, including the Ottoman Empire, Mughal Empire, Safavid Empire, China, and African kingdoms of Ghana, Mali, and Songhai. It notes that these empires declined due to factors like drought, civil war, and the arrival of Europeans, whose impact on global trade routes and cultures forever changed human history. Students are assigned to label trade routes on a map and summarize key details about each empire in a 5-square graphic organizer, including a quick drawing in each square.
Timeline of Human History & Leaders (1071 AD - 1370 AD)Jahid Khan Rahat
This content is all about the history of previous leaders. Here we can know about the mistake that was made by those previous leader and their raise and fall. In fact, we can know about the legacy and contribution of the leader. Here we know about the leader of 1171 AD to 1370AD.
The document summarizes several medieval empires and powers. It describes the Eastern Roman/Byzantine Empire ruling from Constantinople after the fall of Rome. It also discusses the Holy Roman Empire established by Charlemagne, the Arab Empire spanning from Spain to India, and the Ottoman Empire ruling from the 16th century over territory from Egypt to Hungary. Additionally, it mentions the large Mongol Empire under Genghis Khan and the Mali Empire in West Africa centered around Timbuktu with its gold wealth and cultural importance.
This document contains a study guide reviewing chapters 10-18 and geography questions. It provides questions and short answers about the Crusades, West Africa's kingdoms and trade routes, the spread of Islam, dynasties in China, important explorations and technological advances, and the basic geography of regions discussed. Key events, people, and concepts are tested including the reasons for the Crusades, Ghana's control of trade, advances in iron tools and food production in West Africa, the spread of Islam in Africa, China's civil service system, and maritime technologies.
Syeikh Muhamad Mutawalli al-Sya'rawi adalah tokoh tafsir Mesir abad ke-21. Beliau menulis banyak buku tentang tafsir Al-Quran, Islam, dan fatwa-fatwa. Salah satu fatwanya menyatakan bahwa mayat akan mendapat manfaat dari sedekah dan dapat merasakan doa dan bacaan Al-Quran dari orang hidup. Beliau juga menjelaskan tentang siksa kubur yang dialami mayat.
Berikut beberapa jawaban yang mungkin diberikan:
1. Penolak kereta sorong mungkin akan menjelaskan alasan kenapa dia menolak kereta sorong, misalnya karena menurutnya kereta sorong tidak sesuai dengan prinsip kehidupan yang diyakini, atau karena alasan kesehatan.
2. Saya sebagai pembicara akan mendengarkan alasan penolak dan mencoba memahami perspektifnya, walaupun belum tentu setuju. S
Keusahawanan 3 perspektif islam dan pengalamanAmiruddin Ahmad
1. Kisah Rasulullah dan para sahabat memecah monopoli ekonomi Yahudi di Madinah dengan strategi berikut: Abdul Rahman bin Auf memulakan perniagaan di pasar Yahudi dengan menjual unta pada harga lebih murah dari pedagang Yahudi, menarik lebih pelanggan walaupun keuntungan kecil. Ini memecah kendali monopoli ekonomi Yahudi di Madinah.
Produk tepat untuk pasaran yang betul, perkembangan syarikat pantas, dan kejayaan syarikat tidak bergantung kepada nasib tetapi kepada faktor-faktor seperti kualiti produk, khidmat pelanggan, dan konsep pemasaran.
Tiga orang pengusaha yang berjaya meskipun tidak tamat kuliah adalah Bill Gates (Microsoft), Mark Zuckerberg (Facebook), dan Larry Ellison (Oracle). Mereka semua memulai perusahaan teknologi besar yang berhasil secara komersial meskipun meninggalkan kuliah untuk fokus pada bisnis mereka.
PEMBINAAN ROHANI - BERSYUKUR TANDA PENGABDIANAmiruddin Ahmad
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang hakikat syukur sebagai ungkapan rasa terima kasih seorang hamba kepada Allah atas nikmat-Nya. Dokumen tersebut juga menyoroti sifat keserakahan manusia terhadap dunia serta memuji sifat qanaah dan zuhud sebagaimana yang diajarkan oleh Rasulullah shallallahu 'alaihi wasallam."
Dokumen tersebut membahas pentingnya merahsiakan amalan kebaikan agar terhindar dari riya'. Beberapa tokoh salaf menganjurkan untuk menyembunyikan amalan sholih agar terhindar dari niat campur aduk. Imam al-Iz bin Abdus Salam membedakan tiga jenis amalan - yang wajib ditampakkan, yang lebih utama disembunyikan, dan yang boleh disembunyikan maupun ditampakkan tergantung kondisi. Dokumen juga
Maqasid Syariah merupakan tujuan atau maksud syariah yang menjurus kepada tujuan pensyariatan untuk menghasilkan kebaikan dan mencegah kemudaratan. Ia telah dibincangkan oleh ulama sejak zaman dahulu dengan pandangan berbeza mengenai objektifnya seperti lima objektif utama menurut Imam al-Ghazali iaitu pemeliharaan agama, nyawa, akal, keturunan dan harta. Perbincangan terus berke
Dokumen tersebut memberikan informasi mengenai nama-nama sahabat Nabi Muhammad SAW yang terlibat dalam Perang Badar dan kaum Muhajirin secara umum. Termasuk di antaranya adalah nama-nama sahabat dari suku Quraisy, Bani Hasyim, Bani Abdu Syams, Bani Asad, dan suku-suku lainnya."
Fiqh Aulawiyyat atau Prinsip Keutamaan melibatkan pertimbangan keutamaan antara berbagai masalah hukum berdasarkan tingkat kepentingannya. Dokumen ini menjelaskan hubungan Fiqh Aulawiyyat dengan jenis fiqh lain seperti Fiqh Muwazanah dan Fiqh Maqasid serta menyoroti beberapa pedoman penting seperti memberi prioritas kepada kebutuhan dasar manusia.
Prinsip 'Fiqh Al-Aulawiyyat' berdasarkan kepada prinsip-prinsip tertentu dalam Syariat Islam yang menyatakan bahawa nilai-nilai hukum dan amalan mempunyai kategori yang berbeza mengikut pandangan syarak. Ia penting untuk diamalkan dalam Syariah Islam dengan mengikuti garis panduan seperti Fiqh al-Muwazanat dan Fiqh al-Maqasid."
Khalid ibn al-Walid was a renowned Muslim general known for his military strategies and leadership. Some of his notable quotes include:
1) Advising against underestimating an enemy based on numbers alone, saying "An army's strength lies not in numbers of men but in Allah's help, and its weakness lies in being forsaken by Allah."
2) Telling his commander "We shall take this route; let not your resolve be weakened. Know that the help of Allah comes according to your desire." when faced with taking a dangerous path.
3) Expressing obedience to political authority, saying "If Abu Bakr is dead and Umar is Caliph, then we
Johann Adam Weishaupt was a German philosopher who founded the Order of the Illuminati, a secret society, in the late 18th century. He was born in 1748 in Ingolstadt, Germany and died in 1830 in Gotha, Germany.
Qawaribun najah .. BAHTERA PENYELAMAT UNTUK DUAT - FATHI YAKANAmiruddin Ahmad
Dokumen tersebut memberikan ringkasan tentang rintangan yang dihadapi pendakwah dalam menjalankan dakwahnya. Ada beberapa rintangan utama yang disebutkan yaitu:
1. Dikritik oleh orang-orang mukmin yang iri dan dengki
2. Dibenci oleh orang-orang munafik yang ingin merusak dakwah
3. Diperangi oleh orang-orang kafir yang menentang kebenaran agama
4. Diserang oleh sy
The document outlines 10 golden rules for dealing with complacent employees. The rules suggest that complacency can occur when employees feel too settled in their jobs due to a lack of communication, challenge, or variety. The rules advise managers to provide challenges, encourage efficiency, give rewards for good work, rotate jobs and provide cross-training to prevent complacency.
Here is Gabe Whitley's response to my defamation lawsuit for him calling me a rapist and perjurer in court documents.
You have to read it to believe it, but after you read it, you won't believe it. And I included eight examples of defamatory statements/
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Acolyte Episodes review (TV series) The Acolyte. Learn about the influence of the program on the Star Wars world, as well as new characters and story twists.
El Puerto de Algeciras continúa un año más como el más eficiente del continente europeo y vuelve a situarse en el “top ten” mundial, según el informe The Container Port Performance Index 2023 (CPPI), elaborado por el Banco Mundial y la consultora S&P Global.
El informe CPPI utiliza dos enfoques metodológicos diferentes para calcular la clasificación del índice: uno administrativo o técnico y otro estadístico, basado en análisis factorial (FA). Según los autores, esta dualidad pretende asegurar una clasificación que refleje con precisión el rendimiento real del puerto, a la vez que sea estadísticamente sólida. En esta edición del informe CPPI 2023, se han empleado los mismos enfoques metodológicos y se ha aplicado un método de agregación de clasificaciones para combinar los resultados de ambos enfoques y obtener una clasificación agregada.
1. KEJATUHAN EMPAYAR OTHMAN 1
ERA KEJATUHAN EMPAYAR
UTHMANI
1566 – 1876
POWERPOINT TELAH DISEDIAKAN UNTUK ISMA CAW. KUANTAN
OLEH AHLI ISMA CAW. KUANTAN UNTUK DIMANFAATKAN
OLEH MUSLIMIN DAN MUSLIMAT YANG MERASAKAN BAHAWA
SEJARAH BOLEH MENGAJAR KITA UNTUK MENJADI LEBIH
DEWASA.
TERIMA KASIH KEPADA
SAHABAT-SHABAT YANG TELAH MEMBERI
SEMANGAT DAN KEINGINAN
UNTUK MENCARI HIKMAH YANG HILANG
PART 2
2. KEJATUHAN EMPAYAR OTHMAN 2
Bhg V : ERA KEJATUHAN EMPAYAR UTHMANI
1566 – 1876
PERSEMBAHAN INI TERDIRI DARI 5 BAHAGIAN :
1. PENGENALAN :
i.) PETA DAN TIME-LINE EMPAYAR ISLAM
ii.) TERMA DAN SENARAI EMPAYAR ISLAM
2. SULTAN OTTOMAN KETIKA ERA KEJATUHAN
i.) SULTAN YANG GAGAH
ii.) SULTAN YANG LEMAH
3. KAJIAN DAN RUMUSAN TENTANG PENGAJARAN YANG DAPAT DI
AMBIL
4. BEBERAPA DEFINASI BARAT
5. APA KATA BARAT TENTANG SULTAN OTTOMAN
6. IMTIHAN – EXAM -
4. KEJATUHAN EMPAYAR OTHMAN
Bhg V : ERA KEJATUHAN
EMPAYAR UTHMANI
1566 – 1876
TAJUK BUKU :
FAKTOR
KEBANGKIATAN
& SEBAB
KEJATUHAN
EMPAYAR
UTHMANIAH
PENULIS :
Dr. ALI
MUHAMMAD
As-SOLABI
4
SILA DOUBLE CLICK DALAM KOTAK HITAM
UNTUK NASYID
5. SEJARAH OTTOMAN
• SULTAN YANG GAGAH
• SULTAN SALIM III
• SULTAN MAHMUD II
• SULTAN ABDUL MAJID 1
• SULTAN ABDULAZIZ 1
• SULTAN MURAD V
KEJATUHAN EMPAYAR OTHMAN 5
6. SULTAN SALIM III (SSIII) – E.O berusaha kembali Agung
• Ucapan ketika Pertabalan :
– 1.) Mengingatkan akan keagungan Empayar Othman
– 2.) Menyentuh tentang kekalahan kerana Tak Ikut AlQuran & Sunnah
– 3.) Mengajak umat berkorban & berjihad
– 4.) Menaruh harapan hanya kepada Allah swt
– 5.) Mengajak rakyat bersama menentang musuh
. Menolak sebarang usaha Perjanjian Damai & teruskan jihad
- Arah PM (Yusuf Basha) supaya teruskan jihad dan kembalikan keAgungan E.O
- Sultan naikkan gaji tentera & memimpin tentera ke Danube (pelabuhan penting)
- SSIII bercadang menyerang Rusia utk dapatkan Crimea yg di dapati secara tipu
oleh Rusia semasa Zaman Sultan Abdulhamid I.
- Eropah sedang bergolak kerana Revolusi Perancis & tak mau berperang ttp E.O
juga masih tidak berdaya sepenuhnya.
- AKIBATNYA : E.O & Eropah usulkan Perj. Damai yg
mana perjanjian ini mengecilkan lagi E.O.
KEJATUHAN EMPAYAR OTHMAN 6
GAGAH
4/1789 5/1807
7. SULTAN SALIM III (SSIII) – dengan Napoleon
• Akibat kelemahan EO : Perancis mengatur langkah
1.)Perisik & pengkaji dihantar awal2
2.)Jalinan secara senyap dengan Kristian & Yahudi
3.)Kaji ekonomik, politik, idology,kententeraan & Islam
4.) Menyamar sebagai Muslim dan menabur fitnah
5.)Meninggalkan Freemason setelah mereka pergi
- Ulama di bukakan kepada Tamadun Barat untuk melemahkan pegangan
- Perancis juga menubuhkan Pasukan Tentera dibawah pimpinan pengkhianat
Muallim Yaacob – untuk mengabui mata rakyat
- Napoleon menggunakan pasukan ini dgn kerjasama Qibti untuk menawan
Kaherah, Gaza, Ramallah & Haifa
- Ketika di Aka, Napoleon menulis kepada World Jews : ` Palestin adalah
bumimu & kamulah Pewaris Palestin - dirikanlah Negara Yahudi disana…’
KEJATUHAN EMPAYAR OTHMAN 7
GAGAH 4/1789 5/1807
8. RUMUSAN dari kajian Perancis :
1.) Mengakui susah utk mengalahkan EO kerana :
a.) Kuat pegangan Ugama
b.) Taat kepada pemerintahan Islam
- Oleh itu Napoleon & Pegawainya mengaku masuk Islam & kahwin dgn
wanita Islam utk mendapat keyakinan rakyat dan pernah menyatakan :
` Wahai penduduk Mesir,…ada yang nyatakan hasrat kami adalah untuk
menghancurkan Ugama mu…Ini jelas tak benar & jgn percaya…Saya dtg
utk membebaskan kamu …Malah saya lebih baik dari Mamluk kerana
saya sembah Allah, hormati Nabi2 dan Al Quran yg Mulia……’
- AKIBAT semua perkara ini…SSIII mengisytiharkan JIHAD atas Perancis
• Seluruh Umat Islam menjawab panggilan jihad dari Arab hingga ke Afrika
(pimpinan Syeikh Muhd Al Kailani) & Libya oleh alMahdi alDarnawi.
• Perancis telah ditewaskan awal dan juga tentera tambahanya dikalahkan
oleh alMahdi yang akhirnya menggelar dirinya Imam al Mahdi
KEJATUHAN EMPAYAR OTHMAN 8
9. • FAKTOR KEGAGALAN PERANCIS
• 1.) Apabila SSIII isytihar jihad keatas tentera Perancis, Ulama Azhar
menguatkan api jihad dgn berfatwa bahawa Perancis adalah tentera Salib
• 2.) Juga menyatakan beberapa pemberontakan yg berlaku di Kaherah dlm
menyerang Perancis adalah Gerakan Jihad menghalau Kristian
• 3.) Ulama juga berfatwa E.O dan Mamluk adalah Islam dan berAqidah
dan mereka memerintah diatas nama Islam (tanggapan awal yakni kerana
Mamluk yg asal nya askar kpd sultan & menubuhkan kesultanan sendiri telah kafir
dan berpecah dari Kesultanan Islam)
• 4.) Wilayah Arab dan Islam melihat bahawa E.O adalah Khalifah Mukmin
dan bukan hanya Sultan Islam
• 5.) Akibat seruan jihad Sultan & Ulama , Rakyat & tentera keluar dengan
semangat kental iaitu : SYAHID atau MENANG
KEJATUHAN EMPAYAR OTHMAN
SULTAN SALIM III (SSIII) – Jihad dan Ulama
9
GAGAH
4/1789 5/1807
10. PENGAJARAN DARI SULTAN SALIM III (SSIII)
• Sultan jelas dgn kedudukan Ugama
• E.O baru bangkit dari siri pemerintahan yang
lemah
• Musuh dibawah Napoleon, seorg strategis yg
jahat, menambah kesusahan E.O utk pulih
• Musuh bersekongkol ie.Kristian, Yahudi dan
Barat menyerang E.O dari segi mental &
material
• Peranan ulama untuk menyatukan kekuatan
Ummah dan tidak memecahkan
KEJATUHAN EMPAYAR OTHMAN 10
GAGAH
11. • Naik takhta ketika berumur 24 thn
• Anak didik SSIII - teruskan rancangan pebaharuan SSIII
• Walaubagaimana pun diawalnya mengikut telunjuk
Janisari dgn memperlahankan pembaharuan kerana
ianya dibenci oleh Janisari yg menjatuhkan SSIII
• Perjanjian damai dgn Britain - 1809
• Cuba mengadakan perj dgn Rusia tetapi gagal dan perang berlaku
• Tentera E.O gagal & Rusia merampas beb. Wilayah
• PM Dziauddin dipecat di ganti dgn Ahmad Basha
• Ahmad Basha menewaskan Rusia & menawan kembali wilayah
• Akibat pergolakan Rusia dgn Perancis, Rusia menandatangani perj
dgn E.O pada 1812 utk mencari strategik partner
KEJATUHAN EMPAYAR OTHMAN
SULTAN MAHMUD II (SMII)
11
GAGAH
7/1808 7/1839
12. • Oleh kerana kelemahan & kekuatan Tentera
Janisari, maka pemerintahan menjadi lemah
• Walaupun pembaharuan ingin dilaksanakan
Sultan, tetapi dihalang oleh Janisari
• Sultan tegas dlm memastikan kejayaan dgn
memecat PM yg lemah
KEJATUHAN EMPAYAR OTHMAN
PENGAJARAN DARI SULTAN MAHMUD II (SMII)
12
GAGAH
13. PEMBUBARAN JANISARI
• PEMBUBARAN JANISARI
• Janisari semakin berani, tidak berakhlak, menentang Sultan &
terpedaya dgn kuasa, suka merampas harta taklukan, burukan imej
E.O & jauhi dari Syariat
• Tidak mau bertugas di musim sejuk
• Di zaman SMuhdIV – memimpin secara sesat & zalim, buang & pilih
Sultan ikut nafsu
• Membunuh Sultan & melantik anak kecil spt SMuhdIV & sebabkan
huruhara
• Semasa SSII mereka memberontak & malas berjihad
• Memecat SMustafaII, SAhmadIII,SMustafaIV
• Dibubarkan SMahmudII – 1826
• Sultan mengumpul Ketua Janisari, Pm, Pembesar Negeri, Ulama
Azhar di rumah mufti & memecatnya dan pembubaran Janissari
KEJATUHAN EMPAYAR OTHMAN 13
14. • - PM membuat penyataan untuk membubarkan Janisari dgn di
sokong oleh Sultan (atas nama membaharui sistem tentera dan atas
sebab banyak kesalahan yang telah dilakukan janisari)
• - Mufti dan Ulama menyatakan fatwa boleh membubarkan Janisari
dan juga boleh menghukum penentang
• - Ketua Janisari setuju (ttp dlm hatinya memberontak)
• - Berlaku pemberontakan selepas itu oleh Janisari dan rakyat yang
menyokong
• - Sultan dan PM melawan secara meluas dan akhirnya Janisari
tunduk kepada kehendak negara
• Sultan menjalankan pemodenan tentera
• - Serban ditukar kpd Tarbus Romawi
• - Baju mengikut piawai Eropah
KEJATUHAN EMPAYAR OTHMAN
PEMBUBARAN JANISARI
14
17. PM Muhd Ali Basha (MAB) – Apa kata Barat ?
• Muhammad Ali was born in Kavala, in Greek to Albanian parents
• Ahmad Pasha, step down & Muhammad Ali installed as Wāli in 1805.
• He was an Albanian commander in the Ottoman army, who became
Wāli, and Khedive of Egypt and Sudan. Though not a modern
nationalist, he is regarded as the founder of modern Egypt because of
the dramatic reforms in the military, economic and cultural spheres
that he instituted. The dynasty that he established would rule Egypt
and Sudan until the Egyptian Revolution of 1952
• Mohammed Ali had begun the transformation of Egypt from a
traditional to a modern society, but it was still administered primarily
by and for non-native Egyptians. He had built up the strength and
virtual independence of the country, but he left a potentially
dangerous situation to less capable successors which led
to British occupation in 1882
A dictator who is able to make Napoleon’s ideology
into reality in Egypt….Arnold Toynbee
KEJATUHAN EMPAYAR OTHMAN 17
18. • PM Muhd Ali Basha (MAB) – Apa Kata Al-Jabarti
• MAB sntiasa guna Sumpah Palsu dan Sentiasa berniat Jahat untuk
mencapai niat politiknya
• Sentiasa menggunakan kekerasan dan kezaliman - (seperti
menghancurkan dan menzalimi Mamluk dan menangkap anak muda
dan menghantar ke Eropah untuk belajar secara paksa)
• Disifatkan sebagai magnificient Machiavellian Politician dan
membelakangkan Islam
• Seorang ahli Freemason yang menghancurkan E.O dan Islam di Mesir
• Beliau akan dihantar Sultan utk mengutip cukai dari daerah yang
lambat membayar
• Pandai berpura setia/rendah diri/ kpd Sultan tetapi zalim kpd rakyat
• Pernah digugurkan Sultan tetapi Ulama dan Rakyat mendesak beliau
dikekalkan, dgn pertolongan Freemason
• Muhd Ali pernah mengaku bahawa
- ` ..Cara Berfikir Barat TETAPI memakai Serban Uthmani…..’
KEJATUHAN EMPAYAR OTHMAN 18
19. • Beberapa co-incidences menimbulkan persoalan Al- Jabarti
• - Berlaku pemberontakan tentera ttp hanya bangsa Albania..walhal PM adalah Albania
• -Kenapa ulama syorkan Tim Tentera (bangsa Albania) mengaambilalih jaw Ketua tentera
• - Ketua tentera dipecat atas dasar Lewat Membayar Gaji Tentera
• - Kenapa selepas itu gaji tentera mampu dibayar
• - Kenapa calun ulama Tahir Basha dibunuh 20 hari selepas naik pangkat
• - Kenapa pemimpin selepas itu, Ahmad Basha dipecat oleh PM sehari selepas dilantik
• Banyak bukti menunjukkan kepada wujud pakatan sulit iaitu Freemason
• - Freemason wujud di Mesir mulai 1798 M atas kebenaran Napoleon
• - Gerakan tersebut bergerak secara rahsia dan sedikit ahlinya Mesir
• -Terbitan Pertama Freemason , Napoleon menyatakan
• ` Katakan kepada rakyat Mesir bahawa semua manusia adalah sama disisi Allah.
Perkara yang membezakan ialah AKAL , AKHLAQ MULIA dan ILMU sahaja ‘
• Beberapa Ulama besar telah bersama Freemason spt Syeikh Hasan Attar
• - Beliau mengkagumi ilmu moden Perancis dan mempelajari dan menghayatinya dan
akhirnya menggelar dirinya sebagai Pendokong Pembaharuan
• Sy Attar khirnya menjadi orang penting di dalam Kerajaan Muhd Ali Pasha
• Fahaman Al Attar di sambung oleh muridnya Rifaat Tahtawi, yang telah ke Perancis dan
kagum dgn ilmu yg baru iaitu Fahaman Sosialis dan Kebangsaan
KEJATUHAN EMPAYAR OTHMAN 19
20. SEJARAH OTTOMAN
• SALAH FAHAM
• SYEIKH MUHAMMAD IBN ABDUL WAHAB
• Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab (1703 – 1792)
• Muhammad Ali Pasha - WALI (1805 – 1848)
KEJATUHAN EMPAYAR OTHMAN 20
21. GERAKAN SYEIKH MUHD ABD WAHAB (GSMAW) : 1703 - 1792
• Siapa MAW - Seorang pencinta Ilmu
• - Hafiz Al Quran & pelajari Fiqh Hanbali, Tafsir & Hadis, tulisan Ibn
Taimiyah, berkenaan fiqh, aqidah & ijtihadnya
• Setelah merantau cari ilmu, beliau kembali ke Najd & mulakan amr
ma’run nahi mungkar, ajaran tauhid & membenteras syirik yg
berleluasa (kubur)
• Muhd bin Saud memberi dana kpd MAW dlm usahanya
• Dgn dana ini, MAW membina tentera mujahidin untuk hilangkan syirik
• Dalam usaha jihad yang panjang , beliau tidak berhenti kelas pengajian
beliau, penulisan risalah, penerimaan tetamu dan meyambut wakil
• Banyak daerah telah ditawan seperti Hijaz,Riyadh Mekah, dan Medinah
• Akibat jihad ini, 1806M, Saudi melancarkan & mengalahkan tentera
laut Britain dan berjaya menguasai Karbala (Iraq), Huran (Sham) &
Yaman
KEJATUHAN EMPAYAR OTHMAN 21
22. GERAKAN ANTI SMAW OLEH BARAT
• Akibat risau dgn perkembangan GSMAW, maka Barat :
• 1) Mendorong pandangan umum agar menentang dakwah SMAW. Barat
mengumpulkan mereka2 yg yakin bahawa bidaah yg mereka lakukan
selama ni adalah Islam (ahli tawasul, sembah kubur, dukun2,tabung
nazar) & juga Ulama2 yg mahu mengekalkan kuasa & pengaruh
• 2) Menimbulkan ketegangan E.O dgn GSMAW. Britain & Perancis telah
menghasut & pengaruhi SMII dgn alasan bahawa GSMAW akan
menuntut Kemerdekaan Arab dari E.O & tubuhkan Khalifah Arab.
• SMII menyediakan tentera utk menyerang dan
• - 1.) menghapuskan Kerajaan Saudi di timur Arab dan
• - 2) Melemahkan kuasa GSMAW agar ia terus dibawah E.O
• Akibat kekalahan awal, maka SMII utus arahan kpd MABasha untuk
`MEMBEBASKAN DUA TANAH HARAM dari KERAJAAN SAUDI ‘
• GSMAW TIDAK PERNAH merancang utk tubuh Khalifah tetapi SMII
diperdaya
KEJATUHAN EMPAYAR OTHMAN 22
23. • Al-Jabarati menulis : Syarat yg dikenakan kpd bakal Haji Yaman & Mesir :
Barat buat tipudaya kerana GSMAW keluarkan arahan supaya :
• - 1) Datang dlm keadaan mampu dan tiada bebanan & tanggungan
• - 2) Tidak membawa alat muzik & budaya berlawanan syarak
• (Mereka ini sebenarnya adalah Penjahit Kelambu yg datang sambil berpoya
dan bukan Hujjaj)
• & juga E.O merasa tersinggung GSMAW telah menguasai Ibadat Haji.
• Tentera GSMAW terdiri dari Muslim yg sejati walhal Tentera MABasha
terdiri dari pelbagai ugama & fahaman & sedikit sekali org Mesir.
• Keluhan tentera MABasha ` Bagaimana kita akan menang sedangkan
tentera kita ugama yg berbeza2.Ada yg tiada ugama pun.Tentera kita
diiring oleh minuman yg memabukan.Markas kita tidak kedengaran
Azan & tiada didikan solat.Tiada siapa yg pedulikan Ugama…’
• Tentera GSMAW telah berjaya ttp MABasha tidak mahu mengalah &
menggunakan helah kotor politiknya bersama Perancis & Britain
• Berlaku beberapa siri peperangan & akhirnya MABasha telah menang &
menangkap Putera Abdullah, mengaraknya selama 3 hari di jalan2 di Istanbul
& akhirnya membunuhnya..
KEJATUHAN EMPAYAR OTHMAN 23
24. • POINTS MENENTANG MAW
• Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab (1703 – 1792) Muhammad Ali Pasha- WALI (1805 – 1848)
• MAW - mengkafirkan kaum & merosakkan aqidah Ulama’ al-Harmain serta
memasukkan beberapa syubahat dan muslihat. Akhirnya Ulama’ al-Harmain
menegaskan bahawa golongan Wahabi ini adalah jahil dan sesat, setelah meneliti
bahawa aqidah yang dibawa olehnya adalah mengkafirkan umat Islam
• Pada tahun 1217H / 1802M tentera-tentera Wahabi sampai di Taif dan
mengepungnya pada bulan Zul Qa’edah 1217H, lalu menawan dan membunuh lelaki
serta wanita termasuklah kanak-kanak ,sehingga tiada seorang pun yang terlepas
daripada kekejaman Wahabi
• Seterusnya menuju ke Mekah, mereka melakukan kerosakan serta membuat
ketetapan larangan menziarahi makam nabi-nabi dan solihin. Pada tahun 1220H
mereka merompak dan mengepung penduduk Mekah serta memutuskan segala
bekalan makanan sehingga menyebabkan penduduk Mekah kelaparan yang
mengakibatkan mereka terpaksa memakan daging anjing akibat kebuluran yang
bersangatan
• Setelah tiba di Madinah , mereka menceroboh ‘Bilik Nabi’ dan mengambil semua
harta benda termasuklah lampu dan bekas air daripada emas danperak, permata,
zamrud yang tidak ternilai harganya,lalu melakukan beberapa perkara keji dan
jelek,sehingga menyebabkan ramai dari kalangan ulama’ melarikan diri
KEJATUHAN EMPAYAR OTHMAN 24
25. • Mereka juga melarang kemasukan jemaah haji dari Mesir dan Syam
yang merupakan pekerja-pekerja seperti menenun kelambu Kaabah
dan seumpamanya
• Sultan Muhammad Khan mengutus Muhammad Ali Basha supaya
menyediakan tentera untuk memerangi pelampau-pelampau Wahabi
pada tahun 1226H. - Muhammad Abdul Wahab dan pengikutnya
ditakrifkan sebagai Bughah (ingkar khalifah) eg peperangan
antara Saidina Abu Bakr dengan Musilamatul Al-al-Kazab
• Musuh tidak mempunyai kekuatan ,maka mereka mengajak pemerintah
Mesir dan Turki dengan menggunakan nama agama –bebaskan Haramain
• Mesir dan Turki ke negeri Hijaz menyerang muwahiddin, sehingga
terjadilah peperangan di antara Mesir bersama sekutunya Turki di satu
pihak menentang pasukan muwahidin dari Najd dan Hijaz di pihak lain.
Peperangan ini telah berlangsung selama tujuh tahun, kematian sehingga 30
ribu muslimin iaitu dari tahun 1226 hingga 1234 H.
• Hanya setelah Raja Faisal menaiki tahta menjadi ketua negara Saudi,
hubungan Saudi - Mesir disambung kembali sehingga kini.
KEJATUHAN EMPAYAR OTHMAN 25
26. • POINTS MENYOKONG MAW
• 1.Tuduhan: Asy- Syaikh Muhammad bin Abdul Wahhab adalah seorang yang
mengaku sebagai Nabi : JAWABAN : Kebaikan yang telah beliau sampaikan
itu adalah tauhid dan segala sesuatu yang dicintai dan diridhai Allah
Subhanahu wa Ta’ala. Sedangkan kejelekan yang beliau peringatkan adalah
kesyirikan (Al- Ushul Ats-Tsalatsah)
• 2. Tuduhan: Bahwa beliau sebagai Khawarij, karena telah memberontak
terhadap Daulah ‘Utsmaniyyah. JAWABAN : . Karena Najd kala itu tidak
termasuk wilayah teritorial kekuasaan Daulah Utsmaniyyah5. Demikian pula
sejarah mencatat bahwa kerajaan Dir’iyyah belum pernah melakukan upaya
memberontakan terhadap Daulah ‘Utsmaniyyah.
Lebih dari itu MAW mengatakan –dalam kitabnya Al- Ushulus Sittah:
“Prinsip ketiga: Sesungguhnya di antara (faktor penyebab) sempurnanya
persatuan umat adalah mendengar lagi taat kepada pemimpin (pemerintah),
walaupun pemimpin tersebut seorang budak dari negeri Habasyah
KEJATUHAN EMPAYAR OTHMAN 26
27. • 4. Tuduhan : Mengkafirkan kaum muslimin dan menghalalkan darah
mereka.JAWABAN:Bagaimana mungkin kami berani mengkafirkan orang yang
tidak melakukan kesyirikan atau seorang muslim yang tidak berhijrah ke tempat
kami…?! Maha suci Engkau ya Allah, sungguh ini merupakan kedustaan yang
besar.” (Muhammad bin Abdul Wahhab Mushlihun Mazhlumun Wa Muftara
‘Alaihi, hal. 203)
• 5. Tuduhan: Wahhabiyyah adalah madzhab baru dan tidak mau menggunakan kitab-
kitab empat madzhab besar dalam Islam. JAWABAn:Dan agama yang aku peluk
adalah madzhab Ahlus Sunnah Wal Jamaah yang dianut para ulama kaum muslimin
semacam imam yang empat dan para pengikutnya.” (Lihat Tash-hihu Khatha`in
Tarikhi Haula Al-Wahhabiyyah, hal. 75)
• 6. Tuduhan: Keras dalam berdakwah (inkarul munkar).:JAWABAN: Seorang yang
beramar ma’ruf dan nahi mungkar membutuhkan tiga hal: berilmu tentang apa yang
akan dia sampaikan, bersifat belas kasihan ketika beramar ma’ruf dan nahi
mungkar, serta bersabar terhadap segala gangguan yang menimpanyaDan seorang
muslim tidaklah berbuat kecuali apa yang membuat baik agama dan
dunianya.”(Lihat Muhammad bin Abdul Wahhab, hal. 176)
KEJATUHAN EMPAYAR OTHMAN 27
28. • GOLONGAN MUSUH MAW
• 1) Pihak penentang beliau (Barat dan sekutunya) telah menulis surat kepada
kerajaan Uthmaniyyah bagi meminta bantuan ketenteraan dan mendesak agar
Kerajaan Uthmaniyyah menghalangi usaha-usaha dakwah SMAW. Mereka telah
menakut-nakutkan pemerintah Kerajaan Uthmaniyyah dengan dakwaan jika
Kerajaan Uthmaniyyah tidak campur tangan di dalam masalah ini nescaya
kehebatan kerajaan Uthmaniyyah akan hilang dari hati orang Islam.
• Tidak cukup dengan itu, mereka telah memburuk-burukkan SMAW dengan
menaburkan fitnah-fitnah yang dusta, umpamanya mereka menuduh SMAW telah
membuat mazhab yang kelima, beliau tidak mencintai Rasulullah,tidak mengasihi
para wali dan sebagainya.
•
• 2) Golongan Ulama yang hidup mereka hanya bergantung dengan dakyah-
dakyah yang membesar-besarkan kubur-kubur dan qubbah-qubbah yang dihiasi
dengan pelbagai corak sangat takut dan bimbang dakwah Salafi yang dibawa oleh
SMAW. Lalu mereka menentang habis-habisan SMAW demi untuk menjaga
sumber rezeki mereka.
•
• 3) Sesetengah ulama tidak dapat gambaran yang jelas dan tepat tentang
SMAW dan dakwahnya. Mereka sekadar mendengar daripada orang yang
berhasad dengki tanpa merujuk terus kepada kitab-kitab karangan SMAW.
KEJATUHAN EMPAYAR OTHMAN 28
29. PENGALAMAN DARI GERAKAN MOHD ABDUL WAHAB
• Muhd Abd Wahab adalah pemimpin yg
berilmu & bertaqwa
• Fitnah Barat banyak mencorak fikiran Muslim
• Menentang amalan Syirik adalah tumpuanya
kerana masy. Islam ketika itu amat bergantung
kpd amalan syirik
• Dalam membawa Pembaharuan Fikrah
Islamiah, musuhnya termasuklah Ulama
Sempit selain musuh tradisi ie Barat dan
Juhala’ minal Muslimin
KEJATUHAN EMPAYAR OTHMAN 29
30. SEJARAH OTTOMAN
• GANGGUAN
• PEMBESAR KRISTIAN dan
• FREEMASON
Rashid Pasha
30
- Patriach Gregorius
Paderi Patras
There is some doubt in certain quarters
whether Napoleon himself was a
Freemason or not, in spite of the
confirmation that his four other brothers
were. Shaykh Abdul Qadir as-Sufi and
many other researchers and scholars
opine that Napoleon was a Master
Freemason.
31. PEMBERONTAKAN GREEK
• Barat sentiasa cuba menghapus terus E.O (The Sick man of Europe-1853M)
• Greek merupakan sbhg Negara Islam & ditadbir mengikut Syariat & ini
menimbulkan keresahan yg berpanjangan Paderi & Barat
• Akibat kelemahan E.O, Paderi & Barat menggerakan pemberontakan.
• - Patriach Gregorius menulis : ` MUSTAHIL melemahkan E.O
melalui ketenteraan, kerana mereka begitu tangkas,kental & berani
akibat hubungan Ugama.Merka meredhai Qada & Qadar.Mereka
menghormati Sultan & pimpinan & mereka amat bijak. Oleh itu
• : - Sikap taat kpd Ketua perlu di musnahkan dan E.O mesti diperdaya
utk menerima bantuan asing (Ghzawul fikri) walaupun bermakna
mereka akan kuat buat seketika. Setelah semangat goyah, keyakinan
juga ikut goyah. Semangat & Keyakinan inilah yg membuat mereka
lebih besar dari sebenarnya.
• : - Selepas itu mereka boleh dimusnahkan dgn menambah keyakinan
mereka kpd nilai kebendaan dgn membawa mereka tenggelam dlm
dunia kebendaan. Sebenarnya mengalahkan mereka di medan tempur
adalah tindakan yg amat salah.
KEJATUHAN EMPAYAR OTHMAN 31
32. POPE GREGORIUS (Patriach Istanbul) & LANGKAH PEMUSNAHANYA
• Mengumpulkan Paderi utk menubuhkan Greek Raya (Megali Idea) :langkahnya
• -1)Menubuhkan Gerakan Bawah Tanah dlm E.O & dapatkan dana peniaga2 Rom
• -2)Melantik ketua Gereja Helenia (Anglican=Protestant)) sbg ketua pergerakan
• (Gregory adalah Orthodox ttp memilih Protestant utk ambil hati Eropah)
• 3)Menubuhkan Sykt Perniagaan untuk sumber Gerakan Bawah Tanah
• 4)Menggunakan pemuda Hellenia yg belajar di Eropah
• 5)Dapatkan sokongan kuasa Barat
• Pada 1821M, Paderi Patras menggerakan pemberontakan dgn mengibar bendera gambar
Maryam & melaung
- `WAHAI BANGSA GREEK , MARILAH BANGKIT DAN BUNUHLAH TURKI ‘
Setelah bukti menunjukkan peranan Paderi dlm pemberontakan ini, SMII memecat Patriach
Gregorius dan kemudianya dihukum bunuh pd hari kebesaran Orthodox bersama pembesar
dan ketua pemberontak yg lain
KEJATUHAN EMPAYAR OTHMAN
Unleaven bread
during Eucharist-
leaven or
unleaven bread
Split bet
orhodox &
catholic –
dualiti of
Jesus
Divinity &
humanity
of Jesus
Reforming of Catholic
church due to false
doctrines and
ecclesiastic malpractice
32
33. • Setelah melemahkan GSMAW, maka SMII menyuruh MABasha
menghapuskan pemberontakan di Greek dan berjaya menakluki Nafirin &
Athina pd 1824M walaupun Greek dibantu tentera laut Brirish
• Apabila Kristian Greek dikalahkan, barulah Kristian Barat menampakan
wajah sebenar.Rusia telah menolong Kristian bersma Britain & Perancis
dan kesemuanya meminta Kemerdekaan untuk Greek & di TOLAK SMII.
• Mereka menyerang E/O dan E.O telah dikalahkan.
• PELIKNYA, Perancis dan negara Barat telah meminta MABasha
menyerang pemberontak di Greek tetapi akhirnya MABasha pula di serang
oleh mereka pada 1828M
- (Strategi ini adalah untuk melemahkan tentera E.O supaya mudah dikalah
& mengelirukan seperti Talam Dua Muka walaupun mengorban nyawa
tentera laut Britain)
• Selepas itu Perancis & Britain memisahkan Greek dari E.O
KEJATUHAN EMPAYAR OTHMAN 33
34. M Ali Basha MENYERANG E.O
• MABasha menyerang Yaman selepas itu atas alasan yg kecil & dibuat2 saja iaitu
AliBasha melindungi 6 ribu rakyat Mesir yg enggan sertai tentera MABasha
(rakyat Mesir dlm tentera diberi gaji kecil & layanan buruk berbanding asing)
• Perancis menggalakkan Kristian Yaman utk membantu / bekal senjata kpd
MABasha
• Kemenangan itu, menyebabkan semua sekatan ke atas Kristian & Yahudi di
hilangkan atas nama Keadilan, Kesamaan & Kebebasan (Moto
FREEMASON). Ini menyebabkan pada tahun 1834M, gerakan Kristian kembali
aktif & barat mula membekalkan Gereja2 dgn mesin pencetak untuk kerja
penyebaran.
• Semangat Perkauman juga diaktifkan oleh Barat dgn khusus menghantar Calut
Bek (rakyat Perancis yg tinggal di Mesir) . Akibat dari kejatuhan Yaman,
Perancis menyerang Algeria (1830M), yg lama di idamnya tanpa lawan dari E.O.
DiMana MABasha ketika ini ? Dia disibukkan di Yaman atas aturan
Freemason atau sebahagian dari perancangan bersama ?
• E.O akhirnya diminta menandatangani Perjanjian Kuthaya (1833M) iaitu Perj
antara Rusia & E.O .. Britain & Perancis juga meminta E.O tandatangan perj
damai London pada 1840M konon untuk melindung E.O dari MABasha..
KEJATUHAN EMPAYAR OTHMAN 34
35. DASAR M Ali Basha SELARI DGN MUSUH ISLAM ??
• Melalui bantuan & kerjasama Barat
• 1)Menghapuskan Kerajaan Saudi pertama yg mampu menyaingi Barat
• 2) Membuka pintu utk musuh dgn mewujudkan institusi yg lemahkan Islam
melalui Kelab Freemason & sekolah yg memesong Aqidah
• 3) Membuka peluang kpd syarikat perniagaan Eropah menguasai Ekonomi
• 4) Memberi keistimewaan kpd rakyat Eropah & menghalang rakyat Mesir
• 5) Menekan ajaran Islam sebenar & menghalang umat agar bersatu.
• Menindas para Ulama & Fuqaha
• 6) MABasha menjadi sanjungan Barat dlm meletak boneka di negeri2 lain.
• -Akhirnya, setelah semua matlamat Barat dicapai MABasha, maka giliranya
untuk dilemahkan. Britain telah menyerangnya di Yaman (1841M) dan ¾
askarnya dibunuh.
• -Akibat tua dan nyanyuk akibat ubat Barat (silver nitrate) utk penyakit
dysentry, beliau mati dalam tahun 1849M
• Selepas itu, E.O menjadi rebutan Britain, Perancis & Rusia
KEJATUHAN EMPAYAR OTHMAN 35
36. SULTAN ABDUL MAJID 1 (SAMjI)
• Merupakan Sultan Uthmani yg paling berkemampuan
& suka pembaharuan
• Rangkaian telefon & keretapi di bina
• Naik takhta ketika berumur 18 tahun
• Mengeluarkan pengisytiharan Sultan pada 1839M : ` E.O kita pernah Agung
kerana sentiasa memelihara hukum alQuran yg mulia & syariat yg
sempurna.Namun semenjak 150 tahun yg lalu keadaan berubah teruk
disebabkan ketidakpatuhan kpd Syariat kerana didorong pelbagai krisis..’
• Ulama menentang Sultan kerana memberi Hak yg sama kpd Islam, Kristian
& Yahudi..Ini bertentangan dgn Bab Dzimmah dlm Syariat.
• Sultan dikelilingi oleh rakyat yg meminta agar undang baru dan moden
digubal tanpa mengira Syariat tetapi didasarkan kepada undang2 Eropah
• PM Rashid Basha membentuk J/Kuasa Undang2 diketuai rakyat Perancis
• SAMjI dianggap sbg Sultan Uthmani pertama mengiktiraf usaha pembaratan
akibat beliau terpengaruh dgnn PM RBasha yg terpesona dgn fahaman Barat
& freemason
KEJATUHAN EMPAYAR OTHMAN 36
GAGAH 7/1839 7/1861
37. • Rbasha di pecat pd 1841M ttp menjadi PM semula pd 1845 dgn usaha Freemason
• Akibatnya E.O semakin parah dan merudum di perintah oleh PM yang berdendam
• Najib Fadhil menulis ` Ketiadaan Pemikir & Pejuang Sosial yang hebat & mantap
selama 3 – 4 kurun dan cara pemerintahan dlm E.O telah membuka ruang luas kepada
Golongan Diplomatik yg berfikiran cetek & terpesona dgn barat. Keadaan ini
menyebabkan E.O kehilangan Roh, Kebijaksanaan akal, Kehebatan kemahuan dan
menjadi segalanya lumpuh..’
• Pelan GULHANE : Berkata Paderi ` 1939M Merupakan tahun kemuncak
kemasukan Perancis ke Turki. Tahun bermula penstrukturan semula maka bermulalah
Usaha Perubahan. Kami akan menghantar rombongan Mubaligh utk mengajar
Katolik.Ini adalah merupakan kesempatan Pertama untuk mengukuh kemenang
Ugama…’
• Rombongan Mubaligh pertama ( 7 org) tiba di Istanbul pada 21 Nov 1839 ( 17 hari
selepas Perjanjian) . Sekolah Kristian di buka pd 1840 dgn 230 pelajar.dan pada 1841
mencecah 500.
• Pada 1857M, Tunisia telah melancarkan Perlembagaan sbgmana negara lain spt Istanbul dan
Mesir yg menyatakan perkara berikut dan menjadikan negara menuju dasar sekular dan
samarataan hak :
• 1.)KEBEBASAN: Manusia tak akan mencapai kejayaan kecuali dgn kebebasan
• 2.)KEADILAN: Keadilan akan menjamin dari segala kezaliman
• 3.)KEAMANAN : Keamanan mutlak di jamin kepada semua rakyat
• 4.) SAKSAMA: Org Islam & bukan Islam mempunyai Hak yg samarata
• Ini lah Dokumen Rasmi pertama tak berpandukan Syariat. (Kamal Atartuk kemudian)
KEJATUHAN EMPAYAR OTHMAN 37
38. 38
• Although its origin is very old, Freemasonry was established and developed in England
in 1717; Freemasonry, together with the British Jews and British colonialism, developed
by having agents, sympathizers, deceived and mistaken people everywhere, and they
were made to serve as the satellites of the British.
• Mithat Pasha, who played an important role regarding the issue, has a very interesting
identity. Mithat Pasha, who is the son of a Hungarian rabbi, started to make improvements in
the Turkish state. He opened schools based on Jewish principles and taught revolutionary
doctrines there. Mithat Pasha also established the political party of Young Turks. The murder
of Sultan Abdulaziz was committed in front of the eyes of Mithat Pasha. From this time
forward, however, Midhat Pasha's career resolved itself into a series of strange adventures.
While sympathizing with the ideas and aims of the Young Ottomans (Jacobin Freemason), he
was anxious to restrain their impatience, but the sultan's obduracy led to a coalition between
the grand vizier, the war minister and Midhat Pasha, which deposed him in May 1876. The
sultan was murdered in the following month.
•
The Rescript of Gülhane (political reforms) was announced by the attempts of Mustafa
Rashid Pasha, who benefited from the inexperience of Sultan Abdulmajid on
November 3, 1839. Thereupon, the foreign organizations and minorities
strengthened. Those who adopted those reforms named it as “the Good
Reforms”. Cosmopolitanism, foreign effect and inferiority complex spread.
Therefore, some people named it as “the Evil Reforms”. Mustafa Rashid Pasha,
who announced the Rescript was a member of the Scottish Freemasonry
lodge. (Prof. Dr. Hikmet Tanyu, Siyonizm ve Türkler, İstanbul Bilge Yayınları,
p. I, 281)
Mithat Pasha
39. • Pelan GULHANE The Gülhane Imperial Edict 1839 declared a set of
legal, administrative, and fiscal reforms in order to strengthen the Ottoman
state and make it a member of the new European diplomatic order. The
edict was proclaimed on the accession of the new sultan, Abdülmecit I
(1839 - 1861), on 3 November 1839. It was read by Prime Minister
Mustafa Reşid Paşa to an audience that included the sultan, ministers, top
civilian and military administrators, religious leaders of the Greek,
Armenian, and Jewish communities, and the ambassadors of foreign
countries. After its proclamation, the edict was published in the official
state newspaper and its French translation was sent to various European
states and the embassies in Istanbul.
• Although the Gülhane Imperial Edict gave full legitimacy to
the reformist bureaucrats and inspired further acts of reform,
its implementation involved a gradual process during which
the old institutions and customs were allowed to reach
extinction naturally rather than immediately being eradicated
KEJATUHAN EMPAYAR OTHMAN 39
Rashid Pasha
40. • Sultan yang amat berkemampuan & beridea
utk pembaharuan
• E.O kita pernah Agung kerana sentiasa
memelihara hukum alQuran yg mulia & syariat
yg sempurna.Namun semenjak 150 tahun yg
lalu keadaan berubah teruk…
• Musuh juga makin berani kerana kelemahan
pemerintah..walaupun Sultan jelas tetapi
barah dalam sudah amat mendalam..Musuh
luar pula bersatu menentang E.O
KEJATUHAN EMPAYAR OTHMAN
PENGAJARAN DARI SULTAN ABDUL MAJID 1 (SAMjI)
40
GAGAH
41. • Manfaatkan sektor Perindustrian, Kajian Sains, llmu Ketenteraan, Ilmu Alam Sekitar spt
Matematik, Kimia, Fizik, Kejuruteraan, Biologi & Astronomi SETELAH disahkan bahawa
semua unsur jahiliah di saring dan di selaras dgn Ajaran Islam.
• Asasnya : SEGALA ILMU YANG WAJIB UNTUK MEMPERTAHANKAN UGAMA,
NYAWA,AQL, MARUAH DAN NASAB ADALAH WAJIB DIPELAJARI DARI MANA
SAHAJA IANYA DATANG
• Mengikut jejak mereka dlm soal Ibadat, Dasar ,Kefahaman,Konsep Kehidupan & Falsafah
berkaitan Alam Semesta, Manusia & Kehidupan melibatkan Aqidah, tak perlu dibincangkan &
diharamkan kecuali untuk pengajian dan perbandingan oleh Alim.
• Asasnya : MENGIKUT JEJAK KAFIR DLM SOALAQIDAH DAN FALSAFAH
ADALAH HARAM
• Mengikut jejak dalam Akhlaq, Tata Susila, Budaya, Minda, Hasil Seni, adalah selalunya
bertentangan dgn Islam. Perkara ini adalah diHARAMKAN. Tentang perkara yg tidak diketahui
hukumnya, ia sekurang2nya MAKRUH.
• Asasnya : MENGIKUT2 ADAT RESAM & BUDAYA SESUATU BANGSA KAFIR
ADALAH SEKURANG2NYA MAKRUH & BOLEH MENJADI HARAM (teliti kan)
• ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
• TAQLID . . .PANDANGAN ULAMA MUSTAFA SADIQ AL RIFAE
• Saya merasakan tak sepatutnya Masy Arab mencedok nilai kemajuan Barat secara membabi
buta - sifat masyarakat mundur. Sebaliknya ia perlu dilakukan secara mengkaji dgn
melakukan segala bentuk analisa. Sebenarnya jauh bezanya apabila kita menceduk
KEMAJUAN PALSU, KEBEBASAN HAWA NAFSU, SENI KHAYALAN &
KESERONOKAN YG MENJIJIKAN
LANGKAH MANFAAT TAMADDUN BARAT YANG KAFIR
41
42. • HASAN AL-BANNA
• Islam tak pernah menghalang kita dari mengambil perkara yg bermanfaat.
• Islam melarang sekeras2nya kita meniru mereka yg bukan memeluk Ugama Allah
dgn kita mengenepikan AKHLAQ, FARDHU, HUDUD & HUKUM ALLAH semata2
kerana ingin mengikut langkah mereka yg telah digoda dgn dunia & diperdaya Syaitan
• ABULA’LA MAUDUDI
• Jika disana ada sesuatu yg perlu & layak diambil , ianya adalah hasil kajian ilmu & buah
fikiran yg bernas, kaedah penerokaan dan kaedah kajian.Kita ambil pengajaran segala yg
sesuai dgn keperluan & keadaan kita.
• Faktor Asasi inilah yg kita perlukan tetapi apa yang kita tiru selalunya hanyalah
pakaian mereka, fesyen mereka, makan & minum mereka & jadilah kita hanya
kebodohan & kedangkalan kita (ie kita hany menjadi pembeli produk dumping)
• Jika semua itu bukan faktor kejayaan mereka & sememangnya bukan, kenapa pula kita
nak meniru perkara itu – ia hanyalah penampilan luaran, bukan asas
• SAYYID QUTB
• Rasul saw bersikap tegas dlm pembelajaran nilai Aqidah.Dalam masa yg sama
memberikan ruang yg luas utk berfikr & berlatih dlm soal ilmu kehidupan spt pertanian,
peperangan dll.
• Pedoman hidup berbeza dgn pengalaman hidup.Pedoman hidup adalah dari Allah swt.
KEJATUHAN EMPAYAR OTHMAN 42
43. KENAPA MENIRU KAFIR - TAQLID
• Arus meniru gaya Barat menular ketika mana E.O telah amat lemah serta anasir
perosak telah berada di luar & dalam Emapayar.
• E.O merasa longlai apabila berdepan dgn Kristian yg dikatakan maju & mula meniru
mereka tanpa saringan dan tanpa tapisan
• Semangat ingin juga maju membuat E.O menghantar remaja (dizaman keruntuhan
akhlak & Aqidah dlm E.O) belajar di negara Kristian tanpa persediaan yang kemas
• Akhirnya E.O terpaksa mendapatkan penasihat dari Kafir untuk menjayakannya
• Gelombang TAQLID BUTA mula melanda setelah didorong oleh Aqidah yg lemah
dan dorong Hawa Nafsu ditambah dgn komplot jahat musuh.
• Sikap umat yg kagum akan org Kafir, menyebabkan timbul rasa suka akan mereka.
• ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
• HUKUM TAQLID :
• 1,)Mungkin FASIK jika mentaqlid sikap tidak baik & mungkar seperti minum arak
• 2.)Mungkin HARAM jika meniru cara perayaan dan keraian ugama mereka
• 3.)Mungkin MAKRUH jika tidak disengajakan & dianggap kecil dlm soal kehidupan
• 4.)HARUS jika melibatkan proses pengeluaran makanan, taktik ketenteraan
dsb.Itupun setelah dibersihkan dari unsur syirik dan dosa
KEJATUHAN EMPAYAR OTHMAN 43
44. PENGAJARAN DARI PENGALAMAN TAQLID BUTA
• Memahami fahaman taqlid kerana ianya mudah di gunakan
kpd umat Islam
• Membaca lebih jauh efek sesuatu yg hendak di gunakan di
negara kerana tidak semua yang bernama Pembaharuan itu
baik
• Keadilan, Kesamarataan dan Keterbukaan adalah kalimat yg
nampak biasa tetapi mempunyai konotasi yg bahaya – ianya
juga adalah ASAS PERJUANGAN FREEMASON (ingat Al Fahmu
Al Banna tentang Kalimat yg Meragukan…….)
• Offer yang baik dari Barat seperti Bantuan Tajaan Pelajar,
Bantuan Kewangan, Bantuan Teknikal MESTI di nilai dengan
OBJEKTIF Islam..mereka telah menggunakan nya di
zamanOttoman, bagaimana dgn pelajar yang mendokong
Prinsip Kebebasan Barat di hari ini juga termasuk kafir yang
menyahut yang samaKEJATUHAN EMPAYAR OTHMAN 44
46. SULTAN ABDUL AZIZ 1 (SAA)
• SAA lawat Eropah ketika berlaku pertelagahan di kalangan negara
Eropah
• Beliau dapati semua negara itu ada satu musuh bersama i.e E.O.
• Mereka bergaduh mempertahan hak masing2 ttp mereka Kristian &
memusuhi Empayar Islam
• Eropah memaksa E.O teruskan Dasar Pembaharuan.SAA nyatakan
azamnya untuk meneruskan usaha yg telah dimulakan ayahnya SMII
• SAA menubuhkan Mahkamah Tinggi , majlis Syura Negara
(Parlimen) utk bincang belanjawan. SAA juga tubuh sekolah
menengah yg lebih baik.
• Eropah masih belum puas dgn pembaharuan yg dijalankan SAA dan
pd 1865M : Lord Clarendon, Menteri Luar Britain berkata :
` Satu2nya cara utk memulih keadaan Uthmani ialah dgn
menghapuskanya sama sekali dari muka bumi ini….’
• Pembaharuan Barat tidak berjalan lancar kerana SAA masih
menjalankan Kitab Allah & sunnah dlm urusan Negara
KEJATUHAN EMPAYAR OTHMAN 46
GAGAH 6/1871 5/1876
47. PEMECATAN DAN PEMBUNUHAN SULTAN ABDUL AZIZ
• Perbalahan diantara negara Eropah cuba dimanfaatkan SAA. Beliau kerap
menjemput Duta Rusia untuk mendapatkan sokongan dan Barat menjadi
risau
• SAA telah menolak seluruh Perlembagaan Barat termasuk semua adat
resamnya.
• Beliau berjaya mengukuhkan & memodenkan tentera
• Beliau menubuhkan semula tentera remaja dikalangan semua suku & puak &
tanamkan semangat jihad & membina kilang meriam termoden
• Beliau juga memodenkan sektor perkapalan & pulihkan kebanyakn dermaga
dgn menggunakan pakar Uthmani menggantikan pakar asing yg sentiasa
mencurigai
• Beliau juga membeli kereta perisai & membuat kilang kereta perisai
• Beliau juga memodenkan & mengemaskan sistem Kewangan Negara
• Akhirnya Barat bersekongkol & menyebarkan berita fitnah bahawa SAA
adalah boros & membazir & akhirnya Madhat Basha menggulingkan SAA.
Madhat Basha merupakan seorang Yahudi Dunma & Agen FreemasonKEJATUHAN EMPAYAR OTHMAN 47
GAGAH
6/1871 5/1876
48. PENGAJARAN DARI SULTAN ABDUL AZIZ (SAA)
• Niat musuh : ` Satu2nya cara utk memulih
keadaan Uthmani ialah dgn menghapuskanya
sama sekali dari muka bumi ini….’ (sbb itu di
panggil The Sick Man Of Europe) – harini (2011)Turki
boleh panggil mereka (Portugal, Itali, Iceland, Greece, Spain, PIIGS 2013 ) The
Very Sick Man kerana kebangkrapan mereka dan nasib baik tak masuk Kesatuan
Eropah
• Pemilihan pemimpin amat penting…walaupun
hebat tetapi asas ugama/iman menjadi ciri
terpenting ..Sultan memilih Yahudi atau Kristian
convert perlu berwaspada kerana akhirnya
mereka menjadi musuh dalam selimut
KEJATUHAN EMPAYAR OTHMAN 48
GAGAH
6/1871 5/1876
49. SULTAN MURAD V (SMuV)
• Anak kpd SAMj & memiliki ilmu tinggi mengenai Barat & Turki
• SMuV terlibat dgn Freemason melalui Namiq Kamil. SMuV
cenderung kpd fahaman Liberal, Perlembagaan & sekular
• Freemason lah yg menaikkan beliau menjadi Sultan
• Beliau ditimpa sakit Otak setelah dikejutkan secara mengejut
ketika beliau dijadikan Sultan setelah SAA dilucutkan .
• Kesihatan beliau semakin merosot ketika mana Madhat Basha
mengumumkan Perlembagaan Baru ala Barat menggantikan
Hukum Syara’.
• Penyakit Sultan ini diketahui Umum & pada tahun 1876 ,
Syeikhul Islam mengeluarkan Fatwa bahawa Sultan boleh diganti
jika berpenyakit berterusan & mudharatkan negara
• Setelah turun takhta, beliau tinggal di Istana & bertambah sihat &
hidup 24 tahun lagi KEJATUHAN EMPAYAR OTHMAN 49
GAGAH 5/1876 8/1876
50. PENGAJARAN DARI SULTAN MURAD V (SMuV)
• Sultan yg di naikkan oleh Freemason
• Berkawan rapat dgn Freemason yg termaklum
• Musuh telah meresap begitu mendalam &
merosakkan negara sehinggakan PM berani
mengisytihar perlembagaan yg kafir tanpa
bantahan rakyat
KEJATUHAN EMPAYAR OTHMAN 50
5/1876 8/1875
51. PENGAJARAN AM DAN TANDA2 KERUNTUHAN
• PEMIMPINAN & KEPEMIMPINAN – perlu tegas dan jelas tujuan
Negara. Memilih kepemimpinan dan Pelapis dari mereka2 yang faham,
komited dan telah terbukti. Jangan naikkan seseorang atas dasar
kepandaian berkata atau kekuatan dan visi.
• KETENTERAAN – mestilah dari mereka yg beriman – walaupun
convert & kafir yg menyamar , perlu dikekang kenaikan dlm
tentera…bererti tentera mestilah dari mereka yg di tarbiah & bukan
hanya pandai berpura tetapi keimananya lemah
• RAKYAT – pengikut yang lesu & tidak menentang tindakan salah
menandakan zaman keruntuhan. Budaya luar dari musuh perlu di sekat
kerana rakyat mudah bertaqlid. Galakkan memikir & hapuskan taqlid.
Rakyat mesti diajak bersama menjaga kepentingan negara
KEJATUHAN EMPAYAR OTHMAN 51
52. PENGAJARAN AM DAN TANDA2 KERUNTUHAN
• MUSUH – mesti sentiasa menilai musuh dan kesatuan musuh. Mereka
akan sentiasa mencari peluang & berniat menjatuhkan Islam. Budaya &
permintaan mereka perlu berwaspada & penilaian tinggi Syara.Lebih
bahaya adalah musuh dlm selimut ie Org Islam Bertopi Barat & musuh
sirri seperti Freemason, Illuminati, Tentera musuh dsb.Peranan Negara
Luar dlm politik dunia juga amat penting
• TAQLID - Budaya Pak turut mesti dihapuskan kerana budaya taqlid akan
digunakan musuh bagi mempengaruhi kerana media tanpa sempadan dan
juga ghazwul fikri musush (perang saraf) akan menghancurkan negara.
• ULAMA YANG BERKEPENTINGAN – Ulama yang telah mendapat
kedudukan juga perlu dijaga seperti berlaku di zaman MAW. Mereka yang
telah selesa dengan keadaan berpendapatan walaupun atas dasar
kesyirikan/ghuluw seperti menjaga kuburan syeikh, ustaz tahlil akan
menjdi penentang kepada pembaharuan tulin
KEJATUHAN EMPAYAR OTHMAN 52
53. • Waspada dari Fikrah Musuh : Kepeminpinan negara harus
berwaspada akan definisi yg dimaskudkan musuh apabila
mereka mengajak umat Islam supaya Adil, Terbuka,
Saksama, Kesamarataan, Semua ugama mengajak kepada
kebaikan, Kebaikan adalah terma Universal, Nilai global
seperti Mengikut Kehendak Global, Demokrasi - jangan
tertipu & terperangkap dgn musuh,
mengucap Salam & mengungkap
bahawa Umar Abd Aziz adalah pemimpin
yg baik kerana Napoleon telah berbuat lebih
dari itu. Beliau & peg Perancis telah mengaku
masuk Islam & mengambil wanita Islam sbg
isteri dizaman Sul Salim III DEMI utk
megabui mata Umat dan BERJAYA
KEJATUHAN EMPAYAR OTHMAN 53
54. SEKIAN SAHAJA YANG TERMAMPU SAYA
SEDIAKAN UNTUK TATAPAN
IKHWAH / AKHAWAT
• SHUKRAN DAN SEMOGA ALLAH SWT
MEMBERI KITA KEKUATAN UNTUK BELAJAR
DARI PENGALAMAN ORANG2 TERDAHULU.
KEJATUHAN EMPAYAR OTHMAN 54
56. • BEBERAPA DEFINASI DARI BARAT YANG BOLEH
MEMERANGKAP UMMAT ISLAM AYNG TIDAK
MEMAHAMI ERTI SEBENAR AKAN KALIMAT YANG
DIGUNAPAKAI
• APA ERTI KEBEBASAN MANUSIA MENGIKUT BARAT
( BANGSA-BANGSA BERSATU)
• - AMAT BERLAWANAN DENGAN ISLAM
57. • Articles: : RIGHTS OF MAN…..UNITED NATION
• Men are born and remain free and equal in rights. Social distinctions
may be founded only upon the general good.
• The aim of all political association is the preservation of the natural
and imprescriptible rights of man. These rights are liberty, property,
security, and resistance to oppression.
• The principle of all sovereignty resides essentially in the nation. No
body nor individual may exercise any authority which does not
proceed directly from the nation.
• Liberty consists in the freedom to do everything which injures no
one else; hence the exercise of the natural rights of each man has no
limits except those which assure to the other members of the society the
enjoyment of the same rights. These limits can only be determined by
law.
• Law can only prohibit such actions as are hurtful to society. Nothing
may be prevented which is not forbidden by law, and no one may be
forced to do anything not provided for by law.
58. • Law is the expression of the general will. Every citizen has a right to
participate personally, or through his representative, in its foundation.
It must be the same for all, whether it protects or punishes. All citizens,
being equal in the eyes of the law, are equally eligible to all dignities and to
all public positions and occupations, according to their abilities, and
without distinction except that of their virtues and talents.
• No person shall be accused, arrested, or imprisoned except in the cases
and according to the forms prescribed by law. Any one soliciting,
transmitting, executing, or causing to be executed, any arbitrary order, shall
be punished. But any citizen summoned or arrested in virtue of the law
shall submit without delay, as resistance constitutes an offense.
• The law shall provide for such punishments only as are strictly and
obviously necessary, and no one shall suffer punishment except it be
legally inflicted in virtue of a law passed and promulgated before the
commission of the offense.
• As all persons are held innocent until they shall have been declared
guilty, if arrest shall be deemed indispensable, all harshness not essential to
the securing of the prisoner's person shall be severely repressed by law.
59. • No one shall be disquieted on account of his opinions, including his religious
views, provided their manifestation does not disturb the public order established by
law.
• The free communication of ideas and opinions is one of the most precious of the
rights of man. Every citizen may, accordingly, speak, write, and print with freedom,
but shall be responsible for such abuses of this freedom as shall be defined by law.
• The security of the rights of man and of the citizen requires public military forces.
These forces are, therefore, established for the good of all and not for the personal
advantage of those to whom they shall be entrusted.
• A common contribution is essential for the maintenance of the public forces and for the
cost of administration. This should be equitably distributed among all the citizens in
proportion to their means.
• All the citizens have a right to decide, either personally or by their representatives, as to
the necessity of the public contribution; to grant this freely; to know to what uses it is
put; and to fix the proportion, the mode of assessment and of collection and the
duration of the taxes.
• Society has the right to require of every public agent an account of his administration.
• A society in which the observance of the law is not assured, nor the separation of
powers defined, has no constitution at all.
• Since property is an inviolable and sacred right, no one shall be deprived thereof except
where public necessity, legally determined, shall clearly demand it, and then only on
condition that the owner shall have been previously and equitably indemnified.
60. • Suleiman
• Suleiman personally instituted legislative changes relating to society, education, taxation, and
criminal law. His canonical law (or the Kanuns) fixed the form of the empire for centuries
after his death
• As Suleiman stabilized his European frontiers, he now turned his attention to the ever present
threat posed by the Shi'a Safavid dynasty of Persia (Iran).
• SELIM II
• The first Sultan devoid of military interest - abandon power to his ministers
• MURAD III
• Numerous envoys and letters were exchanged between Elizabeth I and Sultan Murad III.[In
one correspondence, Murad entertained the notion that Islam and Protestantism had "much
more in common than either did with Roman Catholicism, as both rejected the worship of
idols", and argued for an alliance between England and the Ottoman Empire.
• To the dismay of Catholic Europe, England exported tin and lead (for cannon-casting) and
ammunitions to the Ottoman Empire, and Elizabeth seriously discussed joint military
operations with Murad III during the outbreak of war
WHAT THE WEST SAYS ABOUT THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE
61. • MEHMED III
• Remains notorious even in Ottoman history for having 19 of his brothers and half brothers murdered to
secure power. They were all strangled by his deaf-mutes. Mehmed III was an idle ruler, leaving government
to his mother
• Ottoman defeats in the war caused Mehmed III to take personal command of the army, the first sultan to do
so since Suleyman I
• His third oldest son, Jahja, is of interest to some because he reportedly converted to Eastern Orthodox
Christianity and campaigned for a good part of his life to gain the Ottoman Imperial throne, to which his
younger brother Ahmed I succeeded to in 1603. Feeling cheated, he spent years developing and
implementing conspiracies to further his ambitions. Travelling mostly across Western Europe, he promised
several backers as well as four Roman Catholic Popes that he would make Christianity the state religion of
the Ottoman sultanate if he ever succeeded to the Imperial throne.
• AHMAD I
• He was responsible for the destruction of the musical clock organ that Elizabeth I of England sent to the
court during the reign of his father.
• The reason for this may have been Ahmed's religious objection to figurative art or the fact that the complex
organ served as a daily reminder of the waxing influence and power of the West.
• MUSTAFA I
• Mustafa I was reported to be mentally retarded or at least neurotic and was never more than a tool of court
cliques at the Topkapı Palace. During the reign of his brother, he was confined to his room in virtual
imprisonment, a system called Kafes, for fourteen years
• In 1618, after a short rule, he was deposed in favour of his young nephew Osman II (1618–22) and was sent
back to Kafes. The conflict between the Janissaries and Osman II presented him with a second chance.
After the assassination of Osman II in 1622 by Janisaries, he was placed back on the throne
62. • OSMAN II
• At a young age his mother paid a lot of attention to his education, as a result of this Osman II was a
known poet and had mastered many languages, including Arabic, Persian, Greek, Latin and Italian. He
ascended the throne at the early age of 14 as the result of a coup d'état against his uncle Mustafa
• Probably the first Sultan to identify and attempt to tackle the Janissaries as a praetorian institution doing
more harm than good to the modern empire, Osman II closed their coffee shops (the gathering points for
conspiracies against the throne) and started planning to create a new, loyal and ethnic Turkic army
consisting of Anatolian, Mesopotamian and Egyptian Turks and Turkmens. The result was a palace
uprising by the janissaries, who promptly imprisoned the young sultan
• MURAD IV
• In the early years of Murad's reign, he was under the control of his relatives. During this period, peace
and harmony in the Ottoman lands were completely lost and tyrants took control of the cities
• Murad IV tried to quell the corruption that had grown during the reigns of previous Sultans, and that had
not been checked while his mother was ruling through proxy. He addressed this corruption with several
policy changes, such as limiting wasteful spending.
• Murad IV had himself succeeded their older brother Osman II in 1622, and had ordered his three other
brothers executed
• Murad IV also banned alcohol, tobacco, and coffee in Constantinople. He ordered execution for breaking
this ban. He would patrol the streets and taverns of Constantinople in civilian clothes at night, policing the
enforcement of his command. By prohibiting tobacco he assimilated the idles gathering in the taverns
• that even though he was a ruthless supporter of alcohol prohibition, Murat IV was a habitual drinker
• Murad IV was the last Warrior Sultan who led campaigns in front of his army and fought on the
battlefield. His physical strength was phenomenal, which is described in detail on the books of Evliya
Çelebi. He was especially known for his exceptional strength in wrestling - capable of fighting several
opponents at the same time. His favorite weapon was a huge mace, weighing 60 kilograms (132 lbs),
which he wielded effortlessly with a single hand
63. • IBRAHIM I
• One of the most famous Ottoman Sultans, he was released from the Kafes and succeeded his
brother Murad IV (1623–40) in 1640, though against the wishes of Murad IV, who had
ordered him killed upon his own death
• Ibrahim at first stayed away from politics, but eventually he took to raising and executing a
number of viziers... Ibrahim's rule grew ever more unpredictable. Eventually, he was deposed
in a coup led by the Sheikh ul-Islam.
• MEHMED IV
• He ascended in 1648 at the age of only six. His ascension marked the end of a very volatile
time for the Ottoman Dynasty; there had been a Mustafa I deposed twice and two Sultans
killed, including Mehmed’s father and predecessor, Ibrahim
• In 1687 he was deposed by the combined forces of janissaries
• SULEIMAN II
• When he was approached to accept the throne after his brother's deposition in 1687, he
assumed that the delegation had come to kill him - only with the greatest persuasion that he
could be tempted out to be ceremonially girded with the Sword of Osman
• MUSTAFA II
• At the end of his reign, Mustafa II sought to restore power to the Sultanate, which had been an
increasingly symbolic position since the middle of the 17th century, when Mehmed IV had
signed over his executive powers to the Grand Vizier.
64. • AHMAD III
• Ahmed III cultivated good relations with France, doubtless in view of Russia's menacing
attitude. In fact both his wives were Frenchwomen
• Ahmed III left the finances of the Ottoman Empire in a flourishing condition, which had
remarkably been obtained without excessive taxation or extortion procedures.
• On 28 September 1730, Patrona Halil with a small group of fellow Janissaries aroused some
of the citizens of Constantinople[1][2] who opposed the reforms of Ahmet III.[3] Sweeping up
more soldiers Halil led the riot to the Topkapı Palace and demanded the death of the grand
vizer, Nevşehirli Damat İbrahim Pasha and the abdication of Ahmet II
• Osman III
• His brief reign saw the rising intolerance of non-Muslims (Christians and Jews being required
to wear distinctive clothes or badges) and for a fire in Constantinople
• ABDUL HAMID I
• Abdülhamid was imprisoned for most of the first forty-two years of his life by his cousins
Mahmud I and Osman III and his older brother Mustafa III, as was custom.
• In spite of his failures, Abdülhamid was regarded as the most gracious Sultan of the
Ottomans. He administrated the fire brigade during the fire in 1782. In Constantinople, he
won the admiration of his people as he was so religious that he was called a "Veli" (saint).
65. SALIM III
• The talents and energy with which Selim III was endowed had endeared him to the people, and great
hopes were founded on his accession. He had associated much with foreigners, and was thoroughly
persuaded of the necessity of reforming his state
• MUSTAFA IV
• Mustafa came to the throne in the wake of the turbulent events that led to the fatwa against Selim for
"introduce[ing] among the Moslems the manners of infidels and show[ing] an intention to suppress the
Janissaries.” Selim fled to the palace, where he swore fealty to his cousin as the new sultan, and
attempted to commit suicide. Mustafa spared his life by smashing the cup of poison that his cousin
attempted to drink
• Mustafa's brief reign was turbulent. Immediately upon ascending to the throne, the janissaries rioted
throughout Istanbul, looting and murdering anyone who appeared to support Selim. More threatening,
however, was a truce signed with the Russians, which freed Mustafa Bayrakdar, a pro-reformist
commander stationed on the Danube to march his army back to Constantinople in an effort to restore
Selim. With the aid of the Grand Vizier of Adrianople, the army marched on the capital and seized the
palace.
• Attempting to secure his position by positing himself as the only surviving heir of Osman, Mustafa ordered
both Selim and his brother Mahmud murdered He then ordered his guards to show the rebels Selim's
body and they promptly tossed it into the inner courtyard of the palace. Mustafa then ascended his
throne, assuming that Mahmud was also dead, but the prince had been hiding in the furnace of a bath.
Just as the rebels demanded that Mustafa "yield his place to a worthier," Mahmud revealed himself, and
Mustafa was deposed. The failure of his short reign prevented the efforts to undo the reforms, which
continued under Mahmud
66. • MEHMUD II
• During the early years of Mahmud II's reign, his governor of Egypt Mehmet Ali Paşa successfully
reconquered the holy cities of Medina (1812) and Mecca (1813) from the Nejdi rebels.
• Among Mahmud II's most notable acts during his reign was the abolition of the Janissary corps in
1826, permitting the establishment of a European-style conscript army, recruited largely from Turkish
speakers of Asia Minor. Mahmud was also responsible for the subjugation of the Iraqi Mamluks
• As Mahmud II ordained these changes, he personally set an example of reform by regularly attending
the Divan, or state council, instead of secluding himself . The practice of the Sultan avoiding the Divan
had been introduced as long ago as the reign of Suleiman I, and was considered as one of the causes of
the decline of the Empire by a Turkish historian nearly two centuries before Mahmud II's time.
• ABDUL MEJID
• His reign was notable for the rise of nationalist movements within the empire's territories. Abdülmecid
wanted to encourage Ottomanism among the secessionist subject nations and stop the rise of
nationalist movements within the empire, but failed to succeed despite trying to integrate non-Muslims
and non-Turks more thoroughly into the Ottoman society with new laws and reforms.
• Abdülmecid's biggest achievement was the announcement and application of the Tanzimat
(Reorganization) reforms which were prepared by his father Mahmud II and effectively started the
modernization of Ottoman Empire in 1839.
• He was an advocate of reforms like his father Mahmud II, and was lucky enough to have the support
of progressionist viziers like Mustafa Reşit Pasha
• Hatt-ı Hümayun. By these enactments it was provided that all classes of the sultan's subjects
should have security for their lives and property; that taxes should be fairly imposed and justice
impartially administered; and that all should have full religious liberty and equal civil rights.
The scheme met with keen opposition from the Muslim governing classes and the ulema
67. • The most important measures of reform promoted by Abdülmecid were:
• Introduction of the first Ottoman paper banknotes (1840)
• Reorganization of the army (1843–1844)
• Adoption of an Ottoman national anthem and Ottoman national flag (1844)
• Reorganization of the finance system according to the French model
• Reorganization of the Civil and Criminal Code according to the French model
• Establishment of the Meclis-i Maarif-i Umumiye (1845) which was the prototype of the First
Ottoman Parliament (1876)
• Institution of a council of public instruction (1846)
• Establishment of the first modern universities and academies (1848)
• Abolition of an unfairly imposed capitation tax which imposed higher tariffs on non-Muslims
(1856)
• Non-Muslims were allowed to become soldiers (1856)
• Various provisions for the better administration of the public service and for the advancement
of commerce
• Another notable reform was that the turban was officially outlawed for the first time during
Abdülmecid's reign, in favour of the fez. European fashions were also adopted in full swing
by the Court.
• ABDUL AZIZ
• Abdülaziz received an Ottoman education but was nevertheless an ardent admirer of the
material progress that was made in the West
• the Tanzimat reforms which began during the reign of his brother Abdülmecid I were
continued under the leadership of his chief ministers
68. • In 1867 he was the first Ottoman sultan to visit Western Europe; his trip included a visit
to the United Kingdom, where he was made a Knight of the Garter by Queen Victoria
• The crop failure of 1873, the sultan's lavish expenditures for the Ottoman Navy and the
new palaces which he built, and the mounting public debt heightened public discontent.
Abdülaziz was deposed by his ministers on 30 May 1876; his death at Feriye Palace in
Constantinople a few days later was attributed to suicide at the time,[14] although in Sultan
Abdulhamid II's recently surfaced memoirs, the event is described as an assassination by
the order of Hussein Avni Pasha and Midhat Pasha
• MURAD
• He was highly influenced by French culture. He reigned for 93 days before being deposed
on the grounds that he was supposedly mentally ill, however his opponents may likely
have used those grounds to stop his implementation of democratic reforms.[
• When Sultan Murad V began to show signs of paranoia, madness and continuous fainting
and vomiting even on the day of his coronation and threw himself to a pool yelling at his
guards to protect his life, they were afraid the public would become outraged and revolt
to bring the former Sultan back, so in a few days, on 4 June 1876, they arranged for
Sultan Abdülaziz to kill himself with a scissors, cutting his two wrists at the same
time.[15] It was unclear how the Sultan got hold of a scissors in the tower prison cell he
was imprisoned in, how he managed to cut two wrists at once since no autopsy was
allowed afterwards. The event was recorded as suicide officially and he was buried in
Istanbul.
69. • What is more troubling with modern Turkey (since 1909) is that its secularist
fundamentalist leadership has had been directly linked with Freemasonry.The leaders of
the Turkish Masonic lodges are subordinate to those of Tel Aviv and France and Italy,
taking directive from them. There lies the explanation for Turkey’s roles vis-à-vis the
Palestine-Israel conflict and the Arab/Muslim world.
• In his book – “Revival of Islam in Modern Turkey,” Professor Uriel Heyd of the Hebrew
University of Jerusalem, after reviewing the history of westernization in modern Turkey,
asked the crucial question: were the Kemalists able to impair Islamic aspiration totally
within the Turks? His answer was a flat ‘NO.’ He said that the Kemalists have had only
support within the urban elite section of the populace. In the rural areas things were (and
are still) quite different. Even in cities, the adherents of Tijaniya, a North-African Sufi
order, demonstrated their hatred of secular changes of Ataturk by systematically
smashing many of his idolized statues. The most widespread call for Muslim resurgence
since the 1950s had come from Nurcus, the followers of a Kurdish Shaykh -
Badiuzzaman Said al-Nursi. [Nursi called for the reestablishment of a truly Islamic state
that is based on the Qur'an and Sunnah and ruled by a council of Ulama. His views were
unwelcome in the secular state, and he was imprisoned and severely persecuted.
Freemasons were also behind the persecution of great Islamic thinkers - Sehbenderzade
Filibeli Ahmed Hamdi, Iskilipli Atif Hoca and Suleyman Hilmi Tunahan in the last
century. Outside Nurcus, there are quite a few concerned Muslims, e.g., Husayn Hilmi
Isik, who have also tried to keep the lamp of Islam burning by educating the masses