Please see blog http://blog.eComm.ec

2. eComm 2011, San Francisco Alternatives to GPS for Localization Leveraging Smart Phones. June 29th 2011 Slide 2 of 16

4. A quarter of all USA wireless phone users have utilized LBSSlide 3 of 16

6. France: Doris

7. India: IRNSS (2014)

8. Japan: QZSS (2013)Slide 4 of 16

9. GPS Accuracy ~ 6 meters GPS errors’ sources: Ionospheric effects (±5meters), Shifts in the satellite orbits (±2.5 meters), Satellite clock errors (±2 meters), Multipath effects (±1 meters), Tropospheric effects (±0.5 meters), Calculation and rounding errors (±1 meters) Slide 5 of 16

11. CoverageSlide 6 of 16

13. France: Doris

14. India: IRNSS (2014)

15. Japan: QZSS (2013)Slide 7 of 16

17. Inertial Navigation Units (acc + gyro)

18. Very expensive.

19. Radio FingerprintingSlide 8 of 16

20. WiFi Fingerprinting in the iPhone Slide 9 of 40

22. Radio Fingerprinting Slide 11 of 40

24. Smart Phones:

25. Granularity is poor and Hardware dependent

26. Slow refreshing rate

27. Only RSSI information from the same SIM card operator Slide 12 of 16

29. Accuracy of up to 1.2 meters

30. Dedicated Hardware

31. Conventional Radio

32. Dedicated Hardware

33. Low accuracy (urban suburb)

34. Digital TV

35. Dedicated Hardware

36. Zigbee

37. Dedicated HardwareSlide 13 of 16

39. Accuracy 2 – 3 meters

40. Dedicated Hardware

41. Ekahau

42. Accuracy 1 – 3 meters

43. Dedicated HardwareSlide 14 of 16

45. Avoid errors due to differences in antenna characteristics and measurement schemes between different equipments

46. e.g. 10 dB between Dell Latitude laptop and Motorola Droid phone

47. Leverage accelerometer (gravity vector) and magnetometer (orientation)

48. Orientation of phone helps enhance the localization accuracySlide 15 of 16

49. WiFi Fingerprinting with Smart Phones Slide 16 of 40

50. Stride Length Estimation with Wavelet Slide 17 of 40