15. Transportation, absorption and phagocytosis of sperm
Reception of fertilized ovum
Nutrition and protection of fetus
Placental attachment
Expulsion of fetus
Uterus
25. cervix
Internal Cervical Os
Annular rings
External Cervical Os
Close uterine lumen against infection
Privileged pathway for sperm at estrus
Cervical plug at pregnancy
Dilatation at parturition
Sphincter like segment to separate uterus from vagina
34. Endocrinology of reproduction
ā¢ Exocrine glands:
ā¢ Glands with duct
ā¢ Local action
ā¢ Secrete enzymes
ā¢ Endocrine glands:
ā¢ Ductless glands
ā¢ Via blood stream
ā¢ Secrete hormones
At first know the glands
35. Endocrinology of reproduction
ā¢ Hormones: produced in specialized tissue; secreted into blood;
specific biological action in target organs
Then
hormones
37. Chemical classification of hormones
Lipophobic
ā¢ Amines: Tyrosine or Tryptophan derived: e.g. Melatonin
ā¢ Peptide: Short chain of linked amino acid E.g. Oxytocin
ā¢ Protein: Poly peptide or glycoprotein: e.g. FSH, LH
Lipophillic
ā¢ Steroid: Cholesterol derived: eg. Testosterone, estrogen, progesterone
ā¢ Lipid: Fatty acid derived: e.g. Prostaglandin
43. Regulation of hormones
ā¢ Immunoendocrine Control:
ā¢ The endocrine and immune system interact extensively to regulate each other.
ā¢ Several endocrine organs are involved in some aspect of this regulatory process
ā¢ E.g., hypothalamus, pituitary, gonads etc.
ā¢ Neuroendocrine reflex:
ā¢ The nervous system controls the release of hormone through neural pathways
ā¢ E.g., Oxytocin in milk letdown and LH release following copulation
ā¢ Endocrine feedback mechanism:
ā¢ Increase or decrease concentration of one hormone either stimulates or subsides
release of another hormone.
60. Estrus synchronization
ā generation/calving interval
Shorten breeding season
ā estrus detection error
Common management of calves
Embryo transfer
ā Labor cost
ā Conception rate
ā calves/cow
Bringing a heard into
heat at a time
Shortening
luteal phase
Extending
luteal phase
61. Hormones used for E.S.
Prostaglandin F2Ī±
Progesterone
Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH)
Estrogen
62. Hormones used for E.S.
Prostaglandin F2Ī±
Luteolysis of CL Ė 4-6 days
Heat after 2-5days of use
63. Hormones used for E.S.
Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH)
LH and FSH for follicle and ovulation
Generally used in combination
64. Hormones used for E.S.
Progesterone
Progesterone block
Heat after removal
65. Hormones used for E.S.
Estrogen
Luteolysis of CL Ė 6 days
Limited use & in combination
92. Placental hormones
Equine Chorionic Gonadotropin (eCG):
ā¢ Secreted from endometrial cups in mares from 40-140 days of gestation with
maximum level at 80th day of pregnancy
ā¢ Have like both LH and FSH like activity but FSH more potent
ā¢ In mares it results folliculogenesis and ovulation and hence multiple CL
ā¢ It is used to treat inactive ovaries as well as used for superovulation in donor
animals in embryo transfer.
Prostaglandins:
ā¢ Potent luteolytic agent resulting in a decrease in progesterone levels
94. You are my
child, but I
donāt know
your father
and mother
EMBRYO TRANSFER
TECHNOLOGY (ETT)
95. Walter Heape
First ET in 1890 AD
In rabbit
HISTORY OF ETT
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London
96. Bred
Angora Male Angora Female
Bred
Belgian Hare Female Belgian Hare Male
4 Belgian Hare bunny
2 Angora bunny
32 Hours
3 Hours
HISTORY OF ETT: First
transfer
97. Bred
Angora Male Angora Female
Bred
Belgian Hare Female Belgian Hare Male
4 Belgian Hare bunny
2 Angora bunny
32 Hours
3 Hours
Both of them
survived
HISTORY OF ETT: First
transfer
98. Took out embryo and put in same goat
Warwick and Berry, 1949
Slaughtered sheep and recovered embryo
Same Dam
Recipient Dam
Interspecies embryo died
HISTORY OF ETT: Farm animals
Sheep to Same sheep
Sheep to recipient sheep
Goat to recipient goat
Goat to recipient sheep
99. Took out embryo and put in same goat
Warwick and Berry, 1949
Slaughtered sheep and recovered embryo
Same Dam
Recipient Dam
Interspecies embryo died
HISTORY OF ETT: Farm animals
Sheep to Same sheep
Sheep to recipient sheep Goat to recipient goat Goat to recipient sheep
100. Took out embryo and put in same goat
Warwick and Berry, 1949
Slaughtered sheep and recovered embryo
Same Dam
Recipient Dam
Interspecies embryo died
HISTORY OF ETT: Farm animals
Sheep to Same sheep
Sheep to recipient sheep Goat to recipient goat Goat to recipient sheep
101. Took out embryo and put in same goat
Warwick and Berry, 1949
Slaughtered sheep and recovered embryo
Same Dam
Recipient Dam
Interspecies embryo died
HISTORY OF ETT: Farm animals
Sheep to Same sheep
Sheep to recipient sheep
Goat to recipient goat
Goat to recipient sheep
102. Took out embryo and put in same goat
Warwick and Berry, 1949
Slaughtered sheep and recovered embryo
Same Dam
Recipient Dam
Interspecies embryo died
HISTORY OF ETT: Farm animals
Sheep to Same sheep
Sheep to recipient sheep
Goat to recipient goat
Goat to recipient sheep
103. Took out embryo and put in same goat
Warwick and Berry, 1949
Slaughtered sheep and recovered embryo
Same Dam
Recipient Dam
Interspecies embryo died
HISTORY OF ETT: Farm animals
Sheep to Same sheep
Sheep to recipient sheep Goat to recipient sheep
104. Took out embryo and put in same goat
Warwick and Berry, 1949
Slaughtered sheep and recovered embryo
Same Dam
Recipient Dam
Interspecies embryo died
HISTORY OF ETT: Farm animals
Sheep to Same sheep
Sheep to recipient sheep
Goat to recipient goat
Goat to recipient sheep:
Embryonic death
105. First Transfer in Pig in 1951AD (Kvasnitski, 1951) Ukraine
HISTORY OF ETT: Farm animals
Rabbit embryos cooled to 10 ā¦C Chang (1947)
cryoprotective effect of glycerol on mammalian spermatozoa discovered (Polge et al., 1949)
first calf born from non-surgical embryo transfer in 1964 (Mutter et al., 1964)
first calf born from embryo transfer in 1951 (Willet et al.)
Donor: 25% short horn 75% HF
Sire: Pure bred HF Recipient: Graded HF
Recipient: Graded HF
Synchronization: Commercial Progesterone
Superovulation: Sheep Pituitary Gonadotropin
Embryo Collection: 5th day; slaughter
Embryo Transfer: 5th day; Mid ventral leparotomy
106. embryo transfer: pros and cons
Increase genetic potential of herd
Embryo from injured or old dam
Preservation of frozen embryo
Multiple offspring from single dam
Short time for genetic progress
Higher level of management
High technology required
Disease transfer
Potential doner may not respond
Distant shipping of frozen embryo
108. Select donor and recipient dams
Genetic contribution
Disease free
High genetic potential for required trait
Good reproductive capacity
No genetic contribution
Disease free
Good bearing capacity
Enough production for offspring
GnRH
Progesterone
PGF2Ī±
Estrogen
109. Superovulation & a.i.
Multiple tapering dose of FSH
Multiple ovulation
Insemination of donor
Confirmation by
Rectal palpation or USG
111. Processing and storage of embryo
Transferring embryo
solution to search plate
Rinsing embryo filter
with washing medium
Searching for embryo
Rinsing embryo filter
with washing medium
112. Embryo quality
Embryo size ā 0.2 mm
Good quality embryo
Spherical
Symmetrical
Uniform sized cells
Embryo holding media
Dulbeccoās phosphate
buffer saline (DPBS) +
Glucose + Sodium
pyruvate + Penicillin +
Streptomycin + Bismuth
Sulphate Agar (BSA)
