This study aimed to develop a reliable scale to measure individual attitudes toward antidepressant usage. The researcher reviewed literature identifying factors that could influence attitudes, such as stigma, labeling, knowledge, and media portrayal. A 12-item survey was created and administered online to 688 participants. Results showed those who had taken antidepressants had more positive attitudes than those who had not. The scale showed moderate reliability but could be improved by lengthening it. The study provides a first step in validly measuring this important attitude.
Danell Pugh is seeking a Master's in Social Work from the University of Denver to help veterans dealing with substance abuse issues. As a veteran herself, she has witnessed the trauma that veterans face upon returning from duty and wants to provide compassionate support to help them overcome addictions. She believes that with her psychology degree and social work training, she can fulfill her passion of helping veterans as a social worker. Her long term goal is to work with Veteran Affairs or a military hospital to guide veterans through the challenges that can lead to substance abuse and help them find proper support.
PSYCHOLOGY LAW
PSYCHOLOGY LAW
PSYCHOLOGY LAW
Henry Mack
Grantham University
Veteran courts are courts designed to improve their experiences and give a second chance to people who have initially committed a crime. Instead of spending their lives in prison, veteran courts allow them to establish themselves, undergo a rehabilitation program and come out clean (Rodgers, 2018). Once one is assured of their changed behavior they are graduated and allowed to begin their lives on a new page. On the other hand, traditional court, had offenders punished for the mistakes they committed, jailed and serve in prison. Comparing the two types of courts, we appreciate the fact that the veteran court, allows those who have committed crimes to have a second chance in their lives (Ruff, 2018). Even though the traditional court is important in ensuring that there is more discipline and justice offered to the victim, by having the perpetrator, serve his sentence in prison.
Considering the offender, the veteran court system presents a better standpoint for them to ensure that they have a chance to recollect themselves, understand their source of problems and help in improving the behaviors that led them to commit a criminal act. The courts are advantageous to the criminals since they have a specialist who helps in assessing and treating mental health, drug abuse, and psychological issues (Rodgers, 2018). This specialist help in improving the conditions of their patients, by monitoring their behavior change and administering drugs to treat identified conditions. One could ask himself the following questions, why are you treating a villain, instead of imprisoning them?. The answer is simple. We are created to show love to other people, but not to extort the love they have outside them. This is unacceptable, veteran courts treat their patients with love and appreciation and upon completion of the stay, they are applauded and graduated, this allows them to come to the world and begin afresh.
The traditional court system could be unfair in disseminating their verdicts based on the offender. There have been cases where offenders are superimposed on an act that they did not commit. People have been arrested by the traditional system for being alleged of doing an offense, that in actual sense they did not commit (Ruff, 2018). In this case, there have been people who have been mistaken and jailed to serve a sentence they did not commit. This system is believed to be harsh on the offender, having the kind of treatment they receive while in prison. People who have gone through the traditional system, are likely to suffer from the post-trauma stress disorder. This disorder affects the psychology of the offender. There have been cases of inmates killing themselves due to depression. This happens because an individual is subjected to the harshest conditions.
In conclusion, comparing the two courts, the vet ...
To Switch or Not To Switch Understanding Social Influence i.docxjuliennehar
To Switch or Not To Switch: Understanding Social
Influence in Online Choices
Haiyi Zhu*, Bernardo A. Huberman, Yarun Luon
Social Computing Lab
Hewlett Packard Labs
Palo Alto, California, USA
[email protected]; {bernardo.huberman, yarun.luon}@hp.com
ABSTRACT
We designed and ran an experiment to measure social
influence in online recommender systems, specifically how
often people’s choices are changed by others’
recommendations when facing different levels of
confirmation and conformity pressures. In our experiment
participants were first asked to provide their preferences
between pairs of items. They were then asked to make
second choices about the same pairs with knowledge of
others’ preferences. Our results show that others people’s
opinions significantly sway people’s own choices. The
influence is stronger when people are required to make their
second decision sometime later (22.4%) than immediately
(14.1%). Moreover, people seem to be most likely to
reverse their choices when facing a moderate, as opposed to
large, number of opposing opinions. Finally, the time
people spend making the first decision significantly predicts
whether they will reverse their decisions later on, while
demographics such as age and gender do not. These results
have implications for consumer behavior research as well as
online marketing strategies.
Author Keywords
Social influence, online choices, recommender systems.
ACM Classification Keywords
H.5.3 [Information Interfaces and Presentation]: Group and
Organization Interfaces – Collaborative computing, Web-
based interaction; K.4.4 [Computers and Society]:
Electronic Commerce – Distributed commercial
transactions.
General Terms
Experimentation.
INTRODUCTION
Picture yourself shopping online. You already have an idea
about what product you are looking for. After navigating
through the website you find that particular item, as well as
several similar items, and other people’s opinions and
preferences about them provided by the recommendation
system. Will other people’ preferences reverse your own?
Notice that in this scenario there are two contradictory
psychological processes at play. On one hand, when
learning of other’s opinions people tend to select those
aspects that confirm their own existing ones. A large
literature suggests that once one has taken a position on an
issue, one’s primary purpose becomes defending or
justifying that position [21]. From this point of view, if
others’ recommendations contradict their own opinion,
people will not take this information into account and stick
to their own choices. On the other hand, social influence
and conformity theory [8] suggest that even when not
directly, personally, or publicly chosen as the target of
others’ disapproval, individuals may choose to conform to
others and reverse their own opinion in order to restore their
sense of belonging and ...
1) The document summarizes research on mimicry behavior of males in relationships and the presence of attractive female alternatives. It examines past studies on mimicry and its relationship to attraction, and the concepts of self-control and how mindsets shape it.
2) One study found that people in romantic relationships mimicked attractive alternatives of the opposite sex less than those not in relationships. Relationship status influenced mimicry even when relationship status was unknown.
3) Another study showed unconscious mimicry is used as a social distance mechanism, with people increasing mimicry to show interest or decreasing it to show desired distance.
This study examined the effects of emotions on decision-making using a two-choice uncertainty task. Participants completed questionnaires measuring traits like depression and anxiety and then made a series of choices between options with different risk levels. Results showed that negative emotions like depression were linked to faster, poorer decisions. Positive emotions were linked to slower, better decisions. Physiological measures also linked higher depression to increased skin conductance during the task. The study provides evidence that emotions influence decision-making strategies and outcomes.
1. This document discusses ethical decision making models and processes. It describes a 6-step model proposed by Morreim involving defining the problem, identifying alternatives, evaluating alternatives, making a decision, implementing the decision, and evaluating the decision.
2. Each step of the model is explained in detail. For example, when identifying alternatives it notes the importance of considering more than just two opposing choices and being open to new options. When evaluating alternatives, it advises distinguishing between facts and perceptions.
3. The document also briefly describes another 4-step collaborative model and notes that the goal of ethical decision making models is to help the decision maker make a valid decision without violating ethical principles.
This study aimed to develop a reliable scale to measure individual attitudes toward antidepressant usage. The researcher reviewed literature identifying factors that could influence attitudes, such as stigma, labeling, knowledge, and media portrayal. A 12-item survey was created and administered online to 688 participants. Results showed those who had taken antidepressants had more positive attitudes than those who had not. The scale showed moderate reliability but could be improved by lengthening it. The study provides a first step in validly measuring this important attitude.
Danell Pugh is seeking a Master's in Social Work from the University of Denver to help veterans dealing with substance abuse issues. As a veteran herself, she has witnessed the trauma that veterans face upon returning from duty and wants to provide compassionate support to help them overcome addictions. She believes that with her psychology degree and social work training, she can fulfill her passion of helping veterans as a social worker. Her long term goal is to work with Veteran Affairs or a military hospital to guide veterans through the challenges that can lead to substance abuse and help them find proper support.
PSYCHOLOGY LAW
PSYCHOLOGY LAW
PSYCHOLOGY LAW
Henry Mack
Grantham University
Veteran courts are courts designed to improve their experiences and give a second chance to people who have initially committed a crime. Instead of spending their lives in prison, veteran courts allow them to establish themselves, undergo a rehabilitation program and come out clean (Rodgers, 2018). Once one is assured of their changed behavior they are graduated and allowed to begin their lives on a new page. On the other hand, traditional court, had offenders punished for the mistakes they committed, jailed and serve in prison. Comparing the two types of courts, we appreciate the fact that the veteran court, allows those who have committed crimes to have a second chance in their lives (Ruff, 2018). Even though the traditional court is important in ensuring that there is more discipline and justice offered to the victim, by having the perpetrator, serve his sentence in prison.
Considering the offender, the veteran court system presents a better standpoint for them to ensure that they have a chance to recollect themselves, understand their source of problems and help in improving the behaviors that led them to commit a criminal act. The courts are advantageous to the criminals since they have a specialist who helps in assessing and treating mental health, drug abuse, and psychological issues (Rodgers, 2018). This specialist help in improving the conditions of their patients, by monitoring their behavior change and administering drugs to treat identified conditions. One could ask himself the following questions, why are you treating a villain, instead of imprisoning them?. The answer is simple. We are created to show love to other people, but not to extort the love they have outside them. This is unacceptable, veteran courts treat their patients with love and appreciation and upon completion of the stay, they are applauded and graduated, this allows them to come to the world and begin afresh.
The traditional court system could be unfair in disseminating their verdicts based on the offender. There have been cases where offenders are superimposed on an act that they did not commit. People have been arrested by the traditional system for being alleged of doing an offense, that in actual sense they did not commit (Ruff, 2018). In this case, there have been people who have been mistaken and jailed to serve a sentence they did not commit. This system is believed to be harsh on the offender, having the kind of treatment they receive while in prison. People who have gone through the traditional system, are likely to suffer from the post-trauma stress disorder. This disorder affects the psychology of the offender. There have been cases of inmates killing themselves due to depression. This happens because an individual is subjected to the harshest conditions.
In conclusion, comparing the two courts, the vet ...
To Switch or Not To Switch Understanding Social Influence i.docxjuliennehar
To Switch or Not To Switch: Understanding Social
Influence in Online Choices
Haiyi Zhu*, Bernardo A. Huberman, Yarun Luon
Social Computing Lab
Hewlett Packard Labs
Palo Alto, California, USA
[email protected]; {bernardo.huberman, yarun.luon}@hp.com
ABSTRACT
We designed and ran an experiment to measure social
influence in online recommender systems, specifically how
often people’s choices are changed by others’
recommendations when facing different levels of
confirmation and conformity pressures. In our experiment
participants were first asked to provide their preferences
between pairs of items. They were then asked to make
second choices about the same pairs with knowledge of
others’ preferences. Our results show that others people’s
opinions significantly sway people’s own choices. The
influence is stronger when people are required to make their
second decision sometime later (22.4%) than immediately
(14.1%). Moreover, people seem to be most likely to
reverse their choices when facing a moderate, as opposed to
large, number of opposing opinions. Finally, the time
people spend making the first decision significantly predicts
whether they will reverse their decisions later on, while
demographics such as age and gender do not. These results
have implications for consumer behavior research as well as
online marketing strategies.
Author Keywords
Social influence, online choices, recommender systems.
ACM Classification Keywords
H.5.3 [Information Interfaces and Presentation]: Group and
Organization Interfaces – Collaborative computing, Web-
based interaction; K.4.4 [Computers and Society]:
Electronic Commerce – Distributed commercial
transactions.
General Terms
Experimentation.
INTRODUCTION
Picture yourself shopping online. You already have an idea
about what product you are looking for. After navigating
through the website you find that particular item, as well as
several similar items, and other people’s opinions and
preferences about them provided by the recommendation
system. Will other people’ preferences reverse your own?
Notice that in this scenario there are two contradictory
psychological processes at play. On one hand, when
learning of other’s opinions people tend to select those
aspects that confirm their own existing ones. A large
literature suggests that once one has taken a position on an
issue, one’s primary purpose becomes defending or
justifying that position [21]. From this point of view, if
others’ recommendations contradict their own opinion,
people will not take this information into account and stick
to their own choices. On the other hand, social influence
and conformity theory [8] suggest that even when not
directly, personally, or publicly chosen as the target of
others’ disapproval, individuals may choose to conform to
others and reverse their own opinion in order to restore their
sense of belonging and ...
1) The document summarizes research on mimicry behavior of males in relationships and the presence of attractive female alternatives. It examines past studies on mimicry and its relationship to attraction, and the concepts of self-control and how mindsets shape it.
2) One study found that people in romantic relationships mimicked attractive alternatives of the opposite sex less than those not in relationships. Relationship status influenced mimicry even when relationship status was unknown.
3) Another study showed unconscious mimicry is used as a social distance mechanism, with people increasing mimicry to show interest or decreasing it to show desired distance.
This study examined the effects of emotions on decision-making using a two-choice uncertainty task. Participants completed questionnaires measuring traits like depression and anxiety and then made a series of choices between options with different risk levels. Results showed that negative emotions like depression were linked to faster, poorer decisions. Positive emotions were linked to slower, better decisions. Physiological measures also linked higher depression to increased skin conductance during the task. The study provides evidence that emotions influence decision-making strategies and outcomes.
1. This document discusses ethical decision making models and processes. It describes a 6-step model proposed by Morreim involving defining the problem, identifying alternatives, evaluating alternatives, making a decision, implementing the decision, and evaluating the decision.
2. Each step of the model is explained in detail. For example, when identifying alternatives it notes the importance of considering more than just two opposing choices and being open to new options. When evaluating alternatives, it advises distinguishing between facts and perceptions.
3. The document also briefly describes another 4-step collaborative model and notes that the goal of ethical decision making models is to help the decision maker make a valid decision without violating ethical principles.
Discussion 1Decision-Making ProcessWith the paternalistic deVinaOconner450
Discussion 1
Decision-Making Process
With the paternalistic decision-making model, people tend to feel as though the situation they are intends to be democratic since workers are required to discuss as well as comment and their questions are responded to. Nevertheless, the decision is based on the person at the top. This form of decision-making is effective only when dealing with an individual whose freedom of choice is seriously impaired. With this model, the majority of the decisions are made with the employees’ best interests considered. The manager is provided with the power to rule from the idea that they have the ability to make decisions for the team which enhances trust as well as loyalty with the workers. However, this form of decision-making is wrong sometimes and tends to interfere with an individual’s autonomy. What do I mean by this? May exist the case in which the participants do not come to an agreement all at once, and if that’s so, the “leader” will decide for all of them attempting against the right of autonomy of those few individuals that did not agree at first. (Driever, Stiggerlbout, & Brand, 2020).
Informative decision-making
The informative decision-making model is mainly used when the choices that people have to make are related to the decision topic. It mainly involves assessing potential outcomes, benefits as well as risks related to every option. With informative decision-making, people tend to have a sense of self-confidence, reduced anxiety and feelings of conflict on one’s decision. However, this form of decision-making tends to require too much time. The decision to be made and the whole process it entails requires time to listen to all people and identify the most effective decision to make (El Miedany et al., 2019).
Shared decision-making
The shared decision-making method involves the healthcare team collaboration to decide the approach to use on the patients’ plan of care. It mainly involves selecting tests as well as treatment in regard to evidence as well as the individual’s individual preferences, beliefs as well as values. Shared decision-making mainly involves allowing evidence and patients’ preferences to be included in a consultation enhancing patient knowledge, risk perception accuracy, patient-clinician communication, and minimizing decisional conflict. However, with this type of decision-making, the majority of the patients do not wish to take part in decisions, therefore uncertainties inherent in medical care tend to be dangerous. This is not appropriate to offer information on the potential risks as well as benefits of all treatment choices. Additionally, maximizing patient involvement in decision-making may result in increased demand for inappropriate, expensive as well as dangerous procedures that might undermine the equitable allocation of healthcare resources (Driever, Stiggerlbout, & Brand, 2020).
The method that has the strongest possibility of resulting in permanent change
The informative ...
1) This document provides a summary of the latest issue of "O Behave!", a newsletter about behavioral science research.
2) It discusses recent studies on friendship perceptions and influence, loss aversion in Donald Trump's campaign, and how describing attitudes as morality-based makes them stronger and less changeable.
3) Brief summaries are also given of new behavioral insights from Uber on surge pricing and "eureka moments" being more likely to provide correct answers to puzzles.
This study examined how perceptions of fairness or unfairness (procedural justice and distributive justice) influence people's willingness to engage in mild or severe unethical decision-making aimed at achieving retributive justice. The study presented scenarios to employees of an electric company in Venezuela and MBA students describing either fair or unfair treatment. It was hypothesized that unfair treatment would make people more likely to choose mild unethical decisions when only one type of injustice was present, but more likely to choose severe unethical decisions when both procedural and distributive injustice were present. The results did not support the hypotheses but surprisingly found employees were more willing to make mild unethical decisions under conditions of complete fairness than partial fairness
This document discusses a proposed study analyzing temporal choice and amygdala activity in patients with depression or bipolar disorder using fMRI imaging during a monetary choice questionnaire. The study aims to investigate if bipolar patients discount rewards more heavily than depressed patients and connect this with greater amygdala activation. Previous research found both groups made riskier decisions than controls in gambling tasks. Studies also linked impulsivity and suicide attempts, indicating bipolar patients may discount more due to amygdala structural differences found in prior imaging research. The proposed study would test these hypotheses by comparing discount rates and amygdala activity between depressed and bipolar young adult patients.
The study examined how participants justified decisions involving human lives versus money. Participants provided rationales for choices in scenarios about a disease outbreak or monetary gamble. Their justifications were coded as relating to emotion, risk, or morality. Results showed participants made more morality-based statements for human life scenarios than monetary ones. For outbreak scenarios, more risk statements were made about the general public, while more morality statements were about prisoners, often dehumanizing them. Future research could use larger, more diverse samples and additional coding schemes.
Running head FACEBOOK CONSENSUS 1FACEBOOK CONSENSUS6.docxjeanettehully
Running head: FACEBOOK CONSENSUS 1
FACEBOOK CONSENSUS 6
Facebook Consensus: The Dynamics of Social Media Responses
Wendy Perez Ramos
Florida International University
The Dynamics of Social Media Responses
Moral judgment is commonly swayed by irrelevant factors, whereby people tend to arrive at the judgment(s) about different actions as being wrong if they are predisposed to fury prior to the making of moral judgment. On the contrary, the bias for positive emotions makes unacceptable actions at times appear acceptable. In the context, dilemmas that came before the prevalent one influence the permissibility of the unwarranted actions (Kundu & Cummins, 2013). The violation of rationality norms occurs when people allow social consensus to take precedence to facts (Kundu & Cummins, 2013). In like manner, accepting conformity creates room for error and confusion to spread reign a group, whereas the making of independent decisions as well as resistance to conform tends to be socially constructive (Kundu & Cummins, 2013). In this case, resistance to conformity may be considered both moral and rational, as it is commonplace for people’s behaviors to be frequently judged based on whether the persons involved relied on their moral principles or they simply complied. Conformity is, however, considered illogical if a person holds the belief that social consensus should be awarded less weight in the decision in comparison to one’s beliefs and values (Kundu & Cummins, 2013). In a nutshell, conformity can possibly be an outcome of a rational process, whereby the concerned people chose to follow their beliefs and the truth at the expense of a lie.
The seeking of knowledge continuously takes place on various social media platforms, whereby the determinants of the messages obtained by an individual are the pages followed and the friends that one has. Unfortunately, the platforms are responsible for the spread of fake news, whereby some players hide their identities and post content to reinforce their positions (Perfumi et al., 2019). Notably, social norms exist on the platforms but people’s perception of the values vary for a number of reasons, which include platform type, anonymity, and the nature of relationships between friends (Perfumi et al., 2019). Moreover, conformity to social norms in the context of social platforms varies significantly from that of face to face, while social influence therein may be categorized into norms-oriented social influence and information-oriented one. Remarkably, it would be necessary to create a distinction between the two aspects. The implication is that online users who feel that they are anonymous may experience the temptation to disregard the opinions that they could be exposed to. The other implication may be the motive of the users of online platforms. Where the intention is communication at the expense of conformity to social norms, the communicators tend to disregard the norms completely, while they ma ...
Running head FACEBOOK CONSENSUS 1FACEBOOK CONSENSUS6MalikPinckney86
Running head: FACEBOOK CONSENSUS 1
FACEBOOK CONSENSUS 6
Facebook Consensus: The Dynamics of Social Media Responses
Wendy Perez Ramos
Florida International University
The Dynamics of Social Media Responses
Moral judgment is commonly swayed by irrelevant factors, whereby people tend to arrive at the judgment(s) about different actions as being wrong if they are predisposed to fury prior to the making of moral judgment. On the contrary, the bias for positive emotions makes unacceptable actions at times appear acceptable. In the context, dilemmas that came before the prevalent one influence the permissibility of the unwarranted actions (Kundu & Cummins, 2013). The violation of rationality norms occurs when people allow social consensus to take precedence to facts (Kundu & Cummins, 2013). In like manner, accepting conformity creates room for error and confusion to spread reign a group, whereas the making of independent decisions as well as resistance to conform tends to be socially constructive (Kundu & Cummins, 2013). In this case, resistance to conformity may be considered both moral and rational, as it is commonplace for people’s behaviors to be frequently judged based on whether the persons involved relied on their moral principles or they simply complied. Conformity is, however, considered illogical if a person holds the belief that social consensus should be awarded less weight in the decision in comparison to one’s beliefs and values (Kundu & Cummins, 2013). In a nutshell, conformity can possibly be an outcome of a rational process, whereby the concerned people chose to follow their beliefs and the truth at the expense of a lie.
The seeking of knowledge continuously takes place on various social media platforms, whereby the determinants of the messages obtained by an individual are the pages followed and the friends that one has. Unfortunately, the platforms are responsible for the spread of fake news, whereby some players hide their identities and post content to reinforce their positions (Perfumi et al., 2019). Notably, social norms exist on the platforms but people’s perception of the values vary for a number of reasons, which include platform type, anonymity, and the nature of relationships between friends (Perfumi et al., 2019). Moreover, conformity to social norms in the context of social platforms varies significantly from that of face to face, while social influence therein may be categorized into norms-oriented social influence and information-oriented one. Remarkably, it would be necessary to create a distinction between the two aspects. The implication is that online users who feel that they are anonymous may experience the temptation to disregard the opinions that they could be exposed to. The other implication may be the motive of the users of online platforms. Where the intention is communication at the expense of conformity to social norms, the communicators tend to disregard the norms completely, while they ma ...
ComFun6e_Ch03_C!.indd 66ComFun6e_Ch03_C!.indd 66 12/10/09 10:27:01 AM12/10/09 10:27:01 AM
A
ngela Savanti was 22 years old, lived at home with her mother, and was employed as a
secretary in a large insurance company. She . . . had had passing periods of “the blues”
before, but her present feelings of despondency were of much greater proportion. She
was troubled by a severe depression and frequent crying spells, which had not lessened
over the past two months. Angela found it hard to concentrate on her job, had great difficulty
falling asleep at night, and had a poor appetite. . . . Her depression had begun after she and
her boyfriend Jerry broke up two months previously.
(Leon, 1984, p. 109)
Her feelings of despondency led Angela Savanti to make an appointment with a
therapist at a local counseling center. The first step the clinician took was to learn
as much as possible about Angela and her disturbance. Who is she, what is her life
like, and what precisely are her symptoms? The answers might help to reveal the
causes and probable course of her present dysfunction and suggest what kinds of
strategies would be most likely to help her. Treatment could then be tailored to
Angela’s needs and particular pattern of abnormal functioning.
In Chapters 1 and 2 you read about how researchers in abnormal psychol-
ogy build a general understanding of abnormal functioning. Clinical practitioners
apply this broad information in their work, but their main focus when faced with
new clients is to gather idiographic, or individual, information about them
(Bornstein, 2007). To help persons overcome their problems, clinicians must fully
understand them and their particular difficulties. To gather such individual infor-
mation, clinicians use the procedures of assessment and diagnosis. Then they are in
a position to offer treatment.
jjClinical Assessment: How and Why
Does the Client Behave Abnormally?
Assessment is simply the collecting of relevant information in an effort to reach
a conclusion. It goes on in every realm of life. We make assessments when we
decide what cereal to buy or which presidential candidate to vote for. College
admissions officers, who have to select the “best” of the students applying to their
college, depend on academic records, recommendations, achievement test scores,
interviews, and application forms to help them decide (Sackett, Borneman, &
Connelly, 2008). Employers, who have to predict which applicants are most likely
to be effective workers, collect information from résumés, interviews, references,
and perhaps on-the-job observations.
Clinical assessment is used to determine how and why a person is behaving ab-
normally and how that person may be helped. It also enables clinicians to evaluate
people’s progress after they have been in treatment for a while and decide whether
the treatment should be changed. The hundreds of clinical assessment techniques
CLINICAL ASSESSMENT,
DI.
The document describes a study that investigated how patients react to information about their physicians' conflicts of interest (COI). Participants were randomly assigned to one of three disclosure conditions (no, partial, or full disclosure) and asked their treatment preference. Increased disclosure significantly increased the likelihood patients would reject the physician's recommendation and choose drug therapy instead of an invasive procedure. On average, participants felt confident in their treatment choices across all disclosure levels.
A minimum of 100 words each and References Response (#1 – 6) KEEP .docxfredharris32
A minimum of 100 words each and References Response (#1 – 6) KEEP RESPONSE WITH ANSWER EACH ANSWER NEED TO HAVE A SCHOLARY SOURCE with a Hyperlink
Make sure the Responses includes the Following: (a) an understanding of the weekly content as supported by a scholarly resource, (b) the provision of a probing question. (c) stay on topic
1. In short, abnormal behavior, thoughts and emotions, are those that differ from society's definition of properly functioning, or the norm (Comer, 2018). These norms tend to differ between cultures which help to establish rules for proper conduct. What constitutes as abnormal behavior depends on specific circumstances and cultural norms (Comer, 2018). An example of abnormal behavior could be unusualness like a person who lives with many animals and isolates themselves from society. The behavior of this person is deviant and may be dysfunctional, but could be seen as eccentric rather than abnormal to a professional.
2. Abnormal behavior, in simple terms, is behavior outside of societal norms (Comer, 2018). Abnormalities differ based on what society you come from. Generally speaking, being considered normal means that you are complying by your society’s standards. Abnormalities arise when behavior is deviant, distressing, dysfunctional, or dangerous. An example of abnormal behavior would be manic behavior. A manic episode typically involves less sleep, risky behavior, irritability, increased talking, and even hypersexuality (Purse, 2019). This is typically deviant from the person’s normal behavior by definition. The manic behavior can be distressing for both the affected and their family or other loved ones. Risky behavior causes worry and distress. Irritability can create all sorts of distressing situations. When a person is manic, they are in a state of dysfunction. Memory and responsibilities often fall to the backburner while the manic episode rides its course. Of all the things that define abnormal behavior, a manic episode can be especially dangerous to both the person experiencing it as well as the others around them because it involves risky behavior—which implies many things from gambling to drugs. It often results in the person experiencing the episode being hospitalized.
3. “One common conceptualization of abnormality focuses on what is often called the Four Ds: deviance, distress, dysfunction, and danger (Topic 1 Resource, 2018).” An example of abnormal behavior is someone who hears voices telling them to do certain things. Some people may show this kind of abnormal behavior out of nowhere, or they have always heard these voices. This person can be deviant to their old life once they start hearing these voices and if they listen to them or not. These voices can cause distress to the person as well because if they listen to the voices, then they might start doing bad things. These voices can also cause dysfunction in this person life and how they act around others. Having this abnormal behavior can .
This document discusses issues related to evaluating the effectiveness of psychotherapy. It addresses questions around who should be asked to evaluate outcomes, when they should be asked, and how outcomes should be measured. It describes Hans Eysenck's early controversial claim that psychotherapy is ineffective and how subsequent meta-analyses found psychotherapy to be consistently effective. The document also distinguishes between efficacy studies conducted in controlled research settings and effectiveness studies conducted in real-world clinical practice settings. It reviews findings from efficacy studies on transdiagnostic therapies targeting underlying pathology. Finally, it discusses challenges in disseminating evidence-based therapies to practitioners and strategies like practice-oriented research to better bridge the gap between research and practice.
Both these ideas were based on the underage consumption of alcohol.docxAASTHA76
Both these ideas were based on the underage consumption of alcohol lading to illegal behavior that is common in the college going students. Attachment theory stands on the concept that human beings have a natural desire and innate requirement of being appreciated and accepted by others. Survey then led to the confirmatory analysis which enforced two-factor of attachment theory, comprising parental affection or attachment and peer attachment, both these types of accessories represent trust, non-estrangement, and communication, Which means that all the adults or youngsters are emotionally attached to their parents or the people of their group (Foster, Vaughan, Foster, & Califano Jr, 2013).
The results manifested the hypotheses that sheltered peer attachment positively concluded behavioral control and values towards alcohol, but protected maternal affection inversely completed behavioral control and values towards alcohol. Alcohol norms, behavioral control and attitudes individually elaborate alcohol objective, which showed an elevation in this behavior within a month. All these findings reinforce recommendations for agenda created to shorten the risk levels of underage drinking using the idea of Attachment theory and Theory of planned behavior TPB.
I. Social Learning Theory:
This research is associated with the methods of getting alcohol in underage, use of substance, underage drinking and this kind of other deviations, this study consider the application of social learning theory. Youngsters under adulthood age are getting alcohol illegally. Past researches show that young alcohol abusers use other persons for this purpose, and these other individuals include any stranger who is adult enough to drink legally (Miller, Levy, Spicer, & Taylor, 2010).
This procedure of getting alcohol is called black marketing. It has been observed that black market organization was made while taking alcohol illegally in association with the other black market organization, other black market anomaly or global anomaly. For study purpose, use of black market sources defined as the utilization of an unknown person trying to obtain illegal substance like alcohol, drugs, etc. thus sources was labeled black market, if the individual participating was an unknown. The materials under consideration in this study include alcohol and marijuana. The study sample was comprised of undergraduate’s students from the organizational pool from a southeastern university.
The questionnaire was filled through the online survey and analyzed statistically by multivariate statistical techniques (Foster, et al., 2013).Youth alcohol consumption includes a lot of research work. This study covers almost all the aspects from divergence related to underage drinking to the hazardous results it causes on health. A huge part of the sample population is the college students. Binge drinking, underage drinking, and general drinking are considered by average or dominant America ...
Chronic stress can negatively impact decision making abilities. It has been linked to poor issue interpretation, decreased alternative seeking, and implementing previously failed approaches. Researchers agree chronic stress leads to poor decision making. Those under chronic stress may exhibit risk taking behaviors due to altered reward processing. Additional variables like social pressure and rumination can further decrease decision making capabilities for those experiencing chronic stress. While some mixed results exist, chronic stress overall impairs cognitive processes involved in effective decision making.
The document summarizes a study that used Q-methodology to examine college males' perceptions of their mental health. Nine college students, including five males, sorted statements about mental health into categories of agreement. Results showed the strongest opinions were about self-harm. Both genders viewed resources and culture/family as important influences. Limitations included a small sample size drawn only from one university department. Future research could focus statements specifically on self-harm and resources to better understand students' needs.
The document is a description of the adaptation of Rizzi-Salvatori's "difficulty paper" for use in small groups after students viewed each others videotaped interactions with standardized patients in a required ethics course in a Doctor of Pharmacy program.
This document discusses several topics related to decision-making:
1. It discusses parental decision-making for minors' healthcare and how pediatric nurses are involved in facilitating care decisions between parents and patients.
2. It discusses the concept of medical autonomy and how current laws give decision-making authority to parents as surrogates for pediatric patients. However, the child's preferences should also be considered.
3. It notes there can be ethical dilemmas when a parents' decision is not considered in the best interest of the child by the healthcare team. An example given is decisions around prescriptions for contraception or abortion.
This document appears to be a dissertation that examines how adult attachment systems can be activated through primes and how this influences social evaluations. It provides a review of literature on conceptualizing adult attachment as either traits or states and discusses models of adult attachment. It presents the study's aim to prime participants with either secure or insecure attachments and measure how this affects their attachment state and social evaluations. The dissertation discusses the theoretical background and models of adult attachment in depth to support the study's hypotheses that priming secure attachment would increase security and positive evaluations while priming insecure attachment would have the opposite effect.
The original validation of the CORS for kids and the ORS for adolescents. Allowed the benefits of client based outcome feedback to expand to youth and family and paved the way to the current RCT with kids in the schools.
This document summarizes a research study that examined the impact of ethics training on budgetary decision making. The study involved four groups that received different combinations of a pre-test, ethics intervention, and post-test. The findings indicate that formal ethics training had little to no impact on individual choices, and in some cases seemed to have a negative correlation. The data suggest that individual ethical standards are a stronger predictor of ethical behavior than other variables like ethics training. Further research is needed to identify the most effective ways to guide budgetary decisions along ethical lines.
Generalist Practice A Presentation on Steps of The Problem-SolvMatthewTennant613
Generalist Practice: A Presentation on Steps of The Problem-Solving Process
Name:
Date: May 5th, 2021
Pamela Easter !!!
1
Problem Identification or Engagement
Identify the type of problem – drug addiction and its effects on Family members.(Janice Walker is at the center of problem)
Identify how the problem has affected the rest of the community- substance abuse effects cost in the community in measurable ways including loss of productivity and unemployability; impairment in physical and mental health; reduced quality of life; increase violence; and Crime; abuse and neglect of children.
The community's general perception of the problem- the economic consequences of drug abuse severely burden federal , State, and local government resources, and the taxpayer.
The root cause of the problem- most often the cause of addiction is chronic stress, a history of trauma (PTSD), mental illness, lastly family history with addiction
Problem Identification/Engagement. The first step is to identify the type of problem the researcher is dealing with. Identify how the problem has affected the rest of the community and the community's general perception of the problem. The next step is to evaluate how the problem has affected the community or a client. Lastly, identify the root cause of the problem; where did the problem come from, or how did the victim get the problem they are facing.
2
Data Collection
Three major ways of collecting data from Clients are Interviews, Observation, and surveys
Interviews:
Engaging with the client one-on-one. Listening to client’s perspective of the problem
This method has ability to untangle the individual's problem, emotions, background, and the general social context, The Advocate can get the client's perception of the treatment
Observation:
It obtains data from clients by assessing the reaction to their respective environments
The researcher can identify factors contributing to the Client's condition
Data collection. There are many ways to collect data from a client. Three major ways of collecting data from a client are Interviews, Observation, and First Extraction.
Interviews: The researcher can speak with the patient on a one-on-one basis. A researcher or a nurse can use this method because of its ability to untangle the individual's problem, emotions, background, and the general social context, which in this paper largely revolves around the family relationship (Cohen et al., 2017). This data collection method paves the way for a nurse to get the patient's perception of the treatment and some of the elements that motivated them to embrace treatment.
Observation: it is used to obtain data from clients by assessing the reaction to their respective environments. Observation methods allow the researcher to identify social dimensions and family background factors contributing to the patient's condition.
3
Data Collection cont’d
Surveys : Can discover the problem
Clients Family History background details o ...
Anorexia1-Definition2-Epidemiology in united states2.docxjack60216
Anorexia
1-Definition
2-Epidemiology in united states
2-Symptoms and signs
3-Diagnosis Criteria
4-Differential diagnosis
5-Treatment
6-Criteria for hospitalization
7-Other diseases related with inadequate calories intake
8-Underweight and growth failure definition
At least 15 slides. APA format.turtinitin report
.
Annotated BibliographyIn preparation of next weeks final as.docxjack60216
Annotated Bibliography
In preparation of next week's final assignment, prepare an annotated bibliography of all resources (required and those you selected) used to date (minimum of 26) at this time.
esources
Required References
Click url to play videos
Beautiful Mind. (2005, October 11). Wal-Mart: The high cost of low price [Video file]. New York, NY: Retail Project L.L.C. Retrieved from
Walmart The High Cost Of Low Price (Links to an external site.)
Fadi-BNZE-HD. (2014, March 14). Full documentary no logo brands, globalization and resistance [Video file]. Retrieved from
No Logo Brands, Globalization and Resistance (Links to an external site.)
*Study guide, http://www.mediaed.org/assets/products/115/studyguide_115.pdf
Ford School. (2011, March 11). @fordschool - Paul Krugman: Reflections on Globalization: Yesteryear and today[Video file]. Retrieved from
[email protected]
- Paul Krugman: Reflections on Globalization: Yesteryear and Today (Links to an external site.)
PBS Newshour. (2014, August 20).
‘Factory Man’ explores human side of how globalization affects U.S. industry
[Video file]. Retrieved from
http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/factory-man-explores-human-side-globalization-affects-u-s-industry/ (Links to an external site.)
Walmart. (n.d.). Community giving. http://foundation.walmart.com/
Recommended References
International Monetary Fund. (n.d.).
Key issues: Globalization
. Retrieved from http://www.imf.org/external/np/exr/key/global.htm
World Affairs Council: Nor Cal. (2006, October 6).
Making globalization work Joseph Stiglitz
[Video file]. Retrieved from
http://library.fora.tv/2006/10/10/Making_Globalization_Work (Links to an external site.)
Online Writing Lab (n.d.).
Annotated bibliography samples
. Retrieved from https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/614/03/
esources
Required References
Click url to play videos
Beautiful Mind. (2005, October 11). Wal-Mart: The high cost of low price [Video file]. New York, NY: Retail Project L.L.C. Retrieved from
Walmart The High Cost Of Low Price (Links to an external site.)
Fadi-BNZE-HD. (2014, March 14). Full documentary no logo brands, globalization and resistance [Video file]. Retrieved from
No Logo Brands, Globalization and Resistance (Links to an external site.)
*Study guide, http://www.mediaed.org/assets/products/115/studyguide_115.pdf
Ford School. (2011, March 11). @fordschool - Paul Krugman: Reflections on Globalization: Yesteryear and today[Video file]. Retrieved from
[email protected]
- Paul Krugman: Reflections on Globalization: Yesteryear and Today (Links to an external site.)
PBS Newshour. (2014, August 20).
‘Factory Man’ explores human side of how globalization affects U.S. industry
[Video file]. Retrieved from
http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/factory-man-explores-human-side-globalization-affects-u-s-industry/ (Links to an external site.)
Walmart. (n.d.). Community giving. http://foundation.walmart.com/
Recommended References
Internation.
Discussion 1Decision-Making ProcessWith the paternalistic deVinaOconner450
Discussion 1
Decision-Making Process
With the paternalistic decision-making model, people tend to feel as though the situation they are intends to be democratic since workers are required to discuss as well as comment and their questions are responded to. Nevertheless, the decision is based on the person at the top. This form of decision-making is effective only when dealing with an individual whose freedom of choice is seriously impaired. With this model, the majority of the decisions are made with the employees’ best interests considered. The manager is provided with the power to rule from the idea that they have the ability to make decisions for the team which enhances trust as well as loyalty with the workers. However, this form of decision-making is wrong sometimes and tends to interfere with an individual’s autonomy. What do I mean by this? May exist the case in which the participants do not come to an agreement all at once, and if that’s so, the “leader” will decide for all of them attempting against the right of autonomy of those few individuals that did not agree at first. (Driever, Stiggerlbout, & Brand, 2020).
Informative decision-making
The informative decision-making model is mainly used when the choices that people have to make are related to the decision topic. It mainly involves assessing potential outcomes, benefits as well as risks related to every option. With informative decision-making, people tend to have a sense of self-confidence, reduced anxiety and feelings of conflict on one’s decision. However, this form of decision-making tends to require too much time. The decision to be made and the whole process it entails requires time to listen to all people and identify the most effective decision to make (El Miedany et al., 2019).
Shared decision-making
The shared decision-making method involves the healthcare team collaboration to decide the approach to use on the patients’ plan of care. It mainly involves selecting tests as well as treatment in regard to evidence as well as the individual’s individual preferences, beliefs as well as values. Shared decision-making mainly involves allowing evidence and patients’ preferences to be included in a consultation enhancing patient knowledge, risk perception accuracy, patient-clinician communication, and minimizing decisional conflict. However, with this type of decision-making, the majority of the patients do not wish to take part in decisions, therefore uncertainties inherent in medical care tend to be dangerous. This is not appropriate to offer information on the potential risks as well as benefits of all treatment choices. Additionally, maximizing patient involvement in decision-making may result in increased demand for inappropriate, expensive as well as dangerous procedures that might undermine the equitable allocation of healthcare resources (Driever, Stiggerlbout, & Brand, 2020).
The method that has the strongest possibility of resulting in permanent change
The informative ...
1) This document provides a summary of the latest issue of "O Behave!", a newsletter about behavioral science research.
2) It discusses recent studies on friendship perceptions and influence, loss aversion in Donald Trump's campaign, and how describing attitudes as morality-based makes them stronger and less changeable.
3) Brief summaries are also given of new behavioral insights from Uber on surge pricing and "eureka moments" being more likely to provide correct answers to puzzles.
This study examined how perceptions of fairness or unfairness (procedural justice and distributive justice) influence people's willingness to engage in mild or severe unethical decision-making aimed at achieving retributive justice. The study presented scenarios to employees of an electric company in Venezuela and MBA students describing either fair or unfair treatment. It was hypothesized that unfair treatment would make people more likely to choose mild unethical decisions when only one type of injustice was present, but more likely to choose severe unethical decisions when both procedural and distributive injustice were present. The results did not support the hypotheses but surprisingly found employees were more willing to make mild unethical decisions under conditions of complete fairness than partial fairness
This document discusses a proposed study analyzing temporal choice and amygdala activity in patients with depression or bipolar disorder using fMRI imaging during a monetary choice questionnaire. The study aims to investigate if bipolar patients discount rewards more heavily than depressed patients and connect this with greater amygdala activation. Previous research found both groups made riskier decisions than controls in gambling tasks. Studies also linked impulsivity and suicide attempts, indicating bipolar patients may discount more due to amygdala structural differences found in prior imaging research. The proposed study would test these hypotheses by comparing discount rates and amygdala activity between depressed and bipolar young adult patients.
The study examined how participants justified decisions involving human lives versus money. Participants provided rationales for choices in scenarios about a disease outbreak or monetary gamble. Their justifications were coded as relating to emotion, risk, or morality. Results showed participants made more morality-based statements for human life scenarios than monetary ones. For outbreak scenarios, more risk statements were made about the general public, while more morality statements were about prisoners, often dehumanizing them. Future research could use larger, more diverse samples and additional coding schemes.
Running head FACEBOOK CONSENSUS 1FACEBOOK CONSENSUS6.docxjeanettehully
Running head: FACEBOOK CONSENSUS 1
FACEBOOK CONSENSUS 6
Facebook Consensus: The Dynamics of Social Media Responses
Wendy Perez Ramos
Florida International University
The Dynamics of Social Media Responses
Moral judgment is commonly swayed by irrelevant factors, whereby people tend to arrive at the judgment(s) about different actions as being wrong if they are predisposed to fury prior to the making of moral judgment. On the contrary, the bias for positive emotions makes unacceptable actions at times appear acceptable. In the context, dilemmas that came before the prevalent one influence the permissibility of the unwarranted actions (Kundu & Cummins, 2013). The violation of rationality norms occurs when people allow social consensus to take precedence to facts (Kundu & Cummins, 2013). In like manner, accepting conformity creates room for error and confusion to spread reign a group, whereas the making of independent decisions as well as resistance to conform tends to be socially constructive (Kundu & Cummins, 2013). In this case, resistance to conformity may be considered both moral and rational, as it is commonplace for people’s behaviors to be frequently judged based on whether the persons involved relied on their moral principles or they simply complied. Conformity is, however, considered illogical if a person holds the belief that social consensus should be awarded less weight in the decision in comparison to one’s beliefs and values (Kundu & Cummins, 2013). In a nutshell, conformity can possibly be an outcome of a rational process, whereby the concerned people chose to follow their beliefs and the truth at the expense of a lie.
The seeking of knowledge continuously takes place on various social media platforms, whereby the determinants of the messages obtained by an individual are the pages followed and the friends that one has. Unfortunately, the platforms are responsible for the spread of fake news, whereby some players hide their identities and post content to reinforce their positions (Perfumi et al., 2019). Notably, social norms exist on the platforms but people’s perception of the values vary for a number of reasons, which include platform type, anonymity, and the nature of relationships between friends (Perfumi et al., 2019). Moreover, conformity to social norms in the context of social platforms varies significantly from that of face to face, while social influence therein may be categorized into norms-oriented social influence and information-oriented one. Remarkably, it would be necessary to create a distinction between the two aspects. The implication is that online users who feel that they are anonymous may experience the temptation to disregard the opinions that they could be exposed to. The other implication may be the motive of the users of online platforms. Where the intention is communication at the expense of conformity to social norms, the communicators tend to disregard the norms completely, while they ma ...
Running head FACEBOOK CONSENSUS 1FACEBOOK CONSENSUS6MalikPinckney86
Running head: FACEBOOK CONSENSUS 1
FACEBOOK CONSENSUS 6
Facebook Consensus: The Dynamics of Social Media Responses
Wendy Perez Ramos
Florida International University
The Dynamics of Social Media Responses
Moral judgment is commonly swayed by irrelevant factors, whereby people tend to arrive at the judgment(s) about different actions as being wrong if they are predisposed to fury prior to the making of moral judgment. On the contrary, the bias for positive emotions makes unacceptable actions at times appear acceptable. In the context, dilemmas that came before the prevalent one influence the permissibility of the unwarranted actions (Kundu & Cummins, 2013). The violation of rationality norms occurs when people allow social consensus to take precedence to facts (Kundu & Cummins, 2013). In like manner, accepting conformity creates room for error and confusion to spread reign a group, whereas the making of independent decisions as well as resistance to conform tends to be socially constructive (Kundu & Cummins, 2013). In this case, resistance to conformity may be considered both moral and rational, as it is commonplace for people’s behaviors to be frequently judged based on whether the persons involved relied on their moral principles or they simply complied. Conformity is, however, considered illogical if a person holds the belief that social consensus should be awarded less weight in the decision in comparison to one’s beliefs and values (Kundu & Cummins, 2013). In a nutshell, conformity can possibly be an outcome of a rational process, whereby the concerned people chose to follow their beliefs and the truth at the expense of a lie.
The seeking of knowledge continuously takes place on various social media platforms, whereby the determinants of the messages obtained by an individual are the pages followed and the friends that one has. Unfortunately, the platforms are responsible for the spread of fake news, whereby some players hide their identities and post content to reinforce their positions (Perfumi et al., 2019). Notably, social norms exist on the platforms but people’s perception of the values vary for a number of reasons, which include platform type, anonymity, and the nature of relationships between friends (Perfumi et al., 2019). Moreover, conformity to social norms in the context of social platforms varies significantly from that of face to face, while social influence therein may be categorized into norms-oriented social influence and information-oriented one. Remarkably, it would be necessary to create a distinction between the two aspects. The implication is that online users who feel that they are anonymous may experience the temptation to disregard the opinions that they could be exposed to. The other implication may be the motive of the users of online platforms. Where the intention is communication at the expense of conformity to social norms, the communicators tend to disregard the norms completely, while they ma ...
ComFun6e_Ch03_C!.indd 66ComFun6e_Ch03_C!.indd 66 12/10/09 10:27:01 AM12/10/09 10:27:01 AM
A
ngela Savanti was 22 years old, lived at home with her mother, and was employed as a
secretary in a large insurance company. She . . . had had passing periods of “the blues”
before, but her present feelings of despondency were of much greater proportion. She
was troubled by a severe depression and frequent crying spells, which had not lessened
over the past two months. Angela found it hard to concentrate on her job, had great difficulty
falling asleep at night, and had a poor appetite. . . . Her depression had begun after she and
her boyfriend Jerry broke up two months previously.
(Leon, 1984, p. 109)
Her feelings of despondency led Angela Savanti to make an appointment with a
therapist at a local counseling center. The first step the clinician took was to learn
as much as possible about Angela and her disturbance. Who is she, what is her life
like, and what precisely are her symptoms? The answers might help to reveal the
causes and probable course of her present dysfunction and suggest what kinds of
strategies would be most likely to help her. Treatment could then be tailored to
Angela’s needs and particular pattern of abnormal functioning.
In Chapters 1 and 2 you read about how researchers in abnormal psychol-
ogy build a general understanding of abnormal functioning. Clinical practitioners
apply this broad information in their work, but their main focus when faced with
new clients is to gather idiographic, or individual, information about them
(Bornstein, 2007). To help persons overcome their problems, clinicians must fully
understand them and their particular difficulties. To gather such individual infor-
mation, clinicians use the procedures of assessment and diagnosis. Then they are in
a position to offer treatment.
jjClinical Assessment: How and Why
Does the Client Behave Abnormally?
Assessment is simply the collecting of relevant information in an effort to reach
a conclusion. It goes on in every realm of life. We make assessments when we
decide what cereal to buy or which presidential candidate to vote for. College
admissions officers, who have to select the “best” of the students applying to their
college, depend on academic records, recommendations, achievement test scores,
interviews, and application forms to help them decide (Sackett, Borneman, &
Connelly, 2008). Employers, who have to predict which applicants are most likely
to be effective workers, collect information from résumés, interviews, references,
and perhaps on-the-job observations.
Clinical assessment is used to determine how and why a person is behaving ab-
normally and how that person may be helped. It also enables clinicians to evaluate
people’s progress after they have been in treatment for a while and decide whether
the treatment should be changed. The hundreds of clinical assessment techniques
CLINICAL ASSESSMENT,
DI.
The document describes a study that investigated how patients react to information about their physicians' conflicts of interest (COI). Participants were randomly assigned to one of three disclosure conditions (no, partial, or full disclosure) and asked their treatment preference. Increased disclosure significantly increased the likelihood patients would reject the physician's recommendation and choose drug therapy instead of an invasive procedure. On average, participants felt confident in their treatment choices across all disclosure levels.
A minimum of 100 words each and References Response (#1 – 6) KEEP .docxfredharris32
A minimum of 100 words each and References Response (#1 – 6) KEEP RESPONSE WITH ANSWER EACH ANSWER NEED TO HAVE A SCHOLARY SOURCE with a Hyperlink
Make sure the Responses includes the Following: (a) an understanding of the weekly content as supported by a scholarly resource, (b) the provision of a probing question. (c) stay on topic
1. In short, abnormal behavior, thoughts and emotions, are those that differ from society's definition of properly functioning, or the norm (Comer, 2018). These norms tend to differ between cultures which help to establish rules for proper conduct. What constitutes as abnormal behavior depends on specific circumstances and cultural norms (Comer, 2018). An example of abnormal behavior could be unusualness like a person who lives with many animals and isolates themselves from society. The behavior of this person is deviant and may be dysfunctional, but could be seen as eccentric rather than abnormal to a professional.
2. Abnormal behavior, in simple terms, is behavior outside of societal norms (Comer, 2018). Abnormalities differ based on what society you come from. Generally speaking, being considered normal means that you are complying by your society’s standards. Abnormalities arise when behavior is deviant, distressing, dysfunctional, or dangerous. An example of abnormal behavior would be manic behavior. A manic episode typically involves less sleep, risky behavior, irritability, increased talking, and even hypersexuality (Purse, 2019). This is typically deviant from the person’s normal behavior by definition. The manic behavior can be distressing for both the affected and their family or other loved ones. Risky behavior causes worry and distress. Irritability can create all sorts of distressing situations. When a person is manic, they are in a state of dysfunction. Memory and responsibilities often fall to the backburner while the manic episode rides its course. Of all the things that define abnormal behavior, a manic episode can be especially dangerous to both the person experiencing it as well as the others around them because it involves risky behavior—which implies many things from gambling to drugs. It often results in the person experiencing the episode being hospitalized.
3. “One common conceptualization of abnormality focuses on what is often called the Four Ds: deviance, distress, dysfunction, and danger (Topic 1 Resource, 2018).” An example of abnormal behavior is someone who hears voices telling them to do certain things. Some people may show this kind of abnormal behavior out of nowhere, or they have always heard these voices. This person can be deviant to their old life once they start hearing these voices and if they listen to them or not. These voices can cause distress to the person as well because if they listen to the voices, then they might start doing bad things. These voices can also cause dysfunction in this person life and how they act around others. Having this abnormal behavior can .
This document discusses issues related to evaluating the effectiveness of psychotherapy. It addresses questions around who should be asked to evaluate outcomes, when they should be asked, and how outcomes should be measured. It describes Hans Eysenck's early controversial claim that psychotherapy is ineffective and how subsequent meta-analyses found psychotherapy to be consistently effective. The document also distinguishes between efficacy studies conducted in controlled research settings and effectiveness studies conducted in real-world clinical practice settings. It reviews findings from efficacy studies on transdiagnostic therapies targeting underlying pathology. Finally, it discusses challenges in disseminating evidence-based therapies to practitioners and strategies like practice-oriented research to better bridge the gap between research and practice.
Both these ideas were based on the underage consumption of alcohol.docxAASTHA76
Both these ideas were based on the underage consumption of alcohol lading to illegal behavior that is common in the college going students. Attachment theory stands on the concept that human beings have a natural desire and innate requirement of being appreciated and accepted by others. Survey then led to the confirmatory analysis which enforced two-factor of attachment theory, comprising parental affection or attachment and peer attachment, both these types of accessories represent trust, non-estrangement, and communication, Which means that all the adults or youngsters are emotionally attached to their parents or the people of their group (Foster, Vaughan, Foster, & Califano Jr, 2013).
The results manifested the hypotheses that sheltered peer attachment positively concluded behavioral control and values towards alcohol, but protected maternal affection inversely completed behavioral control and values towards alcohol. Alcohol norms, behavioral control and attitudes individually elaborate alcohol objective, which showed an elevation in this behavior within a month. All these findings reinforce recommendations for agenda created to shorten the risk levels of underage drinking using the idea of Attachment theory and Theory of planned behavior TPB.
I. Social Learning Theory:
This research is associated with the methods of getting alcohol in underage, use of substance, underage drinking and this kind of other deviations, this study consider the application of social learning theory. Youngsters under adulthood age are getting alcohol illegally. Past researches show that young alcohol abusers use other persons for this purpose, and these other individuals include any stranger who is adult enough to drink legally (Miller, Levy, Spicer, & Taylor, 2010).
This procedure of getting alcohol is called black marketing. It has been observed that black market organization was made while taking alcohol illegally in association with the other black market organization, other black market anomaly or global anomaly. For study purpose, use of black market sources defined as the utilization of an unknown person trying to obtain illegal substance like alcohol, drugs, etc. thus sources was labeled black market, if the individual participating was an unknown. The materials under consideration in this study include alcohol and marijuana. The study sample was comprised of undergraduate’s students from the organizational pool from a southeastern university.
The questionnaire was filled through the online survey and analyzed statistically by multivariate statistical techniques (Foster, et al., 2013).Youth alcohol consumption includes a lot of research work. This study covers almost all the aspects from divergence related to underage drinking to the hazardous results it causes on health. A huge part of the sample population is the college students. Binge drinking, underage drinking, and general drinking are considered by average or dominant America ...
Chronic stress can negatively impact decision making abilities. It has been linked to poor issue interpretation, decreased alternative seeking, and implementing previously failed approaches. Researchers agree chronic stress leads to poor decision making. Those under chronic stress may exhibit risk taking behaviors due to altered reward processing. Additional variables like social pressure and rumination can further decrease decision making capabilities for those experiencing chronic stress. While some mixed results exist, chronic stress overall impairs cognitive processes involved in effective decision making.
The document summarizes a study that used Q-methodology to examine college males' perceptions of their mental health. Nine college students, including five males, sorted statements about mental health into categories of agreement. Results showed the strongest opinions were about self-harm. Both genders viewed resources and culture/family as important influences. Limitations included a small sample size drawn only from one university department. Future research could focus statements specifically on self-harm and resources to better understand students' needs.
The document is a description of the adaptation of Rizzi-Salvatori's "difficulty paper" for use in small groups after students viewed each others videotaped interactions with standardized patients in a required ethics course in a Doctor of Pharmacy program.
This document discusses several topics related to decision-making:
1. It discusses parental decision-making for minors' healthcare and how pediatric nurses are involved in facilitating care decisions between parents and patients.
2. It discusses the concept of medical autonomy and how current laws give decision-making authority to parents as surrogates for pediatric patients. However, the child's preferences should also be considered.
3. It notes there can be ethical dilemmas when a parents' decision is not considered in the best interest of the child by the healthcare team. An example given is decisions around prescriptions for contraception or abortion.
This document appears to be a dissertation that examines how adult attachment systems can be activated through primes and how this influences social evaluations. It provides a review of literature on conceptualizing adult attachment as either traits or states and discusses models of adult attachment. It presents the study's aim to prime participants with either secure or insecure attachments and measure how this affects their attachment state and social evaluations. The dissertation discusses the theoretical background and models of adult attachment in depth to support the study's hypotheses that priming secure attachment would increase security and positive evaluations while priming insecure attachment would have the opposite effect.
The original validation of the CORS for kids and the ORS for adolescents. Allowed the benefits of client based outcome feedback to expand to youth and family and paved the way to the current RCT with kids in the schools.
This document summarizes a research study that examined the impact of ethics training on budgetary decision making. The study involved four groups that received different combinations of a pre-test, ethics intervention, and post-test. The findings indicate that formal ethics training had little to no impact on individual choices, and in some cases seemed to have a negative correlation. The data suggest that individual ethical standards are a stronger predictor of ethical behavior than other variables like ethics training. Further research is needed to identify the most effective ways to guide budgetary decisions along ethical lines.
Generalist Practice A Presentation on Steps of The Problem-SolvMatthewTennant613
Generalist Practice: A Presentation on Steps of The Problem-Solving Process
Name:
Date: May 5th, 2021
Pamela Easter !!!
1
Problem Identification or Engagement
Identify the type of problem – drug addiction and its effects on Family members.(Janice Walker is at the center of problem)
Identify how the problem has affected the rest of the community- substance abuse effects cost in the community in measurable ways including loss of productivity and unemployability; impairment in physical and mental health; reduced quality of life; increase violence; and Crime; abuse and neglect of children.
The community's general perception of the problem- the economic consequences of drug abuse severely burden federal , State, and local government resources, and the taxpayer.
The root cause of the problem- most often the cause of addiction is chronic stress, a history of trauma (PTSD), mental illness, lastly family history with addiction
Problem Identification/Engagement. The first step is to identify the type of problem the researcher is dealing with. Identify how the problem has affected the rest of the community and the community's general perception of the problem. The next step is to evaluate how the problem has affected the community or a client. Lastly, identify the root cause of the problem; where did the problem come from, or how did the victim get the problem they are facing.
2
Data Collection
Three major ways of collecting data from Clients are Interviews, Observation, and surveys
Interviews:
Engaging with the client one-on-one. Listening to client’s perspective of the problem
This method has ability to untangle the individual's problem, emotions, background, and the general social context, The Advocate can get the client's perception of the treatment
Observation:
It obtains data from clients by assessing the reaction to their respective environments
The researcher can identify factors contributing to the Client's condition
Data collection. There are many ways to collect data from a client. Three major ways of collecting data from a client are Interviews, Observation, and First Extraction.
Interviews: The researcher can speak with the patient on a one-on-one basis. A researcher or a nurse can use this method because of its ability to untangle the individual's problem, emotions, background, and the general social context, which in this paper largely revolves around the family relationship (Cohen et al., 2017). This data collection method paves the way for a nurse to get the patient's perception of the treatment and some of the elements that motivated them to embrace treatment.
Observation: it is used to obtain data from clients by assessing the reaction to their respective environments. Observation methods allow the researcher to identify social dimensions and family background factors contributing to the patient's condition.
3
Data Collection cont’d
Surveys : Can discover the problem
Clients Family History background details o ...
Anorexia1-Definition2-Epidemiology in united states2.docxjack60216
Anorexia
1-Definition
2-Epidemiology in united states
2-Symptoms and signs
3-Diagnosis Criteria
4-Differential diagnosis
5-Treatment
6-Criteria for hospitalization
7-Other diseases related with inadequate calories intake
8-Underweight and growth failure definition
At least 15 slides. APA format.turtinitin report
.
Annotated BibliographyIn preparation of next weeks final as.docxjack60216
Annotated Bibliography
In preparation of next week's final assignment, prepare an annotated bibliography of all resources (required and those you selected) used to date (minimum of 26) at this time.
esources
Required References
Click url to play videos
Beautiful Mind. (2005, October 11). Wal-Mart: The high cost of low price [Video file]. New York, NY: Retail Project L.L.C. Retrieved from
Walmart The High Cost Of Low Price (Links to an external site.)
Fadi-BNZE-HD. (2014, March 14). Full documentary no logo brands, globalization and resistance [Video file]. Retrieved from
No Logo Brands, Globalization and Resistance (Links to an external site.)
*Study guide, http://www.mediaed.org/assets/products/115/studyguide_115.pdf
Ford School. (2011, March 11). @fordschool - Paul Krugman: Reflections on Globalization: Yesteryear and today[Video file]. Retrieved from
[email protected]
- Paul Krugman: Reflections on Globalization: Yesteryear and Today (Links to an external site.)
PBS Newshour. (2014, August 20).
‘Factory Man’ explores human side of how globalization affects U.S. industry
[Video file]. Retrieved from
http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/factory-man-explores-human-side-globalization-affects-u-s-industry/ (Links to an external site.)
Walmart. (n.d.). Community giving. http://foundation.walmart.com/
Recommended References
International Monetary Fund. (n.d.).
Key issues: Globalization
. Retrieved from http://www.imf.org/external/np/exr/key/global.htm
World Affairs Council: Nor Cal. (2006, October 6).
Making globalization work Joseph Stiglitz
[Video file]. Retrieved from
http://library.fora.tv/2006/10/10/Making_Globalization_Work (Links to an external site.)
Online Writing Lab (n.d.).
Annotated bibliography samples
. Retrieved from https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/614/03/
esources
Required References
Click url to play videos
Beautiful Mind. (2005, October 11). Wal-Mart: The high cost of low price [Video file]. New York, NY: Retail Project L.L.C. Retrieved from
Walmart The High Cost Of Low Price (Links to an external site.)
Fadi-BNZE-HD. (2014, March 14). Full documentary no logo brands, globalization and resistance [Video file]. Retrieved from
No Logo Brands, Globalization and Resistance (Links to an external site.)
*Study guide, http://www.mediaed.org/assets/products/115/studyguide_115.pdf
Ford School. (2011, March 11). @fordschool - Paul Krugman: Reflections on Globalization: Yesteryear and today[Video file]. Retrieved from
[email protected]
- Paul Krugman: Reflections on Globalization: Yesteryear and Today (Links to an external site.)
PBS Newshour. (2014, August 20).
‘Factory Man’ explores human side of how globalization affects U.S. industry
[Video file]. Retrieved from
http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/factory-man-explores-human-side-globalization-affects-u-s-industry/ (Links to an external site.)
Walmart. (n.d.). Community giving. http://foundation.walmart.com/
Recommended References
Internation.
Annual Report to the Nation on the Status of Cancer,Part I .docxjack60216
Annual Report to the Nation on the Status of Cancer,
Part I: National Cancer Statistics
Kathleen A. Cronin, PhD, MPH1; Andrew J. Lake, BS2; Susan Scott, MPH 1; Recinda L. Sherman, MPH, PhD, CTR3;
Anne-Michelle Noone, MS1; Nadia Howlader, MS, PhD1; S. Jane Henley, MSPH4; Robert N. Anderson, PhD5;
Albert U. Firth, BS2; Jiemin Ma, PhD, MHS6; Betsy A. Kohler, MPH, CTR3; and Ahmedin Jemal, DVM, PhD 6
BACKGROUND: The American Cancer Society (ACS), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the National Cancer
Institute (NCI), and the North American Association of Central Cancer Registries (NAACCR) collaborate to provide annual updates
on cancer occurrence and trends in the United States. METHODS: Incidence data were obtained from the CDC-funded and NCI-
funded population-based cancer registry programs and compiled by NAACCR. Data on cancer deaths were obtained from the
National Center for Health Statistics National Vital Statistics System. Trends in age-standardized incidence and death rates for all can-
cers combined and for the leading cancer types by sex, race, and ethnicity were estimated by joinpoint analysis and expressed as the
annual percent change. Stage distribution and 5-year survival by stage at diagnosis were calculated for breast cancer, colon and rec-
tum (colorectal) cancer, lung and bronchus cancer, and melanoma of the skin. RESULTS: Overall cancer incidence rates from 2008 to
2014 decreased by 2.2% per year among men but were stable among women. Overall cancer death rates from 1999 to 2015
decreased by 1.8% per year among men and by 1.4% per year among women. Among men, incidence rates during the most recent 5-
year period (2010-2014) decreased for 7 of the 17 most common cancer types, and death rates (2011-2015) decreased for 11 of the 18
most common types. Among women, incidence rates declined for 7 of the 18 most common cancers, and death rates declined for 14
of the 20 most common cancers. Death rates decreased for cancer sites, including lung and bronchus (men and women), colorectal
(men and women), female breast, and prostate. Death rates increased for cancers of the liver (men and women); pancreas (men and
women); brain and other nervous system (men and women); oral cavity and pharynx (men only); soft tissue, including heart (men
only); nonmelanoma skin (men only); and uterus. Incidence and death rates were higher among men than among women for all racial
and ethnic groups. For all cancer sites combined, black men and white women had the highest incidence rates compared with other
racial groups, and black men and black women had the highest death rates compared with other racial groups. Non-Hispanic men
and women had higher incidence and mortality rates than those of Hispanic ethnicity. Five-year survival for cases diagnosed from
2007 through 2013 ranged from 100% (stage I) to 26.5% (stage IV) for female breast cancer, from 88.1% (stage I) to 12.6% (stage IV)
for colorectal cancer, from 55.
Annotated BibliographyDue 1212019 @ 12pm Eastern Time (Unite.docxjack60216
Annotated Bibliography
Due 12/1/2019 @ 12pm Eastern Time (United States)
3-5 pages
Must be in APA format
Must use a minimum of 8
scholarly article
Must be submitted through turnitin and submit the report
Instructions are attached
.
Annotated BibliographyFor this assignment, you will create an .docxjack60216
Annotated Bibliography
For this assignment, you will create an annotated bibliography on social determinants.
- Select five articles you wish to annotate. Make certain to select different types of disparities, such as race, gender, SES, age, language, liability status, etc.
For more information about the elements of an
Annotated Bibliography
.
Attached, you will find a document that can provide more in-depth information on how to construct an annotated bibliography, including samples.
FREE OF PLAGIARISM (TURNITIN ASSIGNMENT)
.
Annotated bibliography due in 36 hours. MLA format Must incl.docxjack60216
Annotated bibliography due in 36 hours.
MLA format
Must include 8 sources
Annotations should be between 4 to 7 sentences.
PLEASE PLEASE PLEASE review ALL attachments because they are very important and are beneficial for the next part (research paper).
The book is Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe.
I also included an attachment for the research paper so you can know what to focus on for the annotated bib.
.
Analyzing a Short Story- The Necklace by Guy de MaupassantIntro.docxjack60216
Analyzing a Short Story- The Necklace by Guy de Maupassant
Intro
- 5 to 8 line and thesis = what you think is the major theme of the story at end of the intro just a one sentence.
Plot
- What is the plot? (2-3 lines summary)
Understandable or too complex?
Tension/conflict?
Too fast/slow? Appropriate?
Characters
- Indentify major character(s)
Descriptions of major characters; must have at least one physical description and one personality description for each major character
Stereotypes and break in stereotypes of major characters
Setting
- Geographical (city/state/country)
Time period (year/time of year/day/time of day)Specific (house/village, etc)
Cultural (any prevailing social/ political /religious conditions that affect/ influence the story )
Narrator
- Is it internal (one of the characters in the story)Or is it external (someone outside the story)Which do you prefer and why?
Images/Symbols- Images or symbols used (must have at least one human and one non-human) Must explain what each one symbolizes.
Theme/Message-
What is the main message of the story? Explain how you arrived at your answer.
Conclusion (1 Para, exactly 10 lines)
Length: 4 pages
(not counting Works Cited)
Length starts with first word of intro para (NOT top of first page)
Make sure on each full page you have 23 lines total; otherwise, you will have to make up those lines on the last page to meet the minimum length requirement.
must be original writing and no plagiarism and cannot use any other website then the short story that is provided.
sample of essay example provided below.
.
Andy Sylvan was the assistant director of the community developm.docxjack60216
Andy Sylvan was the assistant director of community development in Greenwood. He helped the Governor uncover financial mismanagement of a state grant by Sylvan's boss, Rose Almindinger. However, after helping the Governor, Sylvan's career suffered - he was passed over for a promotion, received a poor performance review, and faced ostracization at work. He eventually left his job and took a teaching position with less pay due to how he was treated after blowing the whistle on corruption.
Annotated Bibliography Althaus, F. U.S. Maternal Morta.docxjack60216
Annotated Bibliography
Althaus, F. “U.S. Maternal Mortality Has Continued Its Decline, but Risk Remains Higher
among Minority Women.” Family Planning Perspective, vol. 23, no. 3, May 1991, pp.
140–141. EBSCOhost, doi: 10.2307/2135829.
According to the article by F. Althaus, the development in the American health system
has continuously transformed the health sector and the delivery environment among expectant
mothers. When compared to the previous era, expectant White-American mothers are delivering
safely, specifically those who live in states where the quality of health infrastructure and services
are high. Unfortunately, though, the population of people of color’s maternal mortality rate is
increasingly reporting the highest in minority communities due to the low quality of health
infrastructure and services in their living environments. Althaus presents that both maternal and
child mortality rates among Black mothers are three times that of Whites. This author stretches
the discussion to address the long history of birth oppression among Black mothers and the
strategies that have been applied to suppress these oppressions. The author outlines that the
Black, marginalized, population contributes significantly to the American ecosystem. Therefore,
providing quality service, especially for the expectant mothers of color, should be something the
federal government sees as a must do instead of coming up with illegal family planning
approaches with a hidden agendas. It is imperative that equity prevails for all races during
maternity and childbirth.
El Sayed, Abdulrahman M., et al.: Social Environment, Genetics, and Black-White
Disparities in Infant Mortality."Paediatric & Perinatal Epidemiology, Vol.29. no.6.
November.2015.pp.546-551.EBSCOhost.doi:10.1111/ppe.12227
The above article presents information on genetics and one’s surroundings as the factors
that interplay and produce the wellness of the population within a given place. The article
discusses parental race differences and vulnerabilities of infant mortality rates through studying
how genes and a person’s environment could shape these perinatal vulnerabilities. El Sayed
found that the dynamic of child deaths continue to increase among the black community with
said improvement in the health sector impacting only the white population. Instead of genetics
being the main impact on child deaths, it is shown that race-driven prejudice and structural
socio-economic opportunities of social surroundings is a great explanation of why there are
racial differences in infant mortality rates. Despite these factors being proven to be contributing
to the number of deaths among infants, the government does little to address the associated risk
factors. The author recommends that the federal government could mitigate the social factors and
introduce more diverse healthcare providers to promote wellness among Black-American
expectant mothers.
.
Ann, a community nurse, made an afternoon home visit with Susan and .docxjack60216
Ann, a community nurse, made an afternoon home visit with Susan and her father. After the death of her mother, Susan had growing concerns about her father living alone. "I worry about my father all the time. He is becoming more forgetful and he has trouble seeing. Mom used to take care of him. I am not sleeping and I am irritable around him. Yesterday I shouted at him because he wouldn't let me help him with his laundry. I felt terrible! I am at my wits' end! My brothers and sisters do not want to put dad in a nursing home but they are not willing to help out. As usual, they have left me with all the responsibility. I work part time and have two small children to care for.” Susan's father, Sam, sat quietly with tears filling his eyes. He was well nourished and well-groomed but would not make eye contact. Nurse Ann noticed that the house was clean and orderly. A tray in front of the TV had the remains of a ham sandwich and glass of ice tea. Mail was piled up, unopened on a small table near the front door. There was only one car in the driveway and the yard was in need of attention.
.
Andrea Walters Week 2 Main Post The key functional area of n.docxjack60216
Andrea Walters' Week 2 Main Post: The key functional area of nursing informatics relevant to me is education and consultant. Education is relevant as newly hired nurses need education to be competent with the electronic health records (EHR) used in the specialty. I precept nurses new to oncology and educate them on how informatics is used in oncology, how data is placed into the EHRs and how then used by informaticists. Consultant is relevant when there has been an issue, I have been used as a consultant and a liaison between nursing science and computer science. I have given my knowledge to the EHR developers on how they may better serve other oncology practices. Although I have been used as a consultant, oncology is constantly changing. Technology informatics guiding education reform (TIGER) has core competencies for specific areas. One core competency area under direct patient care is enhance information and knowledge management (Hubner et al., 2018). This competency will aid me to become more proficient in oncology and using a database by engaging in researching upcoming and new evidence-based practice. This competency is necessary to help identify problems and become part of the solution instead of waiting on the organization to develop solutions. The plan for developing this competency is to subscribe to an oncology journal, such as The Oncology Nurse to further my education outside of work, and research evidence-based practice through the organization’s research database, CINHAL. I will set aside 30 minutes twice weekly to research and read to develop this competency. Developing this competency will help refine and improve my skills and move from being a good to an expert nurse consultant and educator. Continuing education concentrating on informatics is necessary for all nurses in order to productively participate with content and dialogue that correlates to the informatics realm as nursing informatics is a rapidly changing field (Yen, Kennedy, Phillips & Collin, 2017). References Hubner, U., Shaw, T., Thye, J., Egbert, N., Marin, H., Chang, P., ... Ball, M. (2018). Technology informatics guiding education -TIGER. Methods of Information in Medicine, 57(S 01), e30-342. doi: 10.3414/ME17-01-0155 Yen, P., Kennedy, M., Phillips, A., & Collins, S. (2017). Nursing informatics competency assessment for the nurse leader. The Journal of Nursing Administration, 47(5), 271-277. doi: 10.1097/NNA.0000000000000478
.
and emergency CPR all changed ways of thinking about risk of death.docxjack60216
and emergency CPR all changed ways of thinking about risk of death, so too did the idea of organs moving among family members, friends, or even strangers open up social and familial obligations to being expressed via emerging medical-technical means.” (p. 166)
Using this quote as a point of entry, write about 2-3 pages (double-spaced) about how the practice of medicine in the US has “opened up” new ways of living in a world imbued with social, cultural and political meanings and values. You can use any examples and materials you want (either covered in class or not). Make sure you quote your sources.
Choose a picture that best illustrates for you the social and/or cultural and/or political significance of the Covid-19 public health crisis. It can be a picture taken by you or found somewhere else (mention the sources either way). Write a mini-essay of about 200 words, explaining why that particular image captures, in your opinion, something important about the pandemic. Give a title to your mini-essay. Be as creative as you would like. Upload the picture and the text in one document.
BOTH prompts are mandatory. Upload them on BlueLine by November 24 at 5 pm.
.
analyze, and discuss emerging ICT tools and technologies present.docxjack60216
analyze, and discuss emerging ICT tools and technologies presenting the potential to enhance policy making. Visualization tool are discussed in
Visualization tools help users better understand data and provide a more meaningful view in context, especially by presenting data in a graphical form.
Produce a definition of data visualization. Explain how it caters to the perceptual abilities of humans.
Describe three challenges data visualization researchers face when trying to use visualization tools to reinforce the policy-making process. Suggest solutions to conquer these three challenges.
Initial Post:
Create a new thread. As indicated above, (1) Produce a definition of data visualization. Explain how it caters to the perceptual abilities of humans. (2) Describe three challenges data visualization researchers face when trying to use visualization tools to reinforce the policy-making process. Suggest solutions to conquer these three challenges.
In order to receive full credit for the initial discussion post, you must include at least two citations (APA) from academic resources
.
Analyzing a Research ArticleNote Please complete this dis.docxjack60216
Analyzing a Research Article
Note
: Please complete this discussion before completing the assignment in this unit.
For this discussion, select one of the peer-reviewed
In your initial post:
Cite the article and provide your own analysis of it. Use the general outline for analyzing a research article from the Analyze Results page (link given in the resources).
State why this specific article is important to your course project.
Post according to the Faculty Expectations Response Guidelines. Be sure to include at least one APA-formatted citation (in-text plus full reference). The citation should be from materials you have read during this unit. It may be from course textbooks, assigned readings, or an outside source.
Overprescribing antiobics
References
Brink, A. J., Messina, A. P., Feldman, C., Richards, G. A., Becker, P. J., Goff, D. A., ... & Alliance, N. A. S. S. (2016). Antimicrobial stewardship across 47 South African hospitals: an implementation study.
The Lancet Infectious Diseases
,
16
(9), 1017-1025.
Dobson, E. L., Klepser, M. E., Pogue, J. M., Labreche, M. J., Adams, A. J., Gauthier, T. P., ... & Task, S. C. P. A. S. (2017). Outpatient antibiotic stewardship: Interventions and opportunities.
Journal of the American Pharmacists Association
,
57
(4), 464-473.
.
Analyze the Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s and 1960s. What p.docxjack60216
Analyze the Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s and 1960s. What progress did the movement make in the U.S. Supreme Court? How did southern segregationists react to the Court’s decisions? Who was Emmett Till, and what happened to him? Explain the Montgomery Bus Boycott and its impact. What style of protest did Martin Luther King, Jr. (MLK) and civil rights activists practice? How did college students become engaged in the movement? Who were the Freedom Riders? How did Civil Rights activists advocate for voting rights and address social and economic inequities in the United States? What is the legacy of the Civil Rights Movement?
.
Analytical Research Project InstructionsINFA 630 – Intrusion.docxjack60216
Analytical Research Project Instructions
INFA 630 – Intrusion Detection and Intrusion Prevention
Summary
This is a paper describing the results of an analytical research project, worth 25% of your total grade. Your paper should be 10-12 pages, double-spaced, exclusive of cover, title page, table of contents, endnotes and bibliography. Your paper must use APA formatting with the exception that tables and figures can be inserted at the appropriate location rather than added at the end. Following UMUC policy, all students must upload their papers to Turnitin.com (following instructions provided by your instructor), produce and review an originality report, and submit the final version of the paper to your Assignment Folder prior to the submission deadline.
Paper Topic Selection
Prior to writing your paper, you must submit a short, ungraded, topic proposal. You should submit your intended research paper topic by the end of Session 3. The purpose of this preliminary milestone is to provide your instructor the opportunity to confirm the appropriateness of your proposed topic, sufficiently early in the course to allow for topic revision if necessary. It will be helpful if you include, with your proposed paper topic, the sort of research you intend to do and any specific sources you may have already found or plan to use in researching your topic. Your instructor will provide feedback on the suitability of the proposed topic by the start of Session 5. Students who do not provide a proposed topic will be preparing their research papers "at risk;"
i.e.
, they will run the risk of delivering a paper reflecting research that is not suitable for this course.
Analytical Research Project
The purpose of the Research Project is to develop an in-depth understanding of the intrusion detection and/or prevention technology and the way in which such technology is used to protect specific computing environments against specific threats. To arrive at this understanding, your project may choose to follow either one of two analytical approaches:
1. Analysis of a tool or technique including functional applicability and limitations
2. Analysis of environmental security requirements and technologies to meet those requirements
Tool-centric Research
: Projects of the first type will focus on a specific tool, technique, or method used in intrusion detection or intrusion prevention. Choosing a topic for this type of project will mean selecting the tool you want to research and analyze and developing a research question or thesis statement that your research is intended to answer. The analysis for a tool-centric research project should emphasize the use and application of the tool, technique, or method rather than a simple explanation of its features. If you choose a product or tool with a broad set of capabilities, you may choose to provide an analysis of one or more aspects of the tool. The paper distills fundamental issues, focuses on one available solution, a.
Analyze the performance of the leadership of an organization (Netfli.docxjack60216
Analyze the performance of the leadership of an organization (Netflix). The focus of this paper (4-6 pages) will be on the actions taken by the corporate leadership in the face of the global financial crisis since 2007. For the purpose of assurance of learning, one score will be given, based on the articulation of the situation, interaction style, goal-setting process, and leadership behaviour. Figure out exactly what was the reaction to the difficult business environment. Just pick a few things (or even only one and go in detail).
.
Analyze the subjective portion of the note. List additiona.docxjack60216
Analyze the subjective portion of the note. List additional information that should be included in the documentation.
Analyze the objective portion of the note. List additional information that should be included in the documentation.
Is the assessment supported by the subjective and objective information? Why or why not?
What diagnostic tests would be appropriate for this case, and how would the results be used to make a diagnosis?
Would you reject/accept the current diagnosis? Why or why not? Identify three possible conditions that may be considered as a differential diagnosis for this patient. Explain your reasoning using at least three different references from current evidence-based literature.
ABDOMINAL ASSESSMENT NOTE
Subjective:
• CC: “My stomach hurts, I have diarrhea and nothing seems to help.”
• HPI: JR, 47 yo WM, complains of having generalized abdominal pain that started 3 days ago. He has not taken any medications because he did not know what to take. He states the pain is a 5/10 today but has been as much as 9/10 when it first started. He has been able to eat, with some nausea afterwards.
• PMH: HTN, Diabetes, hx of GI bleed 4 years ago
• Medications: Lisinopril 10mg, Amlodipine 5 mg, Metformin 1000mg, Lantus 10 units qhs
• Allergies: NKDA
• FH: No hx of colon cancer, Father hx DMT2, HTN, Mother hx HTN, Hyperlipidemia, GERD
• Social: Denies tobacco use; occasional etoh, married, 3 children (1 girl, 2 boys)
Objective:
• VS: Temp 99.8; BP 160/86; RR 16; P 92; HT 5’10”; WT 248lbs
• Heart: RRR, no murmurs
• Lungs: CTA, chest wall symmetrical
• Skin: Intact without lesions, no urticaria
• Abd: soft, hyperactive bowel sounds, pos pain in the LLQ
• Diagnostics: None
Assessment:
• Left lower quadrant pain
• Gastroenteritis
.
Analyze the measures your state and local community have in pl.docxjack60216
Analyze the measures your state and local community have in place to prepare hospitals for two (2) different types of threats to public health. Question whether the design of these measures allows for the sufficient protection of the population in the face of an imminent threat. Justify your response.
Examine two to three (2-3) changes to the preparedness policies of your chosen state and federal government agencies. Determine the significant social, political, or environmental factors that have influenced these changes. Provide support for your rationale.
.
Analyze two (2) advantages and two (2) disadvantages of creati.docxjack60216
Analyze two (2) advantages and two (2) disadvantages of creating portable learning assets for an LMS.
Research alternatives to Shareable Content Object Reference Model (SCORM). Determine at least one (1) alternative to SCORM and recommend a way for an organization of your choice to package its assets to make them portable. Explain your rationale.
.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
Communicating effectively and consistently with students can help them feel at ease during their learning experience and provide the instructor with a communication trail to track the course's progress. This workshop will take you through constructing an engaging course container to facilitate effective communication.
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
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2. People often respond emotionally to moral problems.
Sometimes,
these emotional responses conflict with cognitive preferences.
This article examines separate- versus joint-evaluation mode as
a tool that can predict the conditions under which the emotional
self overrides the cognitive self in moral judgment. When
people think about one option at a time, as they do in separate
evaluation mode, they are more likely to base their moral judg-
ments on emotions than when they compare two or more
options simultaneously in joint-evaluation mode (Ritov &
Baron, in press). Because many decisions could benefit from
increased cognition and control over the emotive self, it is
important to understand how to effectively use joint decision-
making procedures as a tool in the moral domain.
Substantial evidence has documented preference reversals
between what people choose in separate versus joint decision
making (Bazerman & Moore, 2008). Bazerman, Tenbrunsel,
and Wade-Benzoni (1998) suggest that many of these prefer-
ence reversals are explained by the internal conflict between
what one emotively wants to do versus what one cognitively
thinks one should do. Consistent with the affect heuristic
(Slovic, Finucane, Peters, & MacGregor, 2002), people favor
the more emotively appealing option (the “want option”) when
considering only one option at a time, and favor reason-based
decision making (the “should” option) when considering two or
more options simultaneously.
Prior research has examined the influence of joint and
separate decision making by examining whether people pay
attention to their own outcomes or to comparisons with others’.
Bazerman, Schroth, Shah, Diekmann, and Tenbrunsel (1994)
asked Kellogg MBA students whether they would accept job
offers from a consulting firm when facing deadlines. The
researchers manipulated whether students were presented with
one or two job offers at a time. The job descriptions included
3. the following information:
Job A: The offer is from Company 4 for $75,000 a year. It is
widely
known that this firm pays all starting MBAs from top schools
$75,000
a year.
Job B: The offer is from Company 9 for $85,000 a year. It is
widely
known that this firm is paying some other graduating Kellogg
students
$95,000 a year.
As these descriptions show, Job A pays less than Job B, but
Job B is more likely to evoke an emotional reaction because
it raises the moral issue of the firm paying others more than
the target student. The study results demonstrated that MBA
students who were presented with only one job offer were more
likely to accept Job A, the more emotionally appealing option.
In
contrast, students who were presented with both job offers
simul-
taneously were more likely to accept Job B. The opportunity to
Corresponding author: Max H. Bazerman, Harvard Business
School, Harvard University, Baker Library 453, Soldiers Field
Road, Boston, MA 02163, USA. Email: [email protected]
Bazerman et al. Joint Evaluation and Assessment of Morality
291
compare the offers allowed students to make decisions more
consistent with their best interests.
4. In another study, Paharia, Kassam, Greene, and Bazerman
(2009) explored the degree to which emotions influence judg-
ments of price gouging. The study was motivated by the 2005
news that pharmaceutical giant Merck had sold the rights to two
of its relatively unprofitable cancer drugs to a smaller and
lesser known company, Ovation Pharmaceuticals. Ovation then
raised the price of the drugs by 1,000%, although Merck con-
tinued to manufacture the drugs. The price hike generated little
outrage, probably due in part to Ovation’s low public profile. In
contrast, had Merck raised the price of the drugs directly,
observers likely would have responded to the news in a more
negative manner. Paharia et al. (2009) designed a study that
compared the difference between raising prices directly versus
indirectly. All study participants read:
A major pharmaceutical company, X, had a cancer drug that was
mini-
mally profitable. The fixed costs were high and the market was
limited.
But, the patients who used the drug really needed it. The
pharmaceutical
was making the drug for $2.50/pill (all costs included), and was
only
selling it for $3/pill.
Then, one group of participants assessed the ethicality of the
following action:
A: The major pharmaceutical firm (X) raised the price of the
drug from
$3/pill to $9/pill.
A second group assessed the ethicality of a different course of
action:
5. B: The major pharmaceutical firm (X) sold the rights to a
smaller phar-
maceutical. In order to recoup costs, company Y increased the
price of
the drug to $15/pill.
The results showed that participants who read Action A judged
the behavior of company X more harshly than those who read
Action B, despite the smaller negative impact of Action A on
patients. In addition, Paharia et al. (2009) presented a third
group of participants with both possible actions simultaneously
and asked them to judge which was more unethical. In this case,
preferences reversed. When participants could compare the two
scenarios, they judged Action B to be more unethical than
Action A. Here again, a joint-evaluation format reduced the
influence of emotional responses on moral judgments.
More recently, Gino, Moore, and Bazerman (2010) used the
distinction between separate and joint evaluation to examine
the effect of the outcome bias—the tendency to judge the qual-
ity of others’ decisions based on results rather than on their
decision-making process—on judgments with ethical implica-
tions (see also Gino, Shu, & Bazerman, 2010). Participants in
Gino et al.’s (2010) study read a scenario describing the case of
a patient suffering from pain who had been advised by his doc-
tor to simply rest. The scenario stressed that the doctor’s advice
was contrary to practice guidelines but saved the doctor money
and time. In the “separate evaluation/bad outcome” condition,
the scenario description ended as follows:
Sam’s symptoms worsen over time and after only a couple of
weeks, Sam is in need of back surgery, which will very likely
result in
long-term effects such as pain and loss of mobility.
6. In contrast, in the “separate evaluation/good outcome” condi-
tion, the ending read:
Sam’s symptoms improve over time and after only a couple of
weeks,
the pain completely disappears.
Both groups of participants rated the ethicality of the doctor’s
actions. As expected, the emotions resulting from the combina-
tion of an unethical decision with a bad outcome led partici-
pants to rate the doctor’s behavior as more unethical than when
a good outcome resulted. Parallel to prior studies, the
researchers
included a third condition in which participants read both sce-
narios and judged the ethicality of the doctor’s actions. In this
joint-evaluation condition, participants’ judgments were less
swayed by positive or negative outcome information, and 65%
of the participants rated the scenarios as equally unethical.
Implications
The empirical evidence discussed in this article is consistent
with
research showing that emotions play too strong a role in
separate
decision making. In fact, Ritov and Baron (in press) show that
emotional responses are stronger when assessing options sepa-
rately than when assessing problems jointly. The evidence we
have described suggests that decision makers should consider
evaluating options jointly when assessing morality or making
moral judgments. This is consistent with the long-standing
advice
in the decision literature to consider all available alternatives
when making decisions (Raiffa, 1968). In addition, research
shows that if people consider a decision well in advance or in
retrospect, they express greater support for the decisions
7. resulting
from the joint format (O’Connor et al., 2002).
We believe that both emotion and cognition add value to
moral decision making. But when they are in conflict, normative
decision criteria (Bazerman & Moore, 2008), predecision
prefer-
ences (O’Connor et al., 2002), and retrospective assessments
(O’Connor et al., 2002) all suggest that we would better meet
our underlying moral and ethical values by applying joint evalu-
ation to our moral judgments. And, when making decisions with
moral implications, we should avoid the common real-world
default to assess options sequentially as they develop.
References
Bazerman, M. H., & Moore, D. A. (2008). Judgment in
managerial decision
making (7th ed.). New York, NY: Wiley.
Bazerman, M. H., Schroth, H. A., Shah, P. P., Diekmann, K. A.,
&
Tenbrunsel, A. E. (1994). The inconsistent role of social
comparison
and procedural justice in reactions to hypothetical job
descriptions:
292 Emotion Review Vol. 3 No. 3
Implications for job acceptance decisions. Organizational
Behavior and
Human Decision Processes, 60, 326–352.
Bazerman, M. H., Tenbrunsel, A. E., & Wade-Benzoni, K. A.
8. (1998). What
I want to do versus what I should do: A theoretical explanation
for
preference reversals. Academy of Management Review, 23,
225–241.
Gino, F., Moore, D. A., & Bazerman, M. H. (2010). No harm,
no foul: The
outcome bias in ethical judgments. Working article, Harvard
Business
School.
Gino, F., Shu, L. L., & Bazerman, M. H. (2010). Nameless +
harmless =
blameless: When seemingly irrelevant factors influence
judgment of
(un)ethical behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human
Decision
Processes, 111, 102–115.
O’Connor, K. M., De Dreu, C. K. W., Schroth, H., Barry, B.,
Lituchy, T. R.,
& Bazerman, M. H. (2002). What we want to do versus what we
think
we should do: An empirical investigation of intrapersonal
conflict.
Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 15, 403–418.
Paharia, N., Kassam, K. S., Greene, J. D., & Bazerman, M. H.
(2009).
Dirty work, clean hands:. The moral psychology of indirect
agency.
Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 109,
134–141.
9. Raiffa, H. (1968). Decision analysis. Reading, MA: Addison-
Wesley.
Ritov, I., & Baron, J. (in press). Joint presentation reduces the
effect of emotion on evaluation of public actions. Cognition &
Emotion.
Slovic, P., Finucane, M. L., Peters, E., & MacGregor, D. G.
(2002). The
affect heuristic. In T. Gilovich, D. Griffin & D. Kahneman
(Eds.),
Intuitive judgment: Heuristics and biases (pp. 397–420). New
York,
NY: Cambridge University Press.
2/5/15, 7:49 AMBackground
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background.htm
OP-ED TOPIC FOR 2015 SPRING
Introduction. . .
_____________________________________________________
__________________________
Public Anthropology’s Community Action Website Project
helps to provide students with key skills they need to be
successful in
their future careers: critical thinking, effective communication,
and active citizenship. The Project encourages (1) critical
10. thinking
regarding an ethical issue, (2) a sharing of ideas among students
from different universities, (3) improved writing skills, and (4)
active citizenship
– a sense that students working together can facilitate change.
Let's begin. . .
_____________________________________________________
__________________________
THE ISSUE
The rules for regulating research are regularly updated. The U.
S. Department of Health and Human Services, for example, is
presently trying to complete a new set of regulations (see e.g.
http://chronicle.com/article/Overhaul-of-Rules-for-
Human/137811/). After
reading the material below, you will be asked to address in your
Op-Ed (or opinion piece) two questions regarding how much,
or how little, governmental regulation of research is
appropriate. Good luck.
There are four steps to this skill development process:
(1) READ: You should carefully read the background material
to gain an idea of the issue you will be writing about. If you
rush
through the material, you will probably do poorly -- grade wise
-- on this writing assignment.
(2) DECIDE: You will then take a stand on the issue discussed
and, critically, develop an effective argument in support of your
position.
11. (3) PREPARE: Before you write your Op-Ed (or opinion) piece,
you should carefully look at the criteria others will use in
evaluating
your piece (see below) as well as examples of model Op-Eds
from leading North American newspapers. These should provide
a sense
of how to frame and phrase your own Op-Ed.
(4) WRITE: You should write your Op-Ed in a word processing
program – such as WORD – and cut and paste your Op-Ed into
the
space provided on the website.
RELATION TO READING: Why a Public Anthropology?
Why a Public Anthropology? begins with the sentence:
"Cultural Anthropology has the potential to change the world."
The first chapter highlights
three anthropologists who actively addressed important social
concerns -- Franz Boas, Margaret Mead, and Paul Farmer. The
second chapter then
describes in some detail cultural anthropology's potential for
addressing a range of problems. But how does one proceed in an
ethically positive
way in addressing these problems, in trying to bring change?
In sections 1.6, 1.7, and 1.8, the book asks whether cultural
anthropology should move beyond its current ethical stance of
"do no harm" to a
more positive stance of "doing good." These sections emphasize
that "do no harm," when looked at closely, is an ethically
ambiguous position.
There are several cases where anthropologists, while in
principle not desiring to do harm, in fact do considerable harm.
And there are cases where
national governments, in seeking to avoid ethical abuses, over-
12. regulate research. In strictly regulating research, these
governments limit the
researcher's ability to do good, thereby causing harm in a
different way.
In this assignment, you need to consider how research should
best proceed for the good of all. How much regulation should
there be to avoid
harming research subjects? And how much freedom should there
be so that researchers can produce results that help others?
BACKGROUND INFORMATION
In writing your Op-Ed, you are strongly encouraged to ONLY
use the information provided below (especially the five case
studies). Yes, there are
lots of links in the following materials. But they are mainly
provided so you appreciate the statements being made are well
documented.
Writing your Op-Ed is primarily an exercise in critical thinking,
not in collecting data from the web to support this or that
position. Given the
information as reliable as we can make it – given the demands
of this assignment – what do you view as a reasonable stance?
How do you reason
with the information provided to a thoughtful position regarding
freedom versus regulation in research?
A BIT OF HISTORY:
THE BELMONT REPORT (see
http://www.hhs.gov/ohrp/policy/belmont.html,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belmont_report) of 1979
constitutes
13. http://chronicle.com/article/Overhaul-of-Rules-for-
Human/137811/
http://www.hhs.gov/ohrp/policy/belmont.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belmont_report
2/5/15, 7:49 AMBackground
Page 2 of 8http://www.publicanthropology.org/CAW/General/-
background.htm
THE BELMONT REPORT (see
http://www.hhs.gov/ohrp/policy/belmont.html,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belmont_report) of 1979
constitutes
the foundation for regulating research across all parts of the
United States government. Quoting from the report itself:
On July 12, 1974, the National Research Act (Pub. L. 93-348)
was signed into law, there-by creating the National Commission
for the
Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral
Research. One of the charges to the Commission was to identify
the basic
ethical principles that should underlie the conduct of biomedical
and behavioral research involving human subjects and to
develop
guidelines which should be followed to assure that such
research is conducted in accordance with those principles
The report emphasized three basic ethical principles:
1. “Respect for Persons. -- Respect for persons incorporates at
least two ethical convictions: first, that individuals should be
treated
as autonomous agents, and second, that persons with diminished
14. autonomy are entitled to protection.”
2. “Beneficence. -- Persons are treated in an ethical manner not
only by respecting their decisions and protecting them from
harm,
but also by making efforts to secure their well-being. . . . Two
general rules have been formulated as complementary
expressions of
beneficent actions . . .: (1) do not harm and (2) maximize
possible benefits and minimize possible harms.
3. “Justice. -- Who ought to receive the benefits of research and
[who should] bear its burdens? . . . the exploitation of unwilling
prisoners as research subjects in Nazi concentration camps was
condemned as a particularly flagrant injustice. In this country,
in the
1940's, the Tuskegee syphilis study used disadvantaged, rural
black men to study the untreated course of a disease that is by
no
means confined to that population. These subjects were
deprived of demonstrably effective treatment in order not to
interrupt the
project, long after such treatment became generally available.
THE COMMON RULE “In 1991, 14 other Federal departments
and agencies joined HHS in adopting a uniform set of rules for
the protection of
human subjects . . . This uniform set of regulations is the
Federal Policy for the Protection of Human Subjects, informally
known as the ‘Common
Rule’.” To insure these regulations are followed the Department
or Health, Education, and Welfare, now Department of Health
and
Human Services, established the Office for Human Research
Protections (OHRP) (see
http://www.hhs.gov/ohrp/humansubjects/commonrule/index.htm
l
http://ori.hhs.gov/education/products/ucla/chapter2/page04b.ht
15. m ).
INSTITUTIONAL REVIEW BROADS (IRBs): “The Office of
Human Research Protections [OHRP] supervises the
Institutional Review
Boards charged with following the common rule.” Initially,
IRBs only covered federally funded research. But over time,
universities extended
the jurisdiction of their IRBs to cover all faculty research
(whether or not it was funded by the government). “The IRB has
the authority to
approve, require modifications in, or disapprove all research
activities that fall within its jurisdiction as specified by both the
federal regulations
and local institutional policy.”
(http://www.hhs.gov/ohrp/archive/irb/irb_chapter1.htm).
According to the Code of Federal Regulations §46.111, the
Criteria for IRB approval of research states
http://www.hhs.gov/ohrp/humansubjects/guidance/45cfr46.html
#46.111 ). “In order to approve research . . . the IRB shall
determine that
all of the following requirements are satisfied:
(1) Risks to subjects are minimized: . . .
(2) Risks to subjects are reasonable in relation to anticipated
benefits. . .
(3) Selection of subjects is equitable
[“in a clinical investigation of a new drug intended for general
use, the researcher should recruit a more or less
representative sample of the population” ,
http://flpublichealthethics.net/index.php/eng/help_for_committe
e_members_and_staff/is_selection_of_subjects_equitable
16. ]
[“The selection process needs to be scrutinized in order to
determine whether some classes (e.g. welfare patients. . .) are
being systematically selected simply because of their easy
availability, their compromised position, or their
manipulability,
rather than for reasons directly related to the problem being
studied” http://research.uthscsa.edu/irb/selection.shtml )
(4) Informed consent will be sought from each prospective
subject
[Informed consent involves gaining the research subject’s
permission to conduct research involving that subject. “The
principle of respect for persons demands that subjects' decisions
whether to become involved in research must be
voluntary and informed”
http://www.hhs.gov/ohrp/humansubjects/guidance/45cfr46.html
#46.116]
(5) Informed consent will be appropriately documented . . .
(6) When appropriate, the research plan makes adequate
provision for monitoring the data collected to ensure the safety
of subjects.
(7) When appropriate, there are adequate provisions to protect
the privacy of subjects and to maintain the confidentiality of
data.
THE CANADIAN RESEARCH ETHICS BOARD'S (REB'S)
regulations were updated in 2010. The policy statement affirms:
“Respect for
human dignity has been an underlying value of the Tri-Council
Policy Statement: Ethical Conduct for Research Involving
Humans . . . since its
17. inception. “ It continues “Respect for human dignity requires
that research involving humans be conducted in a manner that is
sensitive to the
inherent worth of all human beings and the respect and
consideration that theyare due.
In this Policy, respect for human dignity is expressed through
three core principles – Respect for Persons, Concern for
Welfare, and
Justice.”It continues “Respect for Persons recognizes the
intrinsic value of human beings and the respect and
consideration that they are due. . . .
An important mechanism for respecting participants’ autonomy
in research is the requirement to seek their free, informed and
ongoing consent.
This requirement reflects the commitment that participation in
research . . . should be a matter of choice and that, to be
meaningful, the choice
http://www.hhs.gov/ohrp/policy/belmont.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belmont_report
http://www.hhs.gov/ohrp/humansubjects/commonrule/index.htm
l
http://ori.hhs.gov/education/products/ucla/chapter2/page04b.ht
m
http://www.hhs.gov/ohrp/archive/irb/irb_chapter1.htm
http://www.hhs.gov/ohrp/humansubjects/guidance/45cfr46.html
#46.111
http://flpublichealthethics.net/index.php/eng/help_for_committe
e_members_and_staff/is_selection_of_subjects_equitable
http://research.uthscsa.edu/irb/selection.shtml
http://www.hhs.gov/ohrp/humansubjects/guidance/45cfr46.html
#46.116
2/5/15, 7:49 AMBackground
18. Page 3 of 8http://www.publicanthropology.org/CAW/General/-
background.htm
This requirement reflects the commitment that participation in
research . . . should be a matter of choice and that, to be
meaningful, the choice
must be informed. An informed choice is one that is based on as
complete an understanding as is reasonably possible of the
purpose of the
research, what it entails, and its foreseeable risks and potential
benefits, both to the participant and to others. . . . Concern for
Welfare means
that researchers and REBs should aim to protect the welfare of
participants, and, in some circumstances, to promote that
welfare in view of any
foreseeable risks associated with the research. . . . Justice refers
to the obligation to treat people fairly and equitably. Fairness
entails treating all
people with equal respect and concern” (Tri-Council Policy
Statement "Ethical Conduct for Research Involving Humans"
(http://www.pre.ethics.gc.ca/pdf/eng/tcps2/TCPS_2_FINAL_We
b.pdf ).
REASONING WITH FIVE KEY CASES
Rather than overwhelming you with piles of information, you
are being asked to think carefully about the following five case
studies. Two focus on
the need for research regulation to prevent abuse. Two question
whether the way regulations are now enforced is overly
bureaucratic and
unreasonable. Obviously, there is no “right” answer. But you
are requested to think critically about the following five case
studies and come to
your own reasoned conclusion.
19. CASE ONE: THE GUATEMALA SYPHILIS EXPERIMENT
SOURCE: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The syphilis experiments in Guatemala were United States-led
human experiments conducted in Guatemala from 1946 to 1948,
during the
administration of President Truman and President Juan José
Arévalo with the cooperation of some Guatemalan health
ministries and officials.
Doctors infected soldiers, prostitutes, prisoners and mental
patients with syphilis and other sexually transmitted diseases,
without the informed
consent of the subjects, and treated most subjects with
antibiotics. This resulted in at least 83 deaths. In October 2010,
the U.S. formally
apologized to Guatemala for conducting these experiments.
Experiments
The experiments were led by United States Public Health
Service physician John Charles Cutler, who later took part in
the late stages of the
Tuskegee syphilis experiment. In archived documents, Dr.
Thomas Parran, Jr., the U.S. Surgeon General at the time of the
experiments,
acknowledged that the Guatemalan work could not be done
domestically, and details were hidden from Guatemalan
officials. . . . A total of about
1500 study subjects were involved although the findings were
never published. . . .
While the Tuskegee experiment followed the natural
progression of syphilis in those already infected, in Guatemala
doctors deliberately infected
20. healthy people with the diseases some of which are fatal if
untreated. The goal of the study seems to have been to
determine the effect of
penicillin in the prevention and treatment of venereal diseases.
The researchers paid prostitutes infected with syphilis to have
sex with prisoners
and some subjects were infected by directly inoculating them
with the bacterium. When the subjects contracted the disease
they were given
antibiotics, although adequate penicillin therapy was prescribed
for 76% of subjects, completion of therapy was documented for
only 26%. Francis
Collins, the current Director of National Institutes of Health,
called the experiments "a dark chapter in history of medicine"
and commented that
modern rules absolutely prohibit conducting human subject
research without informed consent. . . .
Apology and Response
In October 2010, the U.S. government formally apologized and
announced that there was no statute of limitations for the
violation of human
rights in that medical research. . . . President Barack Obama
apologized to President Álvaro Colom, who had called these
experiments "a crime
against humanity".
"It is clear from the language of the report that the U.S.
researchers understood the profoundly unethical nature of the
study. In fact
the Guatemalan syphilis study was being carried out just as the
“Doctors’ Trial” was unfolding at Nuremberg (December 1946 –
August 1947), when 23 German physicians stood trial for
participating in Nazi programs to euthanize or medically
experiment on
21. concentration camp prisoners."
The U.S. government asked the Institute of Medicine to conduct
a review of these experiments. Separately, the Presidential
Commission for the
Study of Bioethical Issues was asked to convene a panel of
international experts to review the current state of medical
research on humans
around the world and ensure that such incidents cannot be
repeated. The Commission report, Ethically Impossible: STD
Research in Guatemala
from 1946 to 1948, published in September 2011, concluded
that "the Guatemala experiments involved unconscionable basic
violations of ethics,
even as judged against the researchers' own recognition of the
requirements of the medical ethics of the day."
CASE TWO: STUDYING OLD BONES — PRESERVATION
OR PERVERSION?
SOURCE: TheStar.com, October 09, 2011
by Mary Ormsby
A cross-border battle is brewing over 500-year-old bones
belonging to some of Ontario’s original inhabitants — a case
descendents describe as
academic grave robbing. The Huron-Wendat Nation is
demanding that Louisiana State University return the “stolen”
remains of about 200 people.
They say researchers improperly gathered the bones from an
Ontario ossuary to use for unauthorized student research. . . .
The unusual dispute raises questions about the best way for
academics to be culturally sensitive — particularly when
studying human remains —
22. in a CSI generation that considers bones a DNA treasure trove
of clues to scientific, historic, medical and, sometimes, criminal
puzzles.
Bastien, 79, is a Wendake Council representative who has been
active in asserting Huron-Wendat rights in Ontario. Some of
those rights, outlined
in a series of Supreme Court of Canada decisions, mean First
Nations people must be consulted before development begins in
historic areas that
might reveal burial grounds. If Huron-Wendat burial ossuaries
(mass bone repositories) are accidentally disturbed . . . the
nation must be notified
http://www.pre.ethics.gc.ca/pdf/eng/tcps2/TCPS_2_FINAL_Web
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might reveal burial grounds. If Huron-Wendat burial ossuaries
(mass bone repositories) are accidentally disturbed . . . the
nation must be notified
immediately. . . .
Archaeologist Heather McKillop is the LSU professor who
oversaw the excavation and eventual export of bones from the
Poole-Rose ossuary near
Cobourg to Baton Rouge, La., where she teaches. She was given
permission to do so by the native community geographically
closest to the
ossuary, the Alderville First Nation, which is not Huron-
Wendat. . . . . McKillop and co-author Lawrence Jackson
23. described the Poole-Rose ossuary
as fitting the Huron’s centuries-old Feast of the Dead burial-pit
pattern in their 1991 report in the Ontario Archeological
Society’s newsletter. . . .
Helen Robbins, a social anthropologist and repatriation director
at the Chicago Field Museum, said a scientific middle ground
might be reached
more often if academics and indigenous people were more “open
and honest” with each other. “ There can be benefits with
indigenous people
getting more access to museums, learning about museums as
well as museums learning more about the tribe they have the
human remains of —
and may have been sitting there for 100 years,’’ says Robbins,
who has no connection to the Huron-Wendat /LSU matter.
Prior to European contact, the Huron-Wendat population
swelled to about 40,000. They lived in an area from the
southern horn of Georgian Bay to
the northerly shore of Lake Ontario, and from west of Toronto
to Cornwall and Prescott in the east. Diseases brought by white
settlers, including
smallpox, devastated the once-mighty confederacy in the 17th
century. A group of native survivors eventually migrated to
Quebec in the mid-
1600s, in part to escape conflict with other nations. Today,
Bastien said there are 3,000 Huron-Wendat in Canada and about
6,000 in the United
States.
The Poole-Rose ossuary was carbon dated to about 1550. . . .
For remains deemed very old and aboriginal, there are two
choices under the
Ontario Cemeteries Act: One is to contact the closest First
Nations group, which in this case was the Alderville First
24. Nation. The second option is to
consult with the most likely people descended from the dead.
Alderville’s then-chief Nora Bothwell and her council gave
McKillop permission to excavate, export and study the remains.
Bothwell told the Star
the bones were expected to be repatriated and that she hadn’t
initially known the skeletons were Huron-Wendat. But
McKillop “was likely aware at
that time, or ought to have been aware, that the skeletons were
ancestral Huron-Wendat,” claims a Sept. 16 letter sent to
McKillop, LSU chancellor
Michael Martin and provincial Tourism and Culture Minister
Michael Chan. It was sent by Toronto lawyer David Donnelly,
who represents the
Quebec-based nation. . . .
“The fact is that for sensitive cultural heritage matters, the
Ontario Cemeteries Act still treats aboriginal nations as being
all alike. A statute that
literally says talking to the closest Indian will do is despicable
and illegal.”
Bastien hopes LSU officials will deliver the ancestral bones to
Canada so they — and restless Huron souls — can be “returned
to the earth” with a
calming traditional ritual. A smudging ceremony with tobacco
and sage will be performed by elders. Remains are then interred
with beaver pelts,
artifacts and “the three sisters” — corn, beans and squash. . . .
The Huron-Wendat believe buried bones are sacred because a
person’s soul rests with the remains, while a second soul soars
skyward.
CASE THREE: THE IRB AND THE FUTURE OF FIELDWORK
25. SOURCE: Chronicle Of Higher Education, August 12, 2011
by Laurie Essig
(http://chronicle.com/blogs/brainstorm/the-irb-and-the-future-
of-fieldwork/38160 )
Institutional Review Boards exist, according to their websites,
to protect research subjects from unethical researchers, the kind
of researchers who
would recreate prison situations to see how nasty humans could
be to total strangers or would tell their subjects that they had to
administer
electric shocks to a stranger with heart disease just to see if
they’d do it. . . .
But as any field researcher—that is, the kind of researcher who
actually speaks with people (as opposed to experiments on
them)—will tell you,
IRBs have effectively shut down our ability to actually find out
about people’s lived experiences. IRBs have treated speaking
with someone as
equivalent to experimenting on them and have almost killed
fieldwork in the process.
A friend, who used to interview prisoners, gave it up since
prisoners are “vulnerable populations” and getting IRB approval
is far more difficult
than getting through the prison doors. Another acquaintance
who used to research sexuality among young people has had to
give it up since if
there’s one thing you canNOT speak with people under 18 about
it’s sex. I myself have had a few run-ins with IRBs. One time I
was called in
because I had interviewed people who identified as
transgendered and did not treat these people as a “vulnerable
26. population,” which includes
prisoners, terminally ill persons, children, people with mental
illness, and pregnant women. . . .
“These people have issues with their gender,” she yelled.
When I suggested that from a sociological perspective, we all
have issues with our gender, even the most normatively
gendered among us, she
told me I could come up with a plan for dealing with “those
people’s mental illness” or forget my project.
A year later, at a different institution, I was told that I had to
get cosmetic surgery patients to sign permission slips to speak
with me even though
the interviews would be anonymous and details would be
changed in such a way as to protect everyone’s identity. You
can imagine what this was
like.
“Hi, may I ask you intimate questions about what you hate
about your body, what heroic medical interventions you will
undergo, and how you’ll
finance it?”
“Um, sure, I guess.”
“Can you sign this legalistic looking form with your real name
even though I just promised you that I will never use it?”
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“Can you sign this legalistic looking form with your real name
even though I just promised you that I will never use it?”
People love it when you offer them anonymity and then ask for
a signature. Really makes them want to open up to you. But as
annoying as this
sort of bureaucratic bookkeeping is, and as frustrating as it is to
realize that it’s probably more about making sure the university
isn’t sued than
protecting those people who are kind enough to speak with field
researchers, it is even more upsetting that biomedical and
psychiatric paradigms
are forced onto those of us who come from fields, like
sociology, that are fundamentally at odds with such paradigms.
As a sociologist, the last thing I want to do is decide who is
mentally ill and who is mentally healthy. The sociological
questions are far more likely
to be “How do cultures determine who is and is not mentally
ill?” and “What forms of power lie behind those
determinations?”s
CASE FOUR: BEHIND CLOSED DOORS
SOURCE: INSIDE HIGHER EDUCATION, February 8, 2012
By Mitch Smith
Many researchers level complaints against institutional review
boards (IRBs), which can delay or derail projects their members
deem unethical,
unrealistic or illegal. Seeking to understand how the boards
work . . . Laura Stark, sat through hours of deliberations at
boards across the country.
28. Behind Closed Doors: IRBs and the Making of Ethical
Research, published this year by the University of Chicago
Press, explains through
observation and interviews how and why IRBs function the way
they do. Stark agreed to answer a few questions from Inside
Higher Ed. . . .
Q: You mention that something as simple as spelling errors –
one applicant’s incorrect use of “principal” drew the ire of an
IRB
member – can speak to the competency of the researcher and
play a role in a project’s approval or denial. Is that fair?
A: I think the real question is whether “fairness” should be the
most important criteria that committees use in evaluating
applications -- whether
for grant funding, college admissions, or IRB approval. It would
seem that fairness is not the only criteria used in IRB
evaluations. In focusing on
written errors, board members are looking for signs that
researchers are trustworthy, careful people who aren’t going to
make a mistake in their
studies (e.g., giving incorrect dosages or passing too much
responsibility to students). As I argue in the book, the
seemingly disproportionate
concern over typos and written mistakes in applications is not a
matter of fairness, but of trustworthiness. Is that a criterion
worth considering? If
so, is attention to detail in written documents a good way to
evaluate trustworthiness? For that matter, should researchers be
evaluated at all, or
simply the studies being proposed? These are questions for the
scientific and scholarly community to answer.
Q: Your hypothetical proposal in which companies would be
tested on whether they screen ex-convicts based on race
29. received
“very different” responses from each of the 18 IRBs that
reviewed it. Is some level of inconsistency inevitable between
IRBs and to
what degree is it acceptable?
A: This finding goes to show the many ways in which IRB
administrators and members can interpret the rules. In Chapter
Two I explore Devah
Pager’s experiences in getting approval at several IRBs for her
excellent work on employment discrimination. Pager’s account
illustrates that when
IRB members read new protocols, they conjure their local
institutional history and use case-based reasoning to make
decisions.
The main aims of the book are to document how our everyday
experience of the law is simply a product of how people enact
the law and,
specifically, how people with the power to apply rules that
affect science and scholarship are, in effect, shaping what we
can know and say for both
good and ill -- whether we are considering IRBs or film
censorship boards.
CASE FIVE: THE YANOMAMI – When Good Intentions Are
Not Enough
SOURCE: Robert Borofsky (drawn from Yanomami: The Fierce
Controversy and What We Can Learn From It and references
cited below)
The Yanomami are perhaps the best-known Amazonian Indian
group in the world. They are often portrayed in books and films,
not necessarily
correctly, as one of the world's last remaining prototypically
30. primitive groups.
James Neel, perceived by some as the father of modern human
genetics, began his research among the Yanomami in 1966. One
may infer from
his actions and writings that he felt research among the
Yanomami – specifically collecting their blood samples for
analysis – involved also
providing them something in return for their assistance. When
Neel learned the Yanomami were susceptible to measles, for
example, he brought
over 2,000 doses of the Edmonson B vaccine (that he obtained
at minimal cost from the Center for Disease Control) to
vaccinate the group against
a potential deadly measles epidemic. Half of this supply he gave
to the Venezuelan government to distribute. (What happened to
that vaccine is
not known.) He planned to hand the rest over to missionaries for
an inoculation campaign. But when a measles epidemic
unexpectedly broke out,
he scrapped this plan and began a vaccination campaign himself
to minimize the epidemics’ impact. He was only partially
successful. He inoculated
many Yanomami. A number, however, had adverse reactions to
the vaccine because he failed to include immune gamma
globulin (MIG). (He had
given much of his gamma globulin to the Venezuelan
authorities.) Regretfully, a number of Yanomami died.
Some praised Neel’s attempt to save Yanomami lives. Others
have suggested that he helped spread the epidemic through his
research or at least
aggravated the problem by using the Edmonson B vaccine,
without immune gamma globulin. If he had purchased a more
expensive measles
vaccine, the Yanomami would have had fewer adverse reactions.
31. Today, the Yanomami rarely mention Neel’s assistance.
What is clear is that the Yanomami were barely consulted
regarding Neel’s research. Neel decided to do his research
without first gaining
Yanomami permission. And he decided, on his own, what the
reciprocal benefits of his research would be.
The Yanomami were promised that Neel’s blood samples would
be analyzed to discover information helpful in fighting
Yanomami diseases. That
promise was never kept. Moreover, Napoleon Chagnon – the
anthropologist who was central to Neel’s research – apparently
never informed the
Yanomami that the blood samples would be stored for years in
research refrigerators in the United States rather destroyed soon
after the research
was over. Yanomami believe that all parts of a deceased
Yanomami must be ritually disposed of so the deceased can
spiritually leave this world.
Forcing the deceased to spiritually remain in this world – as
would occur by storing their blood in research refrigerators –
could cause the
deceased to turn on the living and bring them harm.
In his own anthropological research, Chagnon provided
informants with a host of valued items—such as machetes, pots
and even guns for
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32. In his own anthropological research, Chagnon provided
informants with a host of valued items—such as machetes, pots
and even guns for
hunting. Chagnon speaks movingly of his time with the
Yanomami.
By repetitively returning and becoming more and more
intimately associated with people like Kaobawä and Rerebawä
[two of his
informants], I became "involved" in their culture and now want
to make sure that they and their children are given a fair shake
in the
inevitable changes that are occurring. I can do so only by
becoming, as they say, involved—by becoming more active and
becoming an
advocate of their rights and their chances to have a decent
future, one that does not condemn them to becoming inferior
members of
the lowest possible rung of the socioeconomic ladder (Borofsky
2005:27; Chagnon 1992:244-46).
Yet it is also true that during his research, Chagnon broke the
American Anthropological Association’s Code of Ethics.
Quoting from the
Association’s El Dorado Task Force Report, in respect to the
allegations it investigated against Changon: "first, allegations
that his representations
of Yanomami ways of life were damaging to them and that he
made insufficient effort to undo this damage, and second that
his association in the
early 1990's with FUNDAFACI, a Venezuelan foundation that
sponsored his research, represented an unethical prioritizing of
his own research
concerns over the well-being of the Yanomami. We concur with
both these allegations" (Borofsky 2005:308; American
33. Anthropological Association
2002, I:31). The first violated the anthropological injunction
against do no harm. The second violated Venezuelan law and
led to Chagnon’s
deportation from Venezuela.
Beyond doubt, both Neel and Chagnon wanted to provide the
Yanomami with reciprocal benefits for the assistance the
Yanomami provided them.
Both clearly wanted to do well by the group. But in both cases,
helping the Yanomami often involved the researchers specifying
the requests as
well as the benefits for assisting in their research. The
Yanomami were not active negotiators in this process. There
was no informed consent.
They were lied to in respect to receiving back medical
information from the blood samples to help in fighting
Yanomami diseases. It also seems
they were misled regarding the fate of the blood samples.
Certainly when the Yanomami discovered that these blood
samples were being stored in
research refrigerators, there was an uproar that continues today.
The Yanomami have vociferously campaigned for the return of
these samples.
The result is that Chagnon and, to a lesser degree, Neel are now
held up as examples of how NOT to conduct field research. The
Yanomami feel
taken advantage of by both researchers. The Yanomami clearly
benefited from both individuals’ research. But they benefited in
ways they did not
always appreciate at the time and they vociferously criticize
today. Both researchers are depicted in less than positive terms,
sometimes
vehemently so, by the Yanomami.
34. REFERENCES
American Anthropological Association
2002 El Dorado Task Force Final Report. 2 vols. and preface.
Electronic document, (originally
http://www.aaanet.org/edtf/index.htm but now
dropped from the AAA website).
Borofsky, Robert et al.
2005 Yanomami: The Fierce Controversy and What We Can
Learn From It. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Chagnon, Napoleon.
1992 Yanomamö. Fourth Edition. Fort Worth: Harcourt Brace
College Publishers.
The assignment . . .
_____________________________________________________
__________________________
Please note, this assignment is more than simply an exercise in
critical thinking. It is also an exercise in civic engagement and
active citizenship. You are to set out how you think research
should be regulated in the United States and Canada and then, if
you
wish, you can forward your perspective to others..
You should address the following questions in writing your Op-
Ed:
Based on the information presented above in the five case
studies, you are to voice your view on how
Institutional Review Boards (in the U.S.) and/or Review Ethics
Boards (in Canada) should enforce a set of
common rules regarding research. How much freedom should
35. researchers be allowed in conducting their
research? What regulations should be enforced to prevent the
abuse of research subjects and ensure, more
generally, that the research strives to promote positive benefits
for the larger society sponsoring it?
Please remember, it is strongly preferred that you focus on the
above information and only the above information in
writing your Op-Ed. The emphasis is not on citing a host of
additional sources. Rather it is on thinking critically about the
information presented here. Also, offering a host of references
at the end of your essay, common in academic writing, is
rare in Op-Eds. You need not reference any and all sources. You
should use quote marks, for example, to indicate when
you directly quote a section (or sections) of this assignment.
But you need not include the reference itself since the
source is self-evident.You should only use references for direct
quotes from sources outside this assignment.
_____________________________________________________
____________________
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Guidelines for writing your Op-Ed
(or opinion piece).
These are standards that will be used to evaluate it.
36. EXAMPLES OF TWO QUALITY OP-EDS
Taking a Position: Does the opinion piece take a position that is
clearly expressed? The position may be a recommendation for
action or it may be to alert readers to a problem. The author
should make a single point well. You, as the reader, should be
able to
explain the author's message in a sentence or two. If a student
fails to address the specified topic-- that is, deals with another
topic entirely -- you should evaluate his or her Op-Ed with a 1-3
score for this criterion.
6-7: The opinion piece has an original, well-argued position.
The piece draws the reader into looking at the topic in a new
way or with new insight.
The reader can readily summarize what the author is saying and
why.
4-5: The opinion piece takes a thoughtful position. But the
supporting data appear a bit muddled. Readers are left with
questions: Why did the
author take this position? Why take this position rather than an
alternative one?
2-3: The piece leaves readers confused as to what point the
author is trying to make. The reader cannot readily summarize
the author's key point
or the data supporting the position seem not to really support it.
1: The paper lacks an identifiable point. Readers are left
confused as to what point the author is making and why.
Persuasive: Does the piece persuade the reader? A good piece
argues effectively for a particular position. Even though the
reader
may not ultimately agree with the author, the reader comes
37. away from the piece willing to seriously consider the author's
perspective. If a student fails to address the specified topic--
that is, deals with another topic entirely -- you should evaluate
his or
her Op-Ed with a 1-3 score for this criterion.
6-7: A reader comes away from reading the piece feeling the
author has effectively argued for a certain position. The author
uses concrete
examples that resonate with readers.
4-5: The opinion piece highlights an important topic. But it does
not really convince readers as to the value of the author's
position.
2-3: The opinion piece seems mostly a personal venting. The
author is not reaching out to readers or trying to connect with
them in a meaningful
way.
1: The piece is unconvincing. An unbiased reader, reading this
piece, would not find the piece very persuasive.
Hook and Structure: Does the opinion piece engage the reader
right at the beginning? Is there evidence of thoughtful
organization? Does the author summarize the main point at the
end?
6-7: The main point is effectively stated in the first few
sentences. These first few sentences capture the reader's
attention and draw the reader
into reading further. The author effectively summarizes the
piece's argument in a strong final paragraph.
4-5: Readers are not immediately drawn into the argument. But
they are not put off by it either. They find the piece reasonable
38. but a little slow
moving. It does not hold the reader's attention. The final
paragraph does not offer a powerful restatement of the author's
position.
2-3: The piece makes a basic point. But it does not catch your
attention. It does not draw you in at the beginning nor does it
summarize its
message at the end.
1: The author never draws the reader into the opinion piece. It is
not clear what the author is saying nor why it is important.
Writing and Clarity: Is the piece readily understandable by non-
academic readers? General readers should find the piece easy
and interesting to read. There should be few grammatical and
spelling errors.
6-7: The writing is clear. The author's own voice and
perspective come through in a convincing way. You can identify
with the author and the
position she or he takes. There are no grammatical mistakes that
distract from the author's argument.
4-5: The writing is reasonable. The sentences and paragraphs
are a bit too long or the passive voice is emphasized. There is a
bit too much
jargon.
2-3: The author tends to go on too long. It is not really clear
what point she or he is making. The author has long sentences
and paragraphs.
1: A reader is left confused as to what point the author is trying
to make.
39. Tone: Is the opinion piece polite and respectful? The focus is on
persuading the reader rather than voicing indignation or
condemnation.
6-7: The opinion piece is polite and respectful in tone. Rather
than dismissing the other side, it acknowledges its value while
disagreeing with it. It
comes across as written by a thoughtful professional versed in
the subject being discussed.
4-5: There is generally a polite tone. But the author does not
acknowledge that reasonable people might disagree regarding
the point being made.
The author asserts there is one reasonable position and she or he
is presenting it.
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2-3: The piece comes across as quite opinionated. It appears the
author is "venting" about something that bothers her or him.
1: The piece is similar to a political "attack" ad. The author is
pouring at rage with little concern for who is reading the piece.
EXAMPLES OF TWO QUALITY OP-EDS
http://www.publicanthropology.org/CAW/General/-Op-Ed-
Examples.htm