The document provides information about electrochemistry and the components of galvanic and electrolytic cells. It discusses:
1. The basic components and workings of a galvanic cell, including the oxidation and reduction reactions that produce electricity.
2. The differences between galvanic and electrolytic cells, noting that galvanic cells involve spontaneous reactions that produce current, while electrolytic cells require an external power source to drive non-spontaneous reactions.
3. Key parts of electrochemical cells like electrodes, electrolytes, and their functions in facilitating redox reactions and current flow.
An electrochemical cell consists of two different metals submerged in an electrolyte such as an acid or salt solution. Electrons flow from the more reactive metal, creating a voltage. For example, in a zinc-copper cell, zinc releases electrons into the electrolyte more readily than copper, becoming the negative electrode. The electrons flow to the copper electrode.
The document discusses ion selective electrodes (ISEs), including:
- The principle of ISEs is that a selective membrane allows only the intended ion to pass through, creating a potential difference.
- Types of ISEs include glass electrodes, liquid ion exchanger membranes, solid state membranes, and coated wire electrodes.
- ISEs have advantages like low cost, wide concentration range, robustness, and fast response times. Limitations include imprecision, interference, and limited lifetime.
- ISEs have many applications in fields, laboratories, medical/biological uses, and industrial processes due to their attributes.
This document provides an overview of electrochemistry, including definitions of key terms like oxidation, reduction, oxidizing agent, and reducing agent. It discusses different types of electrochemical cells and batteries, how they work, and examples like zinc-copper cells. Standard reduction potentials and how to calculate cell voltages are explained. Methods for balancing redox reactions are also covered.
Introduction to electrochemistry by t. haraToru Hara
This document provides an introduction to electrochemistry. It discusses how electrochemistry involves the conversion of chemical energy to electrical energy, as in primary batteries where a spontaneous reaction between zinc and copper electrodes produces a flow of electrons. It also discusses the reverse process of converting electrical energy to chemical energy, as in secondary batteries that can be recharged. Key concepts covered include oxidation, reduction, standard reduction potentials, anodes, cathodes, and how electrochemical cells work through balanced redox reactions while conserving mass and charge.
The document provides information about electrolysis, including:
1) Electrolysis is the chemical effect of electricity on ionic compounds, causing them to break up into simpler substances like elements.
2) During electrolysis, ions move to electrodes of opposite charge where chemical reactions occur - non-metals form at the anode and metals or hydrogen form at the cathode.
3) Examples of electrolysis include molten lead(II) bromide producing lead at the cathode and bromine at the anode, and aqueous copper(II) chloride producing copper at the cathode and chlorine at the anode.
Includes a discussion of Voltaic and electrolytic cells, the Nernst equation and the relationship between electrochemical processes, chemical equilibrium and free energy.
**More good stuff available at:
www.wsautter.com
and
http://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=wnsautter&aq=f
This document provides an overview of electrochemistry and galvanic cells. Some key points:
- Electron transfer reactions are oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions that can generate electric current or be driven by an applied current, making it the field of electrochemistry.
- Galvanic cells use spontaneous redox reactions to generate electricity, with oxidation occurring at the anode and reduction at the cathode. The potential difference between electrodes is called the cell voltage.
- Standard electrode potentials (E°) describe the tendency of half-reactions to occur and can be used to predict spontaneity of redox reactions in cells. Nernst equation relates cell potential to concentrations.
The document discusses electrochemistry and electrolysis. It defines electrolytes and non-electrolytes, and explains how electrolytes can conduct electricity in molten or aqueous states through the movement of ions. Examples are given of electrolysis processes and how electrolysis can be used for metal extraction, purification, and electroplating.
An electrochemical cell consists of two different metals submerged in an electrolyte such as an acid or salt solution. Electrons flow from the more reactive metal, creating a voltage. For example, in a zinc-copper cell, zinc releases electrons into the electrolyte more readily than copper, becoming the negative electrode. The electrons flow to the copper electrode.
The document discusses ion selective electrodes (ISEs), including:
- The principle of ISEs is that a selective membrane allows only the intended ion to pass through, creating a potential difference.
- Types of ISEs include glass electrodes, liquid ion exchanger membranes, solid state membranes, and coated wire electrodes.
- ISEs have advantages like low cost, wide concentration range, robustness, and fast response times. Limitations include imprecision, interference, and limited lifetime.
- ISEs have many applications in fields, laboratories, medical/biological uses, and industrial processes due to their attributes.
This document provides an overview of electrochemistry, including definitions of key terms like oxidation, reduction, oxidizing agent, and reducing agent. It discusses different types of electrochemical cells and batteries, how they work, and examples like zinc-copper cells. Standard reduction potentials and how to calculate cell voltages are explained. Methods for balancing redox reactions are also covered.
Introduction to electrochemistry by t. haraToru Hara
This document provides an introduction to electrochemistry. It discusses how electrochemistry involves the conversion of chemical energy to electrical energy, as in primary batteries where a spontaneous reaction between zinc and copper electrodes produces a flow of electrons. It also discusses the reverse process of converting electrical energy to chemical energy, as in secondary batteries that can be recharged. Key concepts covered include oxidation, reduction, standard reduction potentials, anodes, cathodes, and how electrochemical cells work through balanced redox reactions while conserving mass and charge.
The document provides information about electrolysis, including:
1) Electrolysis is the chemical effect of electricity on ionic compounds, causing them to break up into simpler substances like elements.
2) During electrolysis, ions move to electrodes of opposite charge where chemical reactions occur - non-metals form at the anode and metals or hydrogen form at the cathode.
3) Examples of electrolysis include molten lead(II) bromide producing lead at the cathode and bromine at the anode, and aqueous copper(II) chloride producing copper at the cathode and chlorine at the anode.
Includes a discussion of Voltaic and electrolytic cells, the Nernst equation and the relationship between electrochemical processes, chemical equilibrium and free energy.
**More good stuff available at:
www.wsautter.com
and
http://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=wnsautter&aq=f
This document provides an overview of electrochemistry and galvanic cells. Some key points:
- Electron transfer reactions are oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions that can generate electric current or be driven by an applied current, making it the field of electrochemistry.
- Galvanic cells use spontaneous redox reactions to generate electricity, with oxidation occurring at the anode and reduction at the cathode. The potential difference between electrodes is called the cell voltage.
- Standard electrode potentials (E°) describe the tendency of half-reactions to occur and can be used to predict spontaneity of redox reactions in cells. Nernst equation relates cell potential to concentrations.
The document discusses electrochemistry and electrolysis. It defines electrolytes and non-electrolytes, and explains how electrolytes can conduct electricity in molten or aqueous states through the movement of ions. Examples are given of electrolysis processes and how electrolysis can be used for metal extraction, purification, and electroplating.
Electrolysis is the process of using a direct electric current to drive nonspontaneous chemical reactions. It involves the decomposition of an electrolyte into its constituent ions by the removal or addition of electrons to the ions. During electrolysis, ions migrate to the electrodes where they undergo oxidation or reduction reactions. In the electrolysis of molten lead bromide, lead ions are reduced to metallic lead at the cathode, while bromide ions are oxidized to bromine gas at the anode. When an aqueous solution of copper sulfate is electrolyzed using copper electrodes, copper ions are reduced at the cathode to form metallic copper while oxygen gas forms at the anode. Electrolysis requires an electrolyte, electrodes, and a direct current power
This document provides an overview of electrochemistry and electrochemical cells. It defines key terms like oxidation, reduction, anode, and cathode. Oxidation occurs at the anode and involves losing electrons, while reduction occurs at the cathode and involves gaining electrons. Electrochemical cells convert chemical energy to electrical energy through redox reactions. A simple cell consists of two electrodes connected by a wire submerged in an electrolyte. Several examples of simple cells are described using zinc, iron or copper electrodes reacting with hydrogen ions in solution.
1. Electrochemistry examines phenomena resulting from combined chemical and electrical effects. It covers electrolytic and galvanic processes.
2. An electrochemical cell consists of two electrodes and an electrolyte. Charge is transported by electron motion in electrodes and ion motion in electrolytes.
3. At each electrode, an oxidation or reduction half-cell reaction occurs. The overall reaction is the sum of the half reactions. Thermodynamics predicts which reaction will occur as oxidation or reduction.
This document provides information on potentiometry and potentiometric titration. It discusses the basic principles of potentiometry including electrode potentials and how a potential difference is established between an electrode and solution. It describes the instrumentation used including reference electrodes like calomel and silver-silver chloride electrodes and indicator electrodes like metal, glass membrane, and quinhydrone electrodes. It also discusses different types of potentiometric titrations and provides examples of applications for potentiometry in various industries.
This document discusses potentiometric analysis and its applications. Potentiometry involves measuring the potential difference between electrodes placed in a sample solution as the concentration of ions changes, such as during acid-base, redox, complexometric, and precipitation titrations. Some key applications of potentiometry include determining electrolyte levels in clinical samples, analyzing ions in environmental samples like water, and measuring properties in various industries like food processing, detergent manufacturing, and agriculture.
Electrochemistry Basics
Table of Contents
1. Introduction
2. Voltaic Cells-Galvanic Cells
3. Cell Potential
4. Balancing Redox Reactions
5. Rules for Assigning Oxidation states
6. Additional Materials
6.1. I. Conversion
6.2. II. Free Energy & Cell Potential
6.3. III. Nernst equation
6.4. At Equilibrium
7. Terminology
8. Reference
9. Outside Links
10. Contributors
As the name suggests, electrochemistry is the study of changes that cause electrons to move. This movement of electrons is called electricity. In electrochemistry, electricity can be generated by movements of electrons from one element to another in a reaction known as a redox reaction or oxidation-reduction react
1. Electrolysis is the process of using electricity to cause non-spontaneous chemical changes.
2. During electrolysis, ions migrate towards the oppositely charged electrode - cations move towards the cathode and anions move towards the anode.
3. At the cathode, cations gain electrons and are reduced. At the anode, anions lose electrons and are oxidized.
4. The products of electrolysis depend on the electrolyte. Molten salts yield elements, while aqueous solutions yield hydrogen or oxygen along with other possible products.
This document discusses electrochemistry and galvanic cells. It defines oxidation and reduction, and explains how galvanic cells work by using half-reactions and a salt bridge or porous disk to allow ions to flow while preventing the electrons from mixing. It discusses how cell potential is calculated from standard reduction potentials of the half-reactions, and how the direction of electron flow determines the anode and cathode. Standard conditions and notation for describing complete galvanic cells are also covered.
This document discusses key concepts in electrochemistry including electrode potentials, galvanic cells, and electrolytic cells. It defines electrode potentials as the electric potential arising from the separation of charges in redox half reactions. Standard electrode potentials can be measured versus the standard hydrogen electrode and indicate whether the forward or backward reaction is favored. Electrode potentials are also used to predict the feasibility of redox reactions. The document distinguishes anodes and cathodes in galvanic and electrolytic cells and how to draw cell diagrams. It provides strategies for using calculations involving current, time, moles of electrons, and Faraday's constant to solve electrochemistry problems.
The document discusses key concepts in electrochemistry including electrolytes, conductors, electrolysis, and cations and anions. It defines an electrolyte as a substance that can conduct electricity due to the presence of freely moving ions. Conductors are able to conduct electricity but do not undergo chemical reactions. Electrolysis is the process of using a direct electric current to drive nonspontaneous chemical reactions through an electrolyte. During electrolysis, cations migrate to the cathode and anions migrate to the anode.
Electrolysis is the decomposition of a substance by an electric current, where electrolytes carry current as ions in solution. During electrolysis, ions move to the electrodes and undergo oxidation or reduction reactions. At the cathode, electrons are gained and reduction occurs. At the anode, electrons are lost and oxidation occurs. The amount of substance deposited or gas produced can be calculated using Faraday's law, relating current, time, and moles of electrons in the electrode reactions.
The document discusses gas-sensing electrodes, specifically the oxygen electrode and carbon dioxide electrode. The oxygen electrode uses a platinum cathode and silver/silver chloride anode arrangement to measure the partial pressure of oxygen in a solution. The carbon dioxide electrode contains a pH electrode and reference electrode separated from the sample by a permeable membrane, and measures pH changes caused by carbon dioxide diffusion to indicate the partial pressure of carbon dioxide. Both electrodes take advantage of electrochemical reactions and gas permeability properties to non-invasively measure important gas levels.
Electrolysis is the process of using direct electrical current to cause a non-spontaneous chemical reaction. During electrolysis, ions conduct electricity and move towards the electrode that attracts them. The key factors that determine the products of electrolysis include:
1) The type of electrolyte, whether it is a molten salt or aqueous solution, determines which ions are present and can be reduced or oxidized.
2) An ion's position in the electrochemical series indicates its tendency to gain or lose electrons. Ions lower in the series are more readily reduced or oxidized.
3) The concentration of the electrolyte solution can allow ions higher in the electrochemical series to also be reduced or
This document discusses redox reactions and electrochemistry. It covers topics such as oxidation numbers, galvanic cells, cell notation, standard electrode potentials, and how cell potential relates to Gibbs free energy and equilibrium constants. It also discusses corrosion, batteries, fuel cells, and the differences between voltaic, electrolytic, and fuel cells. Redox reactions allow the interconversion of electrical and chemical energy.
This document discusses different types of electrochemical cells. An electrochemical cell converts stored chemical energy into electrical energy and is an energy storage device. Some key electrochemical cells discussed include Volta's cell, the Leclanche cell, the dry cell, nickel cadmium cells, and button cells. Volta's cell, invented in 1799, uses a chemical reaction between zinc, copper, and sulfuric acid to produce electricity. The Leclanche cell, invented in 1866, contains a carbon cathode, manganese dioxide, and a zinc anode to produce a current. Dry cells, invented in 1888, contain zinc chloride, ammonium chloride, and carbon rods to produce a current for devices like flashlights.
The document provides an overview of electrolysis, including what it is, how it works, and key factors that affect the products formed. Electrolysis is the separation of an ionic compound using direct current, where ions move to electrodes and gain or lose electrons. The type of electrolyte, position of ions in the electrochemical series, concentration of the solution, and type of electrodes used can impact what substances are produced during electrolysis.
All you need_to_know_about_additional_science[1]lucywalshaw
Structures and bonding, properties of materials, quantitative chemistry and rates of reaction are discussed. Key topics covered include atomic structure, ionic and covalent bonding, properties of materials like conductivity and melting points, amounts of substances and moles, balancing chemical equations, factors that affect rates of reaction like temperature, concentration and surface area. The document provides an overview of content to be covered in additional science chapters on these core chemistry concepts.
Electrochemical cells convert chemical energy into electrical energy (voltaic/galvanic cells) or use electrical energy to drive non-spontaneous chemical reactions (electrolytic cells). Voltaic cells consist of two half-cells where oxidation occurs at the anode and reduction at the cathode. A salt bridge allows ion flow between cells while preventing mixing. The Daniell cell uses a zinc anode and copper cathode with oxidation of zinc and reduction of copper ions. Electrolytic cells use a power source to force non-spontaneous reactions like the electrolysis of molten lead bromide into elemental lead and bromine gas.
This document discusses potentiometry and ion selective electrodes. It begins by explaining that potentiometry measures the potential of an electrochemical cell under static conditions without drawing current. An ion selective electrode uses a selective membrane to measure the concentration of specific ions based on the potential difference between an indicator and reference electrode. The document then describes different types of reference electrodes, indicator electrodes, and ion selective electrodes like glass membrane, solid state, liquid membrane and gas sensing electrodes. It concludes by discussing applications in clinical chemistry, environmental analysis and food processing and advantages like speed and low cost and limitations like precision and interference issues.
potentiometry and ion selective electrodesAnimikh Ray
This document discusses potentiometry and ion selective electrodes. It provides information on:
- Potentiometry measures the potential of an electrochemical cell under static conditions without drawing current. This allows the cell composition to remain unchanged.
- Ion selective electrodes are used to measure specific ion concentrations in solution based on the potential difference between an indicator electrode immersed in the solution and a reference electrode.
- Common clinical applications of potentiometry and ion selective electrodes include measuring electrolyte levels like sodium, potassium, calcium and pH in samples like blood and urine to evaluate conditions like hypo- or hypernatremia.
Electrolysis is the process of using a direct electric current to drive nonspontaneous chemical reactions. It involves the decomposition of an electrolyte into its constituent ions by the removal or addition of electrons to the ions. During electrolysis, ions migrate to the electrodes where they undergo oxidation or reduction reactions. In the electrolysis of molten lead bromide, lead ions are reduced to metallic lead at the cathode, while bromide ions are oxidized to bromine gas at the anode. When an aqueous solution of copper sulfate is electrolyzed using copper electrodes, copper ions are reduced at the cathode to form metallic copper while oxygen gas forms at the anode. Electrolysis requires an electrolyte, electrodes, and a direct current power
This document provides an overview of electrochemistry and electrochemical cells. It defines key terms like oxidation, reduction, anode, and cathode. Oxidation occurs at the anode and involves losing electrons, while reduction occurs at the cathode and involves gaining electrons. Electrochemical cells convert chemical energy to electrical energy through redox reactions. A simple cell consists of two electrodes connected by a wire submerged in an electrolyte. Several examples of simple cells are described using zinc, iron or copper electrodes reacting with hydrogen ions in solution.
1. Electrochemistry examines phenomena resulting from combined chemical and electrical effects. It covers electrolytic and galvanic processes.
2. An electrochemical cell consists of two electrodes and an electrolyte. Charge is transported by electron motion in electrodes and ion motion in electrolytes.
3. At each electrode, an oxidation or reduction half-cell reaction occurs. The overall reaction is the sum of the half reactions. Thermodynamics predicts which reaction will occur as oxidation or reduction.
This document provides information on potentiometry and potentiometric titration. It discusses the basic principles of potentiometry including electrode potentials and how a potential difference is established between an electrode and solution. It describes the instrumentation used including reference electrodes like calomel and silver-silver chloride electrodes and indicator electrodes like metal, glass membrane, and quinhydrone electrodes. It also discusses different types of potentiometric titrations and provides examples of applications for potentiometry in various industries.
This document discusses potentiometric analysis and its applications. Potentiometry involves measuring the potential difference between electrodes placed in a sample solution as the concentration of ions changes, such as during acid-base, redox, complexometric, and precipitation titrations. Some key applications of potentiometry include determining electrolyte levels in clinical samples, analyzing ions in environmental samples like water, and measuring properties in various industries like food processing, detergent manufacturing, and agriculture.
Electrochemistry Basics
Table of Contents
1. Introduction
2. Voltaic Cells-Galvanic Cells
3. Cell Potential
4. Balancing Redox Reactions
5. Rules for Assigning Oxidation states
6. Additional Materials
6.1. I. Conversion
6.2. II. Free Energy & Cell Potential
6.3. III. Nernst equation
6.4. At Equilibrium
7. Terminology
8. Reference
9. Outside Links
10. Contributors
As the name suggests, electrochemistry is the study of changes that cause electrons to move. This movement of electrons is called electricity. In electrochemistry, electricity can be generated by movements of electrons from one element to another in a reaction known as a redox reaction or oxidation-reduction react
1. Electrolysis is the process of using electricity to cause non-spontaneous chemical changes.
2. During electrolysis, ions migrate towards the oppositely charged electrode - cations move towards the cathode and anions move towards the anode.
3. At the cathode, cations gain electrons and are reduced. At the anode, anions lose electrons and are oxidized.
4. The products of electrolysis depend on the electrolyte. Molten salts yield elements, while aqueous solutions yield hydrogen or oxygen along with other possible products.
This document discusses electrochemistry and galvanic cells. It defines oxidation and reduction, and explains how galvanic cells work by using half-reactions and a salt bridge or porous disk to allow ions to flow while preventing the electrons from mixing. It discusses how cell potential is calculated from standard reduction potentials of the half-reactions, and how the direction of electron flow determines the anode and cathode. Standard conditions and notation for describing complete galvanic cells are also covered.
This document discusses key concepts in electrochemistry including electrode potentials, galvanic cells, and electrolytic cells. It defines electrode potentials as the electric potential arising from the separation of charges in redox half reactions. Standard electrode potentials can be measured versus the standard hydrogen electrode and indicate whether the forward or backward reaction is favored. Electrode potentials are also used to predict the feasibility of redox reactions. The document distinguishes anodes and cathodes in galvanic and electrolytic cells and how to draw cell diagrams. It provides strategies for using calculations involving current, time, moles of electrons, and Faraday's constant to solve electrochemistry problems.
The document discusses key concepts in electrochemistry including electrolytes, conductors, electrolysis, and cations and anions. It defines an electrolyte as a substance that can conduct electricity due to the presence of freely moving ions. Conductors are able to conduct electricity but do not undergo chemical reactions. Electrolysis is the process of using a direct electric current to drive nonspontaneous chemical reactions through an electrolyte. During electrolysis, cations migrate to the cathode and anions migrate to the anode.
Electrolysis is the decomposition of a substance by an electric current, where electrolytes carry current as ions in solution. During electrolysis, ions move to the electrodes and undergo oxidation or reduction reactions. At the cathode, electrons are gained and reduction occurs. At the anode, electrons are lost and oxidation occurs. The amount of substance deposited or gas produced can be calculated using Faraday's law, relating current, time, and moles of electrons in the electrode reactions.
The document discusses gas-sensing electrodes, specifically the oxygen electrode and carbon dioxide electrode. The oxygen electrode uses a platinum cathode and silver/silver chloride anode arrangement to measure the partial pressure of oxygen in a solution. The carbon dioxide electrode contains a pH electrode and reference electrode separated from the sample by a permeable membrane, and measures pH changes caused by carbon dioxide diffusion to indicate the partial pressure of carbon dioxide. Both electrodes take advantage of electrochemical reactions and gas permeability properties to non-invasively measure important gas levels.
Electrolysis is the process of using direct electrical current to cause a non-spontaneous chemical reaction. During electrolysis, ions conduct electricity and move towards the electrode that attracts them. The key factors that determine the products of electrolysis include:
1) The type of electrolyte, whether it is a molten salt or aqueous solution, determines which ions are present and can be reduced or oxidized.
2) An ion's position in the electrochemical series indicates its tendency to gain or lose electrons. Ions lower in the series are more readily reduced or oxidized.
3) The concentration of the electrolyte solution can allow ions higher in the electrochemical series to also be reduced or
This document discusses redox reactions and electrochemistry. It covers topics such as oxidation numbers, galvanic cells, cell notation, standard electrode potentials, and how cell potential relates to Gibbs free energy and equilibrium constants. It also discusses corrosion, batteries, fuel cells, and the differences between voltaic, electrolytic, and fuel cells. Redox reactions allow the interconversion of electrical and chemical energy.
This document discusses different types of electrochemical cells. An electrochemical cell converts stored chemical energy into electrical energy and is an energy storage device. Some key electrochemical cells discussed include Volta's cell, the Leclanche cell, the dry cell, nickel cadmium cells, and button cells. Volta's cell, invented in 1799, uses a chemical reaction between zinc, copper, and sulfuric acid to produce electricity. The Leclanche cell, invented in 1866, contains a carbon cathode, manganese dioxide, and a zinc anode to produce a current. Dry cells, invented in 1888, contain zinc chloride, ammonium chloride, and carbon rods to produce a current for devices like flashlights.
The document provides an overview of electrolysis, including what it is, how it works, and key factors that affect the products formed. Electrolysis is the separation of an ionic compound using direct current, where ions move to electrodes and gain or lose electrons. The type of electrolyte, position of ions in the electrochemical series, concentration of the solution, and type of electrodes used can impact what substances are produced during electrolysis.
All you need_to_know_about_additional_science[1]lucywalshaw
Structures and bonding, properties of materials, quantitative chemistry and rates of reaction are discussed. Key topics covered include atomic structure, ionic and covalent bonding, properties of materials like conductivity and melting points, amounts of substances and moles, balancing chemical equations, factors that affect rates of reaction like temperature, concentration and surface area. The document provides an overview of content to be covered in additional science chapters on these core chemistry concepts.
Electrochemical cells convert chemical energy into electrical energy (voltaic/galvanic cells) or use electrical energy to drive non-spontaneous chemical reactions (electrolytic cells). Voltaic cells consist of two half-cells where oxidation occurs at the anode and reduction at the cathode. A salt bridge allows ion flow between cells while preventing mixing. The Daniell cell uses a zinc anode and copper cathode with oxidation of zinc and reduction of copper ions. Electrolytic cells use a power source to force non-spontaneous reactions like the electrolysis of molten lead bromide into elemental lead and bromine gas.
This document discusses potentiometry and ion selective electrodes. It begins by explaining that potentiometry measures the potential of an electrochemical cell under static conditions without drawing current. An ion selective electrode uses a selective membrane to measure the concentration of specific ions based on the potential difference between an indicator and reference electrode. The document then describes different types of reference electrodes, indicator electrodes, and ion selective electrodes like glass membrane, solid state, liquid membrane and gas sensing electrodes. It concludes by discussing applications in clinical chemistry, environmental analysis and food processing and advantages like speed and low cost and limitations like precision and interference issues.
potentiometry and ion selective electrodesAnimikh Ray
This document discusses potentiometry and ion selective electrodes. It provides information on:
- Potentiometry measures the potential of an electrochemical cell under static conditions without drawing current. This allows the cell composition to remain unchanged.
- Ion selective electrodes are used to measure specific ion concentrations in solution based on the potential difference between an indicator electrode immersed in the solution and a reference electrode.
- Common clinical applications of potentiometry and ion selective electrodes include measuring electrolyte levels like sodium, potassium, calcium and pH in samples like blood and urine to evaluate conditions like hypo- or hypernatremia.
potentiometry and ion selective electrodeAnimikh Ray
This document discusses potentiometry and ion selective electrodes. It provides information on:
- Potentiometry measures the potential of an electrochemical cell under static conditions without drawing current. This allows the cell composition to remain unchanged.
- Ion selective electrodes are used to measure specific ion concentrations in solution based on the potential difference between an indicator electrode immersed in the solution and a reference electrode.
- Common applications of potentiometry and ion selective electrodes include measuring electrolyte levels like sodium, potassium, calcium, and pH in clinical samples and environmental samples. This provides useful quantitative analysis in various fields like healthcare, agriculture, and food processing.
Potentiometry involves measuring the potential difference between two electrodes under equilibrium conditions. There are two main types of electrodes - reference electrodes that maintain a constant potential, and indicator or working electrodes whose potential varies with ion concentration. Common reference electrodes include the standard hydrogen electrode, saturated calomel electrode, and silver/silver chloride electrode. Indicator electrodes include glass membrane electrodes for measuring pH and ion-selective electrodes that respond selectively to specific ions. Potentiometry is used for pH measurements, ion-selective measurements, and potentiometric titrations.
This document provides an overview of electrochemistry and electrochemical cells. It defines electrochemistry as the study of the relationship between chemical transformations and electrical energy. It describes the two main types of electrochemical cells - electrolytic cells, which convert electrical to chemical energy, and galvanic/voltaic cells, which convert chemical to electrical energy. Key aspects of electrochemical cells covered include the electrodes, electrode charges, redox reactions, cell notation, salt bridges, cell potential, and reference electrodes. The document also discusses indicator electrodes, such as glass pH electrodes and potentiometric titration methods.
Potentiometry involves measuring electrode potentials using a reference electrode and indicator electrode. The reference electrode maintains a constant potential while the indicator electrode's potential varies with analyte concentration. Common reference electrodes include the saturated calomel electrode and silver-silver chloride electrode. Indicator electrodes include pH electrodes, ion-selective electrodes, and redox electrodes. Potentiometric measurements are used in clinical chemistry, environmental monitoring, titrations, and various industrial applications like food processing.
Antibiotics are a class of medications that are used to treat bacterial infections. They work by either killing bacteria or inhibiting their growth. Antibiotics are crucial in modern medicine for treating a wide range of bacterial infections, from mild to severe.
There are different classes of antibiotics, each with its own mechanism of action and spectrum of activity. Some common types of antibiotics include:
Penicillins: This group includes antibiotics like amoxicillin and penicillin, and they interfere with bacterial cell wall synthesis.
Cephalosporins: Similar to penicillins, cephalosporins also disrupt bacterial cell wall formation. Examples include cephalexin and ceftriaxone.
Macrolides: Antibiotics such as azithromycin and erythromycin that interfere with bacterial protein synthesis.
Tetracyclines: This class includes antibiotics like doxycycline and tetracycline, which inhibit protein synthesis in bacteria.
Quinolones: These antibiotics, including ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin, interfere with bacterial DNA replication.
Sulfonamides: Antibiotics like trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole inhibit folic acid synthesis in bacteria, which is essential for their growth.
It's important to note that antibiotics are effective only against bacterial infections, not viral infections like the common cold or the flu. Overuse or misuse of antibiotics can lead to antibiotic resistance, where bacteria become less responsive to the drugs, making infections more challenging to treat.
Always take antibiotics as prescribed by a healthcare professional, and complete the entire course even if symptoms improve before the medication is finished. This helps prevent the development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. If you have concerns about antibiotics or their side effects, it's essential to discuss them with your healthcare provider.
This document provides a summary of a presentation on conductometry. It discusses electrochemical cells, types of electrodes including reference and indicator electrodes. It also describes the Nernst equation and its applications in determining solubility products and for analytical chemistry purposes such as measuring ion concentrations using cell potentials. Electrode types including electrodes of the first, second and third kind are explained along with examples like the silver/silver chloride electrode.
Potentiometry: Electrical potential, electrochemical cell, reference electrodes, indicator
electrodes, measurement of potential and Ph, construction and working of electrodes,
Potentiometric titrations, methods of detecting end point, Karl Fischer titration.
Chapter2- akjkjkkaaCorrosion Basics.pptxSrikanth S
This document provides an overview of key concepts in chemistry and electrochemistry as they relate to corrosion. It defines matter, elements, atoms, ions, and compounds. It describes the structure of atoms including electrons, protons, and neutrons. It introduces concepts like the periodic table, valence electrons, and ionic charge. It then discusses electrochemical reactions, corrosion processes, cathodic and anodic reactions, and how surface area affects corrosion rates. Key topics covered include electrolysis, Faraday's law for relating current to mass loss, and the effects of acidity, oxygen, and dissolved ions on corrosion mechanisms.
Chapter2- akjkjkkaaCorrosion Basics.pptxSrikanth S
This document provides an overview of key concepts in chemistry and electrochemistry as they relate to corrosion. It defines matter, elements, atoms, ions, and compounds. It describes the structure of atoms including electrons, protons, and neutrons. It introduces concepts like the periodic table, valence electrons, and ionic charge. It then discusses electrochemical reactions, corrosion processes, cathodic and anodic reactions, and how surface area affects corrosion rates. Key topics covered include electrolysis, Faraday's law for relating current to mass loss, and the effects of acidity, oxygen, and dissolved ions on corrosion mechanisms.
Potentiometry is a technique that measures the potential or electromotive force (emf) of a solution using an indicator electrode and a reference electrode. The potential difference between the two electrodes is dependent on factors like pH, gas concentration, or analyte ion activity in the solution. Common types of electrodes used include glass membrane pH electrodes, ion-selective electrodes with liquid or crystalline membranes, and gas-sensing electrodes. Potentiometric measurements can be carried out via direct measurement, standard addition, or titration to determine analyte concentration.
Potentiometry is an electrochemical method that measures potential without current flow. It uses indicator electrodes that generate a potential dependent on analyte concentration combined with a reference electrode of fixed potential. Common indicator electrodes are metallic, membrane-based like glass pH electrodes, liquid membrane electrodes, crystalline membrane electrodes, and gas sensing probes. Potentiometric measurements involve calibrating the electrode potential against standards of known analyte activity to determine unknown concentrations via the Nernst equation. Special applications include micro-scale potentiometry for in vivo or real-time measurements.
Potentiometry is an electroanalytical technique where the potential difference between two electrodes is measured under conditions of no current flow. It was invented in 1841 by Johann Christian Poggendorff using a slide-wire potentiometer. A potentiometric cell consists of a reference electrode with a known potential and an indicator electrode, whose potential changes depending on the analyte concentration. The potential difference between the electrodes is measured to determine the analyte concentration. Common applications of potentiometry include titrations, analysis of pollutants, drugs, foods, and more.
Potentiometric titration uses a potentiometer to determine the concentration of an analyte in solution. A potentiometer consists of an indicator electrode and a reference electrode placed in the solution. The potential difference between the electrodes is measured as titrant is added. When the endpoint of the titration is reached, there is an abrupt change in the measured potential that can be used to calculate the concentration of analyte. Potentiometric titration is a common volumetric technique used in electroanalytical chemistry.
This document discusses potentiometry, which is an electroanalytical technique that measures the potential (voltage) of electrochemical cells containing indicator and reference electrodes. It involves using electrodes to measure voltages generated from chemical reactions. Various types of electrodes are described including metal, ion-selective, glass membrane, liquid membrane, and crystalline membrane electrodes. Applications of potentiometry include ion concentration measurements, pH measurements, and potentiometric titrations.
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This document discusses potentiometry, which involves measuring the potential or emf of a solution using an indicator electrode that responds to changes in potential or pH and a reference electrode with a stable, known potential. It describes common reference electrodes like the hydrogen, saturated calomel, and silver-silver chloride electrodes. It also discusses indicator electrodes like the glass and antimony electrodes and ion-selective electrodes. Potentiometric titrations can be used to determine endpoints by measuring potential changes during titration.
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ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
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Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
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significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
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land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
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cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
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Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
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3.
4. INTRODUCTION
An electrochemical cell is a device in which electron
transfer in a redox reaction are made to pass through an
electric circuit.
Oxidation process – loss of electron, the substance
oxidized is the reducing agent.
Reduction process – gain of electron, the substance
reduced is the oxidizing agent.
Two types of cell :
Galvanic cell / voltaic cell
Electrolytic cell
5.
6. •A galvanic cell is an
electrochemical cell
that produces electricity
as a result of the
spontaneous reaction.
•Also called as voltaic
cell
7. Component of Galvanic cell
The 2 metals are connected by a wire
The 2 containers are connected by a salt bridge
A voltmeter is used to detect voltage generated
example:
i- Zn metal in an aqueous solution of Zn2+
ii- Cu metal in an aqueous solution of Cu2+
9. What happens at zinc electrode?
Zn is more electropositive than Cu
Zn has a tendency to release electron
Zn(s) Zn2+(aq) + 2e-
Zn dissolves
Oxidation occurs at Zn electrode
Zn2+ ions enter ZnSO4 solution
Zn is the negative electrode (anode)
10. What happens at copper electrode?
Cu2+(aq) + 2e- Cu(s)
The electron move from negatives to positive
terminal
Cu2+ ions from the solution accept electrons and the
blue colour of copper(II) solution fades
Cu is deposited
Reduction occurs at the Cu electrode
Cu is the positive electrode (cathode)
11. Cell Notation
Anode: Zn(s) Zn2+(aq) + 2e-
Cathode: Cu2+(aq) + 2e- Cu(s)
Zn(s) + Cu2+(aq) Zn2+(aq) + Cu(s)
Also can be represented as:
Zn(s) Zn2+(aq) Cu2+(aq) Cu(s)
12. An electrolytic cell is
an electrochemical
cell in which a non-
spontaneous
reaction occur.
13. It is made up of two electrodes immersed in an
electrolyte
A direct current is passed through the electrolyte
from an external source
Molten salt and aqueous solution are commonly
used as electrolytes
14. Differences between Electrolytic and
Galvanic cell
Characteristic Electrolytic cell Galvanic cell
Energy change Electrical energy Chemical energy
Chemical energy Electrical energy
Electric current and Electric current results in a Chemical reaction produces
reaction chemical reaction an electric current
Cathode : Negative terminal Positive terminal
Anode: Positive terminal Negative terminal
Negative terminal Cation receives electrons Electrons are released at the
from the cathode negative terminal
Positive terminal Anions release electrons to Electrons are received by the
the anode positive terminal
15. Include the working electrode, reference electrode, and
the auxiliary electrode.
The three electrodes are connected to the power
source, which is a specially designed circuit for precise
control of the potential applied to the working electrode
and often called a potentiostat or polarograph.
This electrode system is important in voltammetry.
Voltammetry is an electrochemical technique in which
the current-potential behaviour at an electrode surface
is measured.
16.
17. Auxiliary Electrode
Counter or Auxiliary electrode : electrode in the cell that
completes the current path.
All electrochemistry experiments (with non-zero current)
must have a working – counter pair.
Auxiliary electrode makes sure that current does not pass
through the reference cell. It makes sure the current is
equal to that of the working electrode's current.
18. Reference electrode
Serve as experimental reference points.
Specifically they are a reference for the potential (sense)
measurements.
Reference electrodes should hold a constant potential
during testing.
Example: Saturated Calomel, Silver/Silver Chloride,
Mercury/Mercury (mercurous) Oxide,
Mercury/Mercury Sulfate, Copper/Copper
Sulfate, and more.
19. Working Electrode
Working electrode is the designation for the electrode
being studied.
In corrosion experiments, this is likely the material that
is corroding.
In physical echem experiments, this is most often an
inert material— commonly gold, platinum or carbon—
which will pass current to other species without being
affected by that current.
20.
21. ELECTROLYTE
Electrochemical reactions occur in a medium, a solvent
containing a supporting electrolyte which is mobile and support
current flow.
A medium containing mobile ions must exist between the
electrodes in an electrochemical cell to allow for measurement
of the electrode potential.
Electrolyte provides the pathway for ions to flow between and
among electrodes in the cell to maintain charge balance.
22. Liquid Electrolytes
- Include molten salts and
appropriate solvents
Electrolytes
Solid Electrolytes
- Solids and some of those are
crystalline solids
23. Liquid
Electrolytes
Molecular Liquids Ionic Liquids Atomic Liquids
Aqueous (water) Molten salts and
usually used at Super Atomic
Mixed aqueous Electrolyte (SPE)
relatively high
(water and temperatures Metallic mercury
cosolvent) Blend of a solvating
Nonaqueous (organic Mixtures of organic polymer and a salt or
or inorganic solvent) a nonaqueous
halides with electrolyte solution
aluminium trichloride
Exhibit various liquid
electrolytes properties
24. Choice-solubility of the analyte , its redox activity, and by
solvent properties(electrical conductivity, electrochemical
activity, and chemical activity)
The solvent should not react with the analyte (or products) and
should not undergo electrochemical reactions over a wide
potential range.
25. PROPERTIES OF SOLVENTS
Physical Chemical
Boiling point Acidity
Melting point Basicity
Vapor pressure
Heat of vaporization
Relative permittivity
26. EFFECT OF SOLVENT PROPERTIES ON CHEMICAL
REACTION
Solvents with WEAK ACIDITY Solvents with STRONG ACIDITY
• Solvation to small anions is difficult • Solvation to small anions is easy
-Small anions are reactive -Small anions are nonreactive
• Proton donation from solvent is difficult • Proton donation from solvent is easy
-pH region is wide on the basic side -pH region is narrow on the basic side
-Strong bases are differentiated -Strong bases are leveled
-Very weak acids can be titrated -Very weak acids cannot be titrated
• Reduction of solvent is difficult • Reduction of solvent is easy
-Potential region is wide on negative -Potential region is narrow on negative
side side
-Strong reducing agent is stable in the -Strong reducing agent is unstable in
solvent the solvent
-Strong oxidizing agent is stable in the -Strong oxidizing agent is unstable in
solvent the solvent
-Substances difficult to reduce can be -Substances difficult to reduce cannot
reduced be reduced
27. Solvents with WEAK BASICITY Solvents with STRONG BASICITY
• Solvation to small cations is difficult • Solvation to small cations is easy
-Small cations are reactive -Small cations are nonreactive
• Proton acceptance by solvent is difficult • Proton acceptance by solvent is easy
-pH region is wide on the acidic side -pH region is narrow on the acidic side
-Strong acids are differentiated -Strong acids are leveled
-Very weak bases can be titrated -Very weak bases cannot be titrated
• Oxidation of solvent is difficult • Oxidation of solvent is easy
-Potential region is wide on positive -Potential region is narrow on positive
side side
-Strong oxidizing agent is stable in -Strong oxidizing agent is unstable in
the solvent the solvent
-Substances difficult to oxidize can be -Substances difficult to oxidize cannot
oxidized be oxidized
28. 1. A large number of the ions of one species should be mobile. This requires a large
number of empty sites, either vacancies or accessible interstitial sites.
Empty sites are needed for ions to move through the lattice.
2. The empty and occupied sites should have similar potential energies with a low
activation energy barrier for jumping between neighboring sites.
High activation energy decreases carrier mobility, very stable sites (deep
potential energy wells) lead to carrier localization.
3. The structure should have solid framework, preferable 3D, permeated by open
channels.
The migrating ion lattice should be ―molten‖, so that a solid framework of the
other ions is needed in order to prevent the entire material from melting.
4. The framework ions (usually anions) should be highly polarizable.
Such ions can deform to stabilize transition state geometries of the migrating
ion through covalent interactions.
29.
30. Liquid Electrolytes VS. Solid Electrolytes
Liquid electrolytes show generally better leveling capabilities for both temperature and
concentration discontinuities and allow for small volume changes due to chemical or
electrochemical reactions.
Liquid electrolytes maintain a permanent interfacial contact at the electrolyte or
electrode interface and have generally higher conductivities.
Liquid electrolytes is capable to dissolve the reaction products; they may hence be
used in electro synthesis as reaction media.
Liquid electrolytes are potential gassing and leakage problems in cells, and the higher
effort in assembling cells.
Solid electrolytes often offer cationic or anionic transport in contrast to liquid
electrolyte, where anions and cations are contributing to the conductivity. Avoids the
need for a separator. However, their electronic conductivity may be detrimental in
some applications
31. What to consider in choosing electrolytes?
Conductivity
Mobility of active species
Temperature
Chemical thermal stability
Electrochemical stability
Solubility
Viscosity
32. Supporting Electrolyte
An electrolyte containing chemical species that are not
electroactive (within the range of potentials used)
which has an ionic strength and conductivity much larger
than those due to the electroactive species added to the
electrolyte.
Inert electrolyte / inactive electrolyte
The typical concentration of the supporting electrolyte is
0.1 to 1.0 mol/kg
33. Maintain constant
ionic strength and
constant pH
↑
↓ resistance conductivity
Functions of the
solution
eliminate the contribution of
the analyte to the migration
current & ↓transport number of
electroactive species
34. Change metal ions in the sample to
the metal-ion complexes with
different electrochemical properties
Functions
Determine the
useable potential
Maintain constant of range of
the activity polarographic &
coefficients and the voltammetric
diffusion coefficients measurement.