electropneumatics-circuits suit for electrical.pptx

Course Description:
• It deals with the study of the basic principles and
fundamentals of hydraulics and pneumatics and
electro-pneumatics and its application.
• It deals with the interpretation of standard symbols
used in hydraulics, pneumatics, electro-pneumatics
• it also deals with components’ familiarization and
description, circuit diagram, circuit design,
interpretation and analysis.

Course Outline:
1. Principles of Hydraulics
– Fluid Power and hydraulics
– Pressure, force and area
– The Pascal’s Law and the Gas Laws
2. Introduction to Pneumatics
- Basic pneumatics system
- air production system
- air consuming system
3. Hydraulics, pneumatics components
- actuators
- directional valves
- auxiliary valves
4. Basic circuits
-Elementary function
- flow amplification
- signal inversion
- memory function
- delayed switching on
- delayed switching off
- pulse on switching
-manual control
- sequence control
• 5. Basic rules in circuit diagramming
• - The rest position
- Circuit lay-out and guidelines
- Motion and step diagram
-Sequence charting
6. Basic electro-pneumatics
- Direct and Indirect control
- Logic functions
- Dominant set/reset memory
-Time dependent control
- Sequence control

References
• 1. Fluid Power; Sullivan
• 2. SMC Pneumatics Training Manuals
• 3. FESTO Didactic training Manuals
• 4. Basic Pneumatic Lab. Manual, Dr. San Diego

Objectives
• The aim of this lecture manual is to guide the students
to the fundamentals of electro-pneumatics/hydraulics,
• To acquaint them with the elements currently used in
the industry, their characteristics, functions and
symbols.
• To be able to design, build and maintain electro-
pneumatics/hydraulic system and controls
independently.
Electropneumatic/hydraulic Control and
Design

TOPIC OUTLINE:
Application of hydraulics
Types and properties of hydraulic fluids
Hydraulic power generation and transmission
Standard hydraulic symbols
Hydraulic working elements
Hydraulic valves and components
Electro-Hydraulic controls
Practical Exercises
HYDRAULIC CONTROLS AND DESIGN

BASIC LOGIC CIRCUITRY USING RELAY CONTROL
1.) Allocation / Assignment 2.) Negation: NOT function

BASIC LOGIC CIRCUITRY USING RELAY CONTROL
3.) AND function 4.) OR function

DIRECT AND INDIRECT SIGNAL ACTUATION
1.) Direct Electrical Actuation 2.) Indirect Electrical Actuation
Input Switch or Signal Receivers (eg. sensors)
directly powers the load of the system.
Disadvantage: No electrical isolation bet.
Control circuit and power
circuity; each input can only
drive one output
Input Switch or Signal Receivers (eg. sensors)
actuates a relay which then actuates the load
Advantage: Electrical isolation; mutiple output

SIGNAL STORAGE IN THE CONTROL SECTION
1.) Dominant-ON 2.) Dominant-OFF
If both ON and OFF switches or inputs are
actuated, the output is actuated -> ON
If both ON and OFF switches or inputs are
actuated, the output is unactuated -> OFF

SIGNAL STORAGE IN THE POWER SECTION
Double Solenoid Valves are inherently memory valves which stores signal actuation
and state of the valve position. By just applying a pulse on one solenoid coil, the
valve switches to a corresponding position and maintains until a pulse at the other
coil is applied
(click to play Fluid-SIM animation)

PART C:
READING & INTERPRETTING
CIRCUIT
DIAGRAMS/DRAWINGS

ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
-Electrical Circuit Diagrams are documented and standardized drawings of the electrical
connections of the devices of the whole system
- It doesn’t show the actual installation and mechanical locations of the devices and the
actual wiring routes but it shows how the devices are being interconnected with cable lines
through their various terminals
- In addition it shows each devices designation codes for easy tracing and troubleshooting;
and added devices information (eg. rated speed, cable diameter)
- EN 61082-1:2006 is a standard for the preparation of documents for electrotechnology and
defines how electrical circuit diagram of a system is drawn and documented.

IEC 60617 & EN 81346-2: FOR ELECTROTECHNICAL
DIAGRAMS
IEC 60617 contains graphical symbols for use in electrotechnical diagrams
EN 81346-2 for letter designations for use industrial systems and installations

SAMPLE ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT DIAGRAM- EN 61082-1

HYDRRAULIC CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
- Pneumatic & Hydraulic (Fluid Power) Circuit Diagrams are documented and standardized
drawings of the tubing connections or pipe connections of the fluid power devices of the
whole system
- It doesn’t show the actual installation and mechanical locations of the fluid power devices
and the actual pipe routes but it shows how these devices are being interconnected with
tubings or pipelines through their various ports
- In addition it shows each fluid power devices designation codes for easy tracing and
troubleshooting; and added devices information (eg. nominal pressure, pipe diameter)
- One standard for fluid power circuit diagram is the DIN ISO 1219-2 standard.

DIN ISO 1219-2 STANDARD
 All components of a circuit have the same main code.
 Letters are allocated in relation to the component.
 Multiple components within a circuit are numbered serially
 Pressure lines are designated with P and are separately serially numbered.
Drives: 1A1, 2A1, 2A2, ...
Valves: 1V1, 1V2, 1V3, 2V1, 2V2, ...
Sensors: 1B1, 1B2, ...
Signal input: 1S1, 1S2, ...
Accessories and Source: 0Z1, 0Z2, 1Z1, ...
Pressure lines: P1, P2, ...

SAMPLE DIN ISO 1219-2 CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS
Simplified Diagram
Detailed Diagram with
Technical Information

COMPARISON OF PNEUMATICS AND
ELECTROPNEUMATICS

ADVANTAGE OF ELECTRICAL/ELECTRONIC CONTROL
AS COMPARED TO PNEUMATIC CONTROL
 Increased reliability (less wear, mechanically moving parts)
 Reduced planning and commissioning complexity, particularly
in complex control systems
 Reduced installation expenditure
 Simple exchange of information between several controllers

ELECTRICAL SWITCHES
Breaks or closes circuit connections used to turn on/off a system, a device
(load) or a station.
Switches are primarily distinguished by their contact configuration:
1. Normally open (make): path 3 to 4
2. Normally closed (break): path 1 to 2
3. Changeover contacts: path 1 to 2 or 1 to 4

14 24 32 42
13 23 31 41
MULTIPLE-POLE & DETENT SWITCH
A switch with multiple set of contacts (pole) and one actuating element
Switch with this circuit symbol means DETENT SWITCH; that is it has
mechanical latching
Sometimes called Rocker Switch

RELAYS
Serves as the foundation for building hard-wiring electrical control of
automated systems (eg. automatic assembly eqt., process eqt.)
Electromagnetically-actuated switch that switches contact via electrical
current that produces magnetic field

ADVANTAGES OF RELAYS
1. Easily adapted to various operating voltages
2. Not much affected by ambient temperature
3. Ideally infinite resistance between contacts in the off-state
4. Ideally zero resistance between contacts in on-state
5. Several independent circuits can be switched

1. Working surface of contacts wear through oxidation
2. Larger space requirements compared to transistors and thyristors
3. Noise is created during switching operation (because current generated
magnetic field w/c in turn induces current to other circuits)
4. Limited switching speed (3ms to 17ms)
5. Relatively low pick-up time compared to transistors and thyristors
DISADVANTAGES OF RELAYS

SAMPLE CIRCUIT USING RELAY CONTROL

SOLENOID
An electromagnetic device used to generate magnetic field and
therefore a resulting mechanical pull or push (usually linear motion)
It is composed of a long thin loop of conductive wire wrapped around a
magnetic core and generates a magnetic field around it when an
electric current is passed through the conductive wire

ADVANTAGES OF DC SOLENOIDS
1. Easily switched-on
2. Low Turn-On power
3. Low Holding power
4. Long Service Life (order of 100 million operations)
5. Silent

1. Over-voltages can occur during cut-off
2. Arc suppression is required
3. High induced contact wear
4. Rectifier is required if only AC voltage is available
5. Longer switching time
DISADVANTAGES OF DC SOLENOIDS

SOLENOID + VALVE = SOLENOID VALVES
Uses the principle of solenoid to actuate the valve therefore changes its
switching position
Valves which are electrically actuated via the solenoid are called solenoid
valves and pneumatic valves actuated electrically are called electropneumatic
valves.
Most common electropneumatic valves:
1. 2/2-Way Valve, Solenoid Actuated, Spring Returned
3. 3/2-Way Valve, Double Solenoid
5. 5/2-Way Valve, Double Solenoid
6. 5/3-Way Valve, Double Solenoid, Spring Centered

SOLENOID + VALVE = SOLENOID VALVES
2/2-Way Valve, Solenoid Actuated, Spring
Returned
Returned
3/2-Way Valve, Double Solenoid
Returned
Returned
5/3-Way Valve, Double Solenoid,
Spring Centered

HOW SOLENOID VALVE OPERATES
Two Types of Control:
1. Directly Actuated
- The magnetic field of the solenoid directly pulls or pushes the magnetic
contact of the valve thereby changing its switching position.
2. Pilot Actuated
- The magnetic field of the solenoid indirectly controls the valve switching
position but opens up another pilot line which now switches the valve
position.
- Advantage:
- Smaller solenoid to achieve switching
- Reduced power consumption
- Reduced heat generation

SAMPLE ELECTROPNEUMATICS
CONTROL CIRCUIT

ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
-Electrical Circuit Diagrams are documented and standardized drawings of the
electrical connections of the devices of the whole system
- It doesn’t show the actual installation and mechanical locations of the devices
and the actual wiring routes but it shows how the devices are being
interconnected with cable lines through their various terminals
- In addition it shows each devices designation codes for easy tracing and
troubleshooting; and added devices information (eg. rated speed, cable
diameter)
- EN 61082-1:2006 is a standard for the preparation of documents for
electrotechnology and defines how electrical circuit diagram of a system is
drawn and documented.

IEC 60617 contains graphical symbols for use in electrotechnical diagrams
EN 81346-2 for letter designations for use industrial systems and installations
IEC 60617 & EN 81346-2: FOR ELECTROTECHNICAL
DIAGRAMS

SAMPLE ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT DIAGRAM- EN 61082-
1

PNEUMATIC CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
- Pneumatic Circuit Diagrams are documented and standardized drawings of the
pneumatic tubing connections or pipe connections of the pneumatic devices of the
whole system
- It doesn’t show the actual installation and mechanical locations of the pneumatic
devices and the actual pipe routes but it shows how the pneumatic devices are being
interconnected with tubings or pipelines through their various ports
- In addition it shows each pneumatic devices designation codes for easy tracing and
troubleshooting; and added devices information (eg. nominal pressure, pipe diameter)
- One standard for pneumatic circuit diagram is the DIN ISO 1219-2 standard.

SAMPLE DIN ISO 1219-2 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

INTERPRETING & READING CONTROL
SYSTEM PROBLEM REPRESENTATION &
DOCUMENTATION

CONTROL SYSTEM PROBLEM REPRESENTATIONS &
DOCUMENTATION
- Problems, Operations and Sequence of Motion Profile of various devices in
the system are to be properly represented and documented for easy
comprehension and maintenance of the system
- There are some commonly used problem representations and
documentation:
 Positional Sketch
 Function Chart
 GRAFCET

POSITIONAL SKETCH
-The positional sketch is a drawing or mechanical schematic diagram of a
production installation or machine
-It should be easily understandable and should include only the most important
information such as the drives, actuators, machine fixtures and sensors
- It shows the spatial arrangement of the components

FUNCTION CHART
With a function chart in accordance with DIN/EN 40719-6, the mode of operation of a
control system can be graphically represented irrespective of the technology used. The
function chart is used in numerous areas of automation technology for the planning
and documentation of sequence control systems.
step field
transition field
instruction field
 step field represents the sequential steps in numbers
 a double-framed step field indicates the initial status or
position of the sequence control system
 instruction field designates the operations or actions to
be carried out in the respective step
 In the left-hand section of instruction field, a letter of ‘N’
or ‘S’ is designated:
 N means non-storing action
 S means storing action
 In the right-hand section, the acknowledgment for the
execution of the instruction is entered (e.g. by means of a
number or by specifying the relevant sensor).
 The transition field represents the transition from one
step to the next if its transition condition/s are met

GRAFCET (GRAphe Fonctionnel de Commande
Etape Transition)
Coined from the French word GRAphe Fonctionnel de Commande
Etape Transition and is valid Europe-wide since 1 April 2002
Translated this means Graphic Representations of control function
using steps and transitions
Defined by a European standard DIN EN 60848 and as an
international standard IEC 60848
The successor of the German function chart defined by DIN/EN
40719-6 which was no longer valid since 1 April 2005
The international predecessor of GRAFCET DIN EN 60848 is the
first edition of the standard IEC 60848 dating back to 1988

GRAFCET STRUCTURE
Each step is represented by a square with
each step having one or more corresponding
actions assigned
An initial step is denoted by a double-frame
square
Only one step is active at a time
Step transitions are initiated once the
transition condition/s are met or true
Transition conditions may be represented by
a text, a boolean expression or a boolean
diagram
An arrow pointing upward placed on the
action field denotes stored (latching) action

GRAFCET with ALTERNATIVE BRANCHING

GRAFCET with PARALLEL BRANCHING

PART VI:
SEQUENTIAL
CONTROL SYSTEM

Sequence Control System
This is a control system using a mandatory step by step sequence, in
which the sequencing from one step to the next programmed step
depends on certain conditions being satisfied.
Example:
1. At the press of a pushbutton switch, cylinder A
advances (step 1)
2. When cylinder A reaches its forward end position, it
automatically retracts (step 2)
3. When cylinder A reaches its retract end position,
cylinder B automatically advances (step 3)
4. When cylinder B reaches its forward end position, it
automatically retracts (step 4)

CIRCUIT REALIZATION OF SEQUENTIAL CONTROL
SYSTEM

– Chronological Order
Cylinder 1.0 extends and lifts the box
Cylinder 2.0 extends and pushes the box
Cylinder 1.0 retracts, then
Cylinder 2.0 retracts
– Tabular Form
Work Step Motion of Cylinder 1.0 Motion of
Cylinder 2.0
1 out -
2 - out
3 in -
4 - in
Representations

– Abbreviated Notation
Extension represented by : + 1.0 +
Retraction represented by : - 2.0 +
1.0 -
2.0 -
– Vector Diagram
Extension represented by 1.0
Retraction represented by 2.0
1.0
2.0
Representations

Representations
1.0
2.0
1 2 3 4 5 = 1
– Motion Step Diagram

REPRESENTATION OF SEQUENCE CONTROL
PROBLEMS
A.) MOTION STEP / DISPLACEMENT STEP
DIAGRAM
A
B
1 2 3 4 5 = 1
Retract
end
Retract
end
Forward end
Forward end

ELEMENTS OF A MOTION STEP DIAGRAM
ON / START OFF /
STOP
ON / OFF
TOGGLE
INCHING
STEP MODE
INPUT ELEMENTS MANUALLY OPERATED:
INPUT ELEMENTS MECHANICALLY (LS) OPERATED:

ELEMENTS OF A MOTION STEP DIAGRAM
OR CONDITION:
AND CONDITION:
SIGNAL
BRANCHING:

REPRESENTATION OF SEQUENCE CONTROL
PROBLEMS
A
B
1 2 3 4 5 = 1
Retract
end
Retract
end
Forward end
Forward end
S1
1S2
1S1
2S2
2S1

• Every binary signal has a
positive and negative edge
• POSITIVE EDGE (RISING EDGE)
marks the moment at which a
change from 0 to 1 takes place (
or from OFF to ON.
• NEGATIVE EDGE (TRAILING
EDGE) marks the moment at
which a change from 1 to 0
takes place (or from ON to OFF)
SIGNAL EDGES
time
0
1
RISING EDGE
TRAILING EDGE

Representations
– Tnn for the timer status (active or inactive)
- shows whether the timer is active or not. It is a one-
bit operand than can be set, reset or interrogated. 1 =
active, 0 = inactive
– TPnn for the timer preset (preset run-time)
- defines the run-time of the timer given in hundredths
of a second and can be in the range 0.00s to 655.35s.
The operand for the timer preset is a permanent multi-
bit operand and remains stored until a new preset is
defined.
– TWnn for the timer word (current run-time)
- is a multi-bit operand and represents the current run-
time of the timer.

Switch-ON Delay Timer (TONnn)
- allows outputs to be activated with a 1-signal after a delay
time has expired. The timer preset represents the delay
period. When the timer is started, the timer status TON
does not become 1 until after the delay time has expired. A
rising edge in the conditional part starts the timer. It starts
running until the timer has expired or the condition
changes to a 0-signal.
Start of
timer
Timer preset
Status of
Condition
Status of
Timer
1
1
0
0
Start of
timer

- allows outputs to be deactivated with a 0-signal after a
delay time has expired. When a rising edge is recognized
for the condition, the timer preset is loaded into the timer
word. A trailing edge starts the timer, which runs until the
timer has expired or the timer is reinitialized by a rising
edge for the condition.
Start of
timer
Timer preset
Status of
Condition
Status of
Timer
1
1
0
0
Switch-OFF Delay Timer (TOFFnn)

- allows an output to be activated for a specified time when
an input signal is present. It only reacts to the rising edge
of the condition. This pulse starts the timer (Tnn=1). The
timer preset is loaded into the timer and the timer starts to
decrement until it reaches a value of zero, or a further edge
(pulse) is detected at the conditional part, restarting the
timer, or the timer is reset (Tnn=0).
Rising
edge
Start of timer on rising
edge
Timer preset
Status of
Condition
Status of
Timer
1
1
0
0
Pulse Timer (Tnn)

Representations
– Counter status - Cnn
- indicates whether the counter is activated or
deactivated. It is a one-bit operand that can be
set, reset, or interrogated.
– Counter preset - CPnn
- represents the end value for incremental
counters and the start value for decremental
counters. Ranges from 0 to 65535.
– Counter Word - CWnn
- is a non-permanent multibit operand and
indicates the current counter status.

electropneumatics-circuits suit for electrical.pptx

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