Sultan Abdul Hamid II is avery strong and inspiring visionary leader of the late Ottoman Empire. His is the last great Sultan of the Islamic Empire. Plot by Jew to topple and bribe him failed.

1. ZAMAN SULTAN ABDUL HAMID II
1876 - 1909
‫العثمانية‬ ‫الدولة‬
TAJUK BUKU :
FAKTOR
KEBANGKIATAN &
SEBAB KEJATUHAN
EMPAYAR UTHMANIAH
PENULIS :
Dr. ALI MUHAMMAD
As-SOLABI
PART 2

2. Pan-Islamism secara
realistik – Gagal.

3. “Apakah kamu ingin mengumpulkan
angka-angka kosong? Tidak boleh tidak
kita mesti mengasaskan semula dari
bawah.”•
Amir Syakib Arsalan.

4. Membawa kemajuan
kepada Daulah
Uthmaniyyah

5. Memperbaiki sistem
pendidikan Daulah
Uthmaniyyah.

6. • Membersihkan unsur-unsur kebaratan
dalam pendidikan Uthmaniyyah.
• Memasukkan pelajaran Fiqh, tafsir, dan
akhlaq sebagai matapelajaran penting.
• Mengambil berat pendidikan wanita –
menubuhkan institusi khas - dan
menghalang percampuran bebas.
• Membanteras budaya ‘wanita
bermusafir’ tanpa muhrim dan dengan
pakaian tidak syarie.

7. SEKOLAH MODEN DI ZAMAN SULTAN ABDUL HAMID

8. PELAJAR BELAJAR BERMAIN PEDANG

9. GAMBAR PELAJAR : ALUMNI SEKOLAH OTTOMAN

10. Menubuhkan
Madrasah Al-’Asyaair

11. • Sekolah yang menghimpunkan
pelajar dari 10 wilayah Arab
(Halab,Baghdad,etc)
• Tempoh pembelajaran selama 5
tahun dengan biaya penuh oleh
Daulah.
• Cuti sekali setiap 2 tahun di bawah
tanggungan Daulah.

12. Membina pelbagai
infrastruktur daulah yang
baru.
Universiti-Hospital-Pejabat

13. HOSPITAL MODEN DI ZAMAN OTTOMAN

14. HOSPITAL MODEN DI ZAMAN OTTOMAN

15. Memperkuat ketenteraan
daulah Uthmaniyyah.
Kerjasama latihan tentera German

16. PEMBINAAN TENTERA LAUT KE 3 TERKUAT DI DUNIA

17. PEMBINAAN TENTERA TERKUAT DI DUNIA

18. PEMBINAAN TENTERA TERKUAT DI DUNIA

19. PEMBINAAN TENTERA TERKUAT DI DUNIA KETIKA ITU

20. Tentera darat Othmaniyyah
diletakkan sebagai yang terkuat
di dunia dan tentera lautnya
ketiga terkuat selepas England
dan Perancis.

21. Mengurangkan hutang
Daulah Uthmaniyyah.
Dari 2528 million emas kepada 106 million
emas

22. Pemecatan &
Pengusiran

23. FITNAH TERHADAP SULTAN
• Sultan amat berwspada dgn PERTUBUHAN KESATUAN DAN
PEMBANGUNAN (PKP) kerana kumpulan ini bersekongkol dgn Freemason
Jacobian
• Setelah gagal untuk berbuat dakyah negatif kepada terhadap Sultan kerana
Rakyat masih di belakang Khalifah Islamiah, maka mereka bersekongkol untuk
membuat fitnah baru :
• i.) Merancang Insiden 31 April
• - Freemason telah merancang pemberontakan besar dan menyebabkan
beberapa ahli PKP tergadai nyawa dan akhirnya termasuk campurtangan
Eropah . Terjadilah Pemberontakan 31 April yang besar
ii.) Sultan Membakar Mashaf
- Yahudi membakar Mashaf dan menuduh Sultan melakukanya
iii.) Membazir
- Menuduh Sulatn membazir duit rakyat dengan menhabiskanya seperti kelas
piano anaknya dan membelibelah di Eropah
iv.) Zalim dan Membunuh
- Mengarahkan Askar membunuh rakyat ketika memberontak

24. PKP & YAHUDI MENGGUNAKAN ISLAM
• Rakyat Othmani sekelian, tujuan kami hanyalah utk
menjaga Keselamatan Empayar & Khalifah dgn
bantuan Allah & keprihatinan saudara sekelian
• Umat Islam sekelian, Kami telah berjaya
menyingkirkan Sultan yg zalim. Sultan yg tidak
beriman dan sanggup meletakan alQuran di tapak
kaki. Sultan yg memusnahkan hati & Iman.
• Bangkitlah Umat Muhammad
• Kemenangan hanya dari Allah dan kemenangan
semakin hampir.
• Bangkitlah Umat Islam yg mengesakan Allah.
Selamatkan Ugama & Iman mu.

25. “Jika seorang Khilafah mengambil remeh masalah agama,
menggunakan duit kerajaan dengan sewenang-wenang
nya, disabit dgn kesalahan hukum Islam dgn membunuh
orang, menangkap orang tanpa sebab kemudian berjanji
utk tidak melakukan lagi namun melakukan kesalahan
yang sama serta mengancam kesalamatan seluruh umat
Islam di seluruh dunia maka Khalifah tersebut hendaklah
disingkirkan dari pejabatnya.
Jika ketiadaannya memberi maslahat yang lebih maka
dia mempunyai dua pilihan, samada dibuang atau
meletakkan jawatan dengan serta merta.”
Sheikhul Islam Mohammed Dia’Aldin Affandi
SEBAHAGIAN DARI TEKS FATWA YANG DIPAKSA OLEH GOLONGAN
REVOLUSI DIKELUARKAN TERHADAP SULTAN ABDUL HAMID pd 27
APRIL 1909

26. PENGUSIRAN SULTAN ABDUL HAMID

27. “Entahlah, di saat hidup dan matiku tidak
menentu, aku terasa begitu tenang dan aman.
Seperti sebuah gunung besar yang selama ini
menghempap dadaku, diangkat penuh
kelegaan.”
Memoir Sultan Abdul Hamid II

28. “Sabarlah anakku, Ummah tidak
tahu apa yang telah mereka lakukan
kepada umat Muhammad ini.”
Memoir Sultan Abdul Hamid II

29. “Aku yakin yang ahli sejarah akan
membelaku. Seandainya ahli sejarah
Turki tidak melakukannya sekali pun,
aku pasti akan ada ahli sejarah luar
yang akan menegakkan keadilan
buatku.”
Memoir Sultan Abdul Hamid II

30. PENYESALAN AHLI PKP
• Anwar Basha berkata kepada Jamal Basha ` Jamal, Adakah kau tau dosa
kita? ‘ Selepas termenung lama, beliau berkata ` Kita tidak mengenali
Sultan Ab Hamid, oleh itu kita menjadi alat Zionis & kita dipergunakan
oleh Freemason Dunia. Kita telah menolong ZIONIS dan inilah dosa kita
sebenar.
• Ayub Sobri, Pemimpin sayap Tentera PKP berkata dgn kesal ` Kita telah
terperangkap dlm jaringan Yahudi. Kita laksanakan hasrat Yahudi hanya
untuk 2 keping wang Lira Emas. Sultan telah di tawarkan 3 juta wang
lira emas tetapi dia menolaknya.’
• Najmuddin Erbakan berkata `Gerakan Freemason berkerja keras uk
singkirkan Sultan dan akhirnya berjaya. Cawangan Freemason pertama
dibuka oleh Amil Carasso yg merupakan seorang Zionis .’ (Emmanuel
Carasso – Yahudi Sepanyol – Gerakan Young Turk – Peguam - Wakil
Salonika dlm Dewan Rakyat -

31. TAMAT :
SAAT-SAAT AKHIR
ZAMAN EMPAYAR
OTHMAIYYAH
FAKTOR-FAKTOR KEJATUHAN EMPAYAR

32. • FAKTOR KEJATUHAN EMPAYAR OTTOMAN
1.) SALAH SATU TUNTUTAN IMAN YANG SEBENAR –
KESETIAAN DAN KETELUSAN
2.)FAHAMAN SEMPIT TENTANG IBADAT
3.)KEMUNCULAN BUDAYA SYIRIK, KHURAFAT DAN
BIDAAH
4.)PENYELEWANGAN TARIKAT SUFI
5.) KEMUNCULAN KUMPULAN SESAT
6.) LENYAPNYA PIMPINAN RABBANI
7.) MENUTUP PINTU IJTIHAD
8.) KEZALIMAM BERMAHARAJALELA
9.) KEMEWAHAN DAN TENGGELAM DALAM
KESERONOKAN
10.) PERTELINGKAN DAN PERPECAHAN

33. 1.) SALAH SATU TUNTUTAN IMAN YANG SEBENAR – KESETIAAN DAN KETELUSAN
Dan sesiapa yang berpaling ingkar dari ingatan dan
pertunjukKu, maka sesungguhnya adalah baginya
kehidupan yang sempit, dan Kami akan himpunkan
dia pada hari kiamat dalam keadaan buta".
Orang-orang kafir Yahudi dari Bani Israil telah dilaknat
(di dalam Kitab-kitab Zabur dan Injil) melalui lidah
Nabi Daud dan Nabi Isa ibni Maryam. Yang demikian
itu disebabkan mereka menderhaka dan selalu
menceroboh.
Janganlah orang-orang yang beriman mengambil
orang- orang kafir menjadi teman rapat dengan
meninggalkan orang-orang yang beriman. Dan sesiapa
yang melakukan (larangan) yang demikian maka
tiadalah ia (mendapat perlindungan) dari Allah dalam
sesuatu apapun, kecuali kamu hendak menjaga diri
daripada sesuatu bahaya yang ditakuti dari pihak
mereka (yang kafir itu). Dan Allah perintahkan supaya
kamu beringat-ingat terhadap kekuasaan diriNya
(menyeksa kamu). Dan kepada Allah jualah tempat
kembali.

34. 5.) KEMUNCULAN KUMPULAN SESAT
• Kumpulan syiah imam 12,Nasiri, Ismaili,
Qadiani, Bahai dan Druze
• Kesemua mereka sentiasa berpakat dgn
musuh utk menyerang Islam
• Nasiri dgn MohdAli Pasha menyerang
Shams
• Qadiani di cipta British
• Bahai dicipta Russia dan Yahudi
• Ismaili di sokong Perancis

35. HASIL KAJIAN
• HASIL KAJIAN :
• 1.) Sejarah E.O terdedah kpd perbuatan pembohongan, pemalsuan dan
pencemaran dari Yahudi, Kristian, dan Sekular
• 2.) Termasuk juga Ahli Sejarah Arab dan Turki
• 3.) Kuasa Eropah membiayai haluan yg anti-khalifah dgn membantu ahli
sejarah Mesir mengukuhkan semangat perkauman eg alBustani, alYaziji,
George Zaidan
• 4.) Freemason berjaya menguasai pemikiran Fahaman Kebangsaan dlm
Negara Islam Mengikut arahan Freemason berbanding tuntutan bangsa
mereka sendiri terutama yang dituntut Islam
• 5.) Ahli Sejarah yg berusaha mencemar nama baik E.O bertindak
memalsukan fakta sejarah
• 6.) Beberapa Sejarawan yg mempertahankan E.O. eg alShanawi E.O-
Empayar yg Di Fitnah (3 jld) Dr Muhd Harb-Othmani-Sejarah dan Budaya
dsb
• 7.) Kaum Turki memeluk Islam sejak zaman Othman bin Affan.Setelah
memeluk Islam, mereka berkabilah datang menyokong E.O. dan menyertai
Istana, tentera dan pentadbiran EO

36. HASIL KAJIAN
• 8.) Kaum Saljuk (Turki) menyelamatkan Khalifah Abbasiah menetang
Buwehi (Syiah) di Iran dan Iraq,Saljuk diketuai Turgul Bek
• 9.) Selepas itu Saljuk dipimpin Alp Arsalan yg mahir dan berani. Dan diikuti
Nizam al Mulk Tusi
• 10.) Kejatuhan Saljuk disebabkan i) campurtangan wanita dalam
pemerintahan ii.) kelemahan Khalifah Abbasiah iii.) angkara golongan
Batini yg membunuh Suktan. Pemimpin Saljuk dan panglima
• 11.) Saljuk memberi impak besar kepada sejarah Islam dan perkembangan
selama 2 kurun eg Salahuddin al Ayyubi.

37. TAMAT :
FAKTOR-FAKTOR
KEJATUHAN EMPAYAR
Nota-nota tambahan

38. How to counter Europe?
Imitate Europe.( Mahmud II and Abdülmecid I)
• “New Order” – Military reforms (training,
recruitment, education) (1789)
• Janissaries destroyed 1826
• Tanzimat (1839-1876)
– Establishes rule of law, economic freedom, abolish
legal differences among religions
• Constitution limiting the power of the Sultan
(1876-1878) (first Turkish parliament opens in
1877)

39. How to counter Europe? Authoritarianism and
Islam. (Sultan Abdul Hamid) (1876-1909)
• Throw out constitution
• Reject Tanzimat
• Stress on Islam
• Increase ties to Germany
• Military and educational reforms
• Censorship and authoritarianism

40. Did this work? No.
• 1877-1878: Most Ottoman lands in Europe are lost to
European powers and Russia in war
• 1881: Europeans take over financial control of the Empire
• 1882: British take over Egypt
• 1885: Bulgaria and Eastern Rumelia unite in an independent
and powerful state allied with Russia and Germany – a threat
to the Empire
• 1887: Greeks attempt to take Crete from Empire in war and
are not successful, but England, France and Russia intervene,
making Prince George of Greece the ruler of Crete.
• (becos : Tanzimat 1876 had limited the power of the Sultan –
and the many agreements in the wrong place)

41. The End of the Empire
• Paris Peace Conference (1919)
• Treaty of Sevres (1920)
• San Remo Conference (1920)

42. Faysal’s Arab Government in Damascus (1918-
1920)
• Opportunity for Arabs to rule themselves as Arabs
from former heart of Umayyad Caliphate
• Discussions intensify among Arabs – what kind of
state will this be?
• General Syrian Congress elects Faysal King in 1920
• After San Remo, French demand that Faysal be
removed, a battle follows, the French win and
Faysal’s government is toppled. He leaves for
England.
• Faysal is declared King of Iraq in 1921

43. 1925: French bomb Damascus to destroy insurgency
mobilizing for independence from French control.

45. After WWI
• Mandate system established by League of Nations in
1922
• French change boundaries of Lebanon to give it a
Christian majority. Establish “protectorate” (1920-
1943)
• British establish “protectorate” in Egypt (1914-1922).
• Palestine Mandate, Iraqi Mandate
• Transjordan created
• Ibn Saud takes over Hijaz in 1926 from Ali
• Iran nominally independent but really occupied by
British and Russians

46. What about Anatolia, the Heartland of the
Empire? Under the Treat of Sèvres:
– Ottoman Government controlled by Allies
– Sultan cooperating with victors
– Britain and France dividing Southwest
– Armenian state to be carved out
– Greece getting parts near Istanbul
– Straits to be administered by Allies
– Finances under Allied control
– Capitulations restored

47. Mustafa Kemal (Ataturk)
1st President of Turkey 1923-1938

48. Partial retreat from Secularism:
• Military chaplains (1941)
• Adhan in Arabic (1950)
• Foreign exchange for Hajj (1948)
• Religion in primary schools (1949)
• Religious radio programs aired (1950)
• School for imams and preachers
• Faculties of Theology established
• Turkey a founding member of OIC (1969)
• Politicians begin to mention God publicly

49. Sufis:
• Tariqas are officially banned but their
activities and networks continue and
function more or less openly
• Some saints’ tombs, e.g. that of Mevlana
Rumi have been reopened as “museums”
• Naqshbandis in particular are close to
politics.

50. Destroying the remains of the Empire
• Capital of Turkey moved to Ankara from Istanbul
• State is a republic
• State is a democracy with one party
• Caliphate abolished in 1924 and royal family banished
• Shari’a abolished and Swiss code adopted in 1926
• Fez prohibited
• Sufi orders abolished
• Muslim calendar dropped
• Sunday made holiday
• Quran translated into Turkish with new text (use of
Arabic script banned)

54. Some have other ideas. . .
• Committee of Union and Progress
• “Young Turks”
– Stage revolution and eventually overthrow Sultan
in 1909 and re-establish constitution
– New Sultan (Mehmet V) is figurehead
– CUP comes to control government
Does this work in strengthening empire against
Europe?

55. Administrative, Legal, Financial Control
• Ottoman default in 1875 on debts to Europe leads to
European control of Ottoman finances
• Concessions for large projects go to European
companies
• Unfavorable terms of trade
• Investment in industries that might compete with
Europe not allowed
• European civil and administrative codes imposed

56. Social Changes
• Western schools leads to rise of Westernized
elite
• Shari’a relegated to dealing with family law
• Existing or chosen leadership frozen by
European power

57. European military advisors used to modernize
Ottoman army
Tanzimat Reforms
• Education (universities) based on Western models
• State run postal, telegraph, and rail services
• Establishment of newspapers
• Extensive legal reforms with constitution –
improved position of minority groups

58. Ottoman merchants
hurt by reforms as
tariffs removed for
foreign goods
Little to no
improvement for
women
Ottoman Bazaar

59. The Young Turks Program
support from Jacobian Masonics
 Pushed for reforms  basic
democratic rights:
 freedom of speech.
 freedom of assembly.
 freedom of the press.
 Problem of nationalism within
(heterogeneous empire).

60. The Young Turks Revolt: 1908
 The Committee of Union and Progress
(CUP).
 Mehmet Talaat
 Grand Vizier,
1917-1918
 Enver Pasha
 Minister of War
 Ottoman Commander-
in-Chief

61. Atatürk’s Reforms
1. “Turkify” the Islamic faith
 Translate the Qur’an into Turkish.
 Secular education.
 Ministry of Religious Affairs
abolished.
 Sharia courts closed  new
secular courts.
2. Western-style clothing
 Forbid the wearing of the fez 
 Western-style men’s suits.
 Attacked the veiling of women.

62. Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (1881-1938)
 Republican People’s Party Goals:
 republicanism (National Assembly).
 nationalism (“Turkification”).
 populism (for the benefit of
the people).
 statism (state-controlled
economy).
 secularism (free from religious
control).
 reformism.
 1924  abolished the caliphate.

63. Atatürk’s Reforms
3. Language Reform:
 Roman alphabet replaced the
Arabic script.
 Literacy in new alphabet
required for government
positions.
4. State Socialism:
 State banks established to
finance government-controlled
businesses.
5. Adoption of a Surname.

64. • Repression and Revolt
Reforms allowed Ottomans to fend off the West
Western ideas caused some Turks to view Sultan
as obstacle to full Westernization
New elites clashed with conservative Ayan and
Ulema

65. Ottoman Sultan Abdul Hamid
responded to Westernized
officers and elite with return to
absolute rule (1878-1908)
Constitution nullified
Civil liberties suspended
Western military technology
continued as was railway
construction and westernized
education Sultan Abdul Hamid

66. The Young Turks
1908 coup overthrew Sultan Abdul Hamid
Officers restored constitution and other
freedoms
Retained sultan as figurehead and highest
religious figure
Factional fights continued until WWI

67. • Arab reaction to the
Young Turks
Arabs supported Young
Turks hoping for
independence
Young Turks refused to
give up Ottoman Empire
Quarrels ended with
WWI
Mustafa Kemal (Ataturk)
The Young Turks

68. Some members of the “Young Turks” at the Committee of Union and
Progress meeting in Paris, 1908.

69. • Decline
Weak rulers resulted in power struggles between
government ministers, religious leaders, and the
Janissaries
Ayan gaining power through corruption
Artisans losing business to Western goods
Jews and Christian merchants relied on more
contacts with west

70. Ottoman weakness
resulted in loss of
territory
Crimean War 1856
Wars with Russia for
Caucasus & Crimea
Loss of Balkans to
independence
movements Crimean War

71. Ataturk’s Tomb
Ankara, 1941

72. Ataturk’s Tomb