The document discusses the field of electronics, including its components, applications, and historical development. Electronics relies on active devices to control electron flow and has evolved from vacuum tubes to transistors and integrated circuits. It encompasses both analog and digital circuits, with various applications across sectors like telecommunications and e-commerce.

1. Electronics
What is father of electronics?is the study of c and how to use that to build things
like computers. It uses circuits that are made with parts called components and
connecting wires to do useful things. The science behind comes from the study of
physics and gets applied in real-life ways through the field of electrical
engineering
Many people can name several simple electronic components, such as
transistors, fuses, circuit breakers, batteries, motors, transformers, LEDs and
bulbs, but as the number of components starts to increase, it often helps to think
in terms of smaller systems or blocks, which can be connected together to do
something useful.
One way of looking at is to separate it into three parts:
Inputs - Electrical or mechanical sensors, which take signals from the physical
world (in the form of temperature, pressure, etc.) and convert them into electric
current and voltage signals.
Signal processing circuits - These consist of electronic components connected
together to manipulate, interpret and transform the information contained in the
signals.
Outputs - Actuators or other devices that transform current and voltage signals
back into human readable information.
A television set, for example, has as its input a broadcast signal received from an
antenna, or for cable television, a cable.

2. Signal processing circuits inside the television set use the brightness, colour, and
sound information contained in the received signal to control the television set's
output devices. The display output device may be a cathode ray tube (CRT) or a
plasma or liquid crystal display screen. The audio output device might be a
magnetically driven audio speaker. The display output devices convert the signal
processing circuits' brightness and colour information into the visible image
displayed on a screen. The audio output device converts the processed sound
information into sounds that can be heard by listeners.
Analysis of a circuit/network involves knowing the input and the signal processing
circuit, and finding out the output. Knowing the input and output and finding out
or designing the signal processing part is called synthesis.
History
People started experimenting with electricity as early as 600 B.C.E, when Thales
of Miletus discovered rubbing fur on amber would cause them to attract each
other.
Starting in the 1900s, devices used glass or metal vacuum tubes to control the
flow of electricity. With these components a low power voltage can be used to
change another. This revolutionized radio, and allowed other inventions.
In the 1960s and early 1970s transistors and semiconductor began replacing
vacuum tubes. Transistors can be made much smaller than vacuum tubes and
they can work using less energy.

3. At about the same time, integrated circuits (circuits that are integrated inside
other circuits) became commonly used. Integrated circuits made it possible to
reduce the number of parts needed to make electronic products and made the
products much cheaper in general.
Analog circuits
Analog circuits are used for signals that have a range of amplitudes. In general,
analog circuits measure or control the amplitude of signals. In the early days of
electronics, all electronic devices used analog circuits. The frequency of the
analog circuit is often measured or controlled in analog signal processing. Even
though more digital circuits are now made, analog circuits will always be
necessary since the world and its people work in analog ways.
Radar
Pulse circuits are used for signals that require rapid pulses of energy. For example,
radar works by using pulse circuits to create and send high powered bursts of
radio energy from radar transmitters. Radar antennas are used to send
("transmit") the high powered bursts in the direction the antenna is pointed. The
field of electronics is a branch of physics and electrical engineering that deals with
the emission, behaviour and effects of electrons using electronic devices.
Electronics uses active devices to control electron flow by amplification and
rectification, which distinguishes it from classical electrical engineering, which
only uses passive effects such as resistance, capacitance and inductance to
control electric current flow
The electronics industry consists of various sectors. The central driving force
behind the entire electronics industry is the semiconductor industry sector,[29]
which has annual sales of over $481 billion as of 2018. The largest industry sector
is e-commerce, which generated over $29 trillion in 2017.The most widely

4. manufactured electronicWhat is father of electronics? device is the metal-oxide-
semiconductor field-effect transistor with an estimated 13 sextillion MOSFETs
having been manufactured between 1960 and 2018. In the 1960s, U.S.
manufacturers were unable to compete with Japanese companies such as Sony
and Hitachi who could produce high-quality goods at lower prices. By the 1980s,
however, U.S. manufacturers became the world leaders in semiconductor
development and assembly.
However, during the 1990s and subsequently, the industry shifted
overwhelmingly to East Asia a process begun with the initial movement of
microchip mass-production there in the 1970s , as plentiful, cheap labor, and
increasing technological sophistication, became widely available there.
Over three decades, the United States' global share of semiconductor
manufacturing capacity fell, from 37% in 1990, to 12% in 2022. America's pre-
eminent semiconductor manufacturer, Intel Corporation, fell far behind its
subcontractor Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (TSMC) in
manufacturing technology.
By that time, Taiwan had become the world's leading source of advanced
semiconductors followed by South Korea, the United States, Japan, Singapore,
and China.
What is the definition of basic electronics?Important semiconductor industry
facilities (which often are subsidiaries of a leading producer based elsewhere) also
exist in Europe Southeast Asia, South America

5. The radar transmitter's pulses or bursts of radio energy hit and bounce back (they
are "reflected" from hard or big metallic objects. Hard objects are things like
buildings, hills, and mountains. Big things made of metal include aircraft, bridges,
or even objects in space, like satellites. The reflected radar energy is detected by
radar pulse receivers which use both pulse and digital circuits together. The pulse
and digital circuits in radar pulse receivers are used to show the location,
distance, and speed of objects which have reflected the radar transmitter's high
powered pulses.
Most analog electronic appliances, such as radio receivers, are constructed from
combinations of a few types of basic circuits. Analog circuits use a continuous
range of voltage or current as opposed to discrete levels as in digital circuits.
The number of different analog circuits so far devised is huge, especially because
a 'circuit' can be defined as anything from a single component, to systems
containing thousands of components.
Analog circuits are sometimes called linear circuits although many non-linear
effects are used in analog circuits such as mixers, modulators, etc. Good examples
of analog circuits include vacuum tube and transistor amplifiers, operational
amplifiers and oscillators.
One rarely finds modern circuits that are entirely analog - these days analog
circuitry may use digital or even microprocessor techniques to improve
performance. This type of circuit is usually called "mixed signal" rather than
analog or digital.

6. Sometimes it may be difficult to differentiate between analog and digital circuits
as they have elements of both linear and non-linear operation. An example is the
comparator which takes in a continuous range of voltage but only outputs one of
two levels as in a digital circuit. Similarly, an overdriven transistor amplifier can
take on the characteristics of a controlled switch having essentially two levels of
output. In fact, many digital circuits are actually implemented as variations of
analog circuits similar to this example – after all, all aspects of the real physical
world are essentially analog, so digital effects are only realized by constraining
analog behaviour.
Digital circuits are electric circuits based on a number of discrete voltage levels.
Digital circuits are the most common physical representation of Boolean algebra
and are the basis of all digital computers. To most engineers, the terms "digital
circuit", "digital system" and "logic" are interchangeable in the context of digital
circuits. Most digital circuits use a binary system with two voltage levels labelled
"0" and "1". Often logic "0" will be a lower voltage and referred to as "Low" while
logic "1" is referred to as "High". However, some systems use the reverse
definition ("0" is "High") or are current based. Quite often the logic designer may
reverse these definitions from one circuit to the next as they see fit to facilitate
their design. The definition of the levels as "0" or "1" is arbitrary.[25]
Ternary logic has been studied, and some prototype computers made. Mass-
produced binary systems have caused lower significance for using ternary
logic.Computers, electronic clocks, and programmable logic controllers (used to
control industrial processes) are constructed of digital circuits. Digital signal
processors, which measure, filter or compress continuous real-world analog
signals, are another example. Transistors such as MOSFET are used to control
binary states.
Electronic systems design deals with the multi-disciplinary design issues of
complex electronic devices and systems, such as mobile phones and computers.

7. The subject covers a broad spectrum, from the design and development of an
electronic system (new product development) to assuring its proper function,
service life and disposal Electronic systems design is therefore the process of
defining and developing complex electronic devices to satisfy specified
requirements of the user.
Due to the complex nature of electronics theory, laboratory experimentation is an
important part of the development of electronic devices. These experiments are
used to test or verify the engineer's design and detect errors. Historically,
electronics labs have consisted of electronics devices and equipment located in a
physical space, although in more recent years the trend has been towards
electronics lab simulation software
What is the definition of basic electronics?
Electronic design automation
Today's electronics engineers have the ability to design circuits using
premanufactured building blocks such as power supplies semiconductor devices,
such as transistors and integrated circuits. Electronic design automation software
programs include schematic capture programs and printed circuit board design
programs. Popular names in the EDA software world are NI Cadence and
Schematic, Mentor Electronics , gEDA, KiCad and many others.
Thermal management
Thermal management of electronic devices and systems
Heat generated by electronic circuitry must be dissipated to prevent immediate
failure and improve long term reliability. Heat dissipation is mostly achieved by
passive conduction/convection. Means to achieve greater dissipation include heat
sinks and fans for air cooling, and other forms of computer cooling such as water

8. cooling. These techniques use convection, conduction, and radiation of heat
energy.
Electronic noise
Electronic noise is defined as unwanted disturbances superposed on a useful
signal that tend to obscure its information content. Noise is not the same as signal
distortion caused by a circuit. Noise is associated with all electronic circuits.
Noise may be electromagnetically or thermally generated, which can be
decreased by lowering the operating temperature of the circuit. Other types of
noise, such as shot noise cannot be removed as they are due to limitations in
physical properties