definition , types, and clinical features of embolism

2. EMBOLISM
DR ALIYA ZAMAN

3. DEFINITION
An embolus is a detached intravascular
solid, liquid, or gaseous mass that is
carried by the blood from its point of origin
to a distant site, where it often causes
tissue dysfunction or infarction

5. THROMBOEMBOLISM

6. TYPES OF EMBOLISM
• Thromboembolism - embolism of thrombus or blood clot.
• Fat embolism - embolism of fat droplets.
• Air embolism (also known as a gas embolism) - embolism of
air bubbles.
• Septic embolism - embolism of pus containing bacteria.
• Tissue embolism - embolism of small fragments of tissue.
• Foreign body embolism - embolism of foreign materials such
as talc and other small objects.
• Amniotic fluid embolism - embolism of amniotic fluid, fetal
cells, hair or other debris that enter the mother's blood

7. PULMONARY THROMBOEMBOLISM

8. PULMONARY THROMBOEMBOLISM
•Pulmonary emboli originate from deep
venous thromboses and are responsible
for the most common form of
thromboembolic disease

10. PARADOXICAL EMBOLISM

11. CLINICAL AND PATHOLOGIC
FEATURES ARE THE FOLLOWING
• Most pulmonary emboli (60%–80%) are small and
clinically silent
• It can blocks a major pulmonary artery can cause
sudden death
• Pulmonary hemorrhage
• Pulmonary infarct
• Embolism to small end-arteriolar pulmonary branches
usually causes infarction
• It can cause pulmonary hypertension and right
ventricular failure

13. SYSTEMIC
THROMBOEMBOLISM
ARISE FROM
INTRACARDIAL
MURAL THROMBI
LEFT
VENTRICULAR
WALL INFARCT
LEFT ARTERIAL
DILATION AND
FIBRILLATION
ANEURYSM
ATHEROSCLEROTIC
PLUG
VEGITATION
VENOUS THROMBI
(PARADOXICAL )

14. MOSTLY
ARTERIAL EMBOLI
REST IN
70% IN LOWER
EXTERIMITIES
10% in brain
Kidney
Spleen
Intestine

15. OUTCOME IS INFARCTION

16. FAT EMBOLISM
•A fat embolism (FE) is a piece of intravascular
fat that lodges within a blood vessel and causes
a blockage of blood flow.
•Fat emboli commonly occur after fractures to
the long bones of the lower body, particularly
the femur (thighbone), tibia (shinbone), and
pelvis.

17. • They can lead to a serious condition called fat
embolism syndrome (FES).
• FES can cause inflammation, multi-organ dysfunction,
and neurological changes that can be deadly.
• Fat and marrow embolism occurs in some 90% of
individuals with severe
• Skeletal injuries less than 10% show any clinical
findings.

24. AMNIOTIC FLUID EMBOLISM
•Amniotic fluid embolism is an uncommon, grave
complication of labor
•Occurring in 1 in 40,000 deliveries
•The mortality rate approaches 80%,
• Fifth most common cause of maternal death in the
United State

25. WHAT IS AMNIOTIC FLUID ?
Amniotic fluid is a clear, slightly yellowish
liquid that surrounds the unborn baby (fetus)
during pregnancy.

30. AIR EMBOLISM
•Gas bubbles within the circulation can
coalesce and obstruct vascular flow and
cause distal ischemic injury Thus, a small
volume of air trapped in a coronary artery

32. DECOMPRESSION SICKNESS
•Decompression sickness, also called
generalized barotrauma or the bends,
refers to injuries caused by a rapid
decrease in the pressure that surrounds
you, of either air or water.

35. Grecian
bend

37. • Gas bubbles in the pulmonary vasculature
cause
• edema
• hemorrhages
• focal atelectasis or emphysema
• leading to respiratory distress, the so-called
“chokes”.
•Bubbles in the central nervous system can

39. CAISSON DISEASE
•A more chronic form of decompression
sickness is called caisson disease (named
for pressurized underwater vessels used
during bridge construction
•In which recurrent or persistent gas
emboli in the bones lead to multifocal
ischemic necrosis; the heads of the