Eργασία Aγγλικών Einstein-01

ESSAY IN ENGLISH
«THE MYSTERY PERSON»
NICK MORAITIS
1ο ΓΥΜΝΑΣΙΟ ΑΡΤΕΜΙΔΑΣ
Σχολικό Έτος: 2013-2014
Τμήμα: Α2

Who is the Mystery Person?
 Clue 1: He was a theoretical physicist, who was born the 14th
March 1879 at Ulm in Germany and he died at Princeton of
New Jersey (US) the 18th April 1955.
 Clue 2: In 1921 he won the Nobel Prize in Physics for his
contributions to theoretical physics and because he managed
to explain the photoelectrical effect.
 Clue 3: He was based on the elliptical geometry of Bernhard
Riemann to establish the theory of relativity.
 Clue 4: He proposed the chair of the newly established State
of Israel, but he declined for several reasons.

Who is the Mystery Person?
Any Idea?

1. Biography of Albert Einstein
 Date of Birth: March 14, 1879.
 Place of Birth: Ulm, Wurttemberg, Germany.
 As a child, Einstein revealed an extraordinary
curiosity for understanding the mysteries of
science.
 A typical child (only to his socio-economic class —
educated middle class), Einstein took music
lessons, playing both the violin and piano — a
passion that followed him into adulthood.
 He graduated from high-school in 1896.
 Einstein called the book Euclid’s Elements the "holy
little geometry book".
 He was right-handed. There appears to be no
evidence for the widespread popular belief that he
was left-handed.
Picture 1: Einstein at the age of three in 1882

 His father intended for him to pursue
electrical engineering, but Einstein
clashed with authorities and resented
the school's regimen and teaching
method.
 In 1895, at the age of sixteen, Einstein
sat the entrance examinations for the
Swiss Federal Polytechnic in Zurich.
 He failed to reach the required standard
in the general part of the examination,
but obtained exceptional grades in
physics and mathematics.
 In 1896 he completed his secondary
schooling at the Aargau Cantonal School
in Switzerland. Picture 2: Albert Einstein in 1893 (age 14)

 It is believed that he was a weak student.
Obviously this is a misunderstanding, as his
final grades, as shown at the next photo of
his matriculation certificate at the age of 17,
from the Aargau Cantonal School, were
ranging from 4 to 6, on a scale of 1-6, with 6
being the best mark.
 In September 1896, he passed the Swiss
Matura with mostly good grades, including a
top grade of 6 in physics and mathematical
subjects, on a scale of 1-6, and, though only
seventeen, enrolled in the four-year
mathematics and physics teaching diploma
program at the Zürich Polytechnic.
Picture 3: Einstein's matriculation certificate at the age of
17, showing his final grades from the Aargau
Kantonsschule (on a scale of 1-6, with 6 being the best
mark)

 After graduating, in 1900, took Swiss nationality, worked for two months
as a mathematics teacher and in 1902 was hired as an examiner in the
Swiss patent office in Bern.
 Much of his work at the patent office related to questions about
transmission of electric signals and electrical-mechanical synchronization
of time, two technical problems that show up conspicuously in the
thought experiments that eventually led Einstein to his radical
conclusions about the nature of light and the fundamental connection
between space and time.
 With a few friends he had met in Bern, Einstein started a small discussion
group, self-mockingly named “The Olympia Academy”, which met
regularly to discuss science and philosophy. Their readings included the
works of Henry Poincare, Ernst Mach and David Hume, which influenced
his scientific and philosophical outlook.

 In 1905, while working in Bern, Switzerland,
Einstein had what came to be known as his “Annus
Mirabilis” — or “miracle year”. It was during this
time that the young physicist obtained his
Doctorate degree and published four of his most
influential research papers, including the Special
Theory of Relativity. In that, the now world
famous equation "Ε = Μ•C2" unlocked mysteries of
the Universe theretofore unknown.
 In 1908 he was appointed Privatdozent in Berne.
In 1909 he became Professor Extraordinary at
Zurich, in 1911 Professor of Theoretical Physics at
Prague, returning to Zurich in the following year to
fill a similar post. In 1914 he was appointed
Director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Physical Institute
and Professor in the University of Berlin.
Picture 4: Albert Einstein in 1904

 In 1915, Einstein completed his General Theory of
Relativity and in 1921 he was awarded the Nobel
Prize in Physics (iconic status cemented in 1919
when Arthur Eddington’s expedition confirmed
Albert Einstein’s prediction). It also launched him
to international superstardom and his name
became a household word synonymous with
genius all over the world.
 He became a German citizen in 1914 and
remained in Berlin until 1933. In February 1933
while on a visit to the United States, Einstein
decided not to return to Germany due to the rise
to power of the Nazis. When he renounced his
citizenship for political reasons and emigrated to
America to take the position of Professor of
Theoretical Physics at Princeton.
Picture 5: Einstein's official 1921 portrait after receiving
the Nobel Prize in Physics

 He became a United States citizen in 1940 and
retired from his post in 1945.
 After World War II, Einstein was a leading figure
in the World Government Movement, he was
offered the Presidency of the State of Israel in
1952, which he declined for various reasons,
and he collaborated with Dr. Chaim Weizmann
in establishing the Hebrew University of
Jerusalem.
 On 17 April 1955, Albert Einstein experienced internal bleeding caused
by the rupture of an abdominal aortic aneurysm. Einstein refused
surgery, saying: "I want to go when I want. It is tasteless to prolong life
artificially. I have done my share, it is time to go. I will do it elegantly."
 He died in Princeton Hospital on 18 April 1955, at the age of 76, having
continued to work until near the end.
Picture 6: Einstein in New York, 1921, his first visit to
the US

 During the autopsy, the pathologist of
Princeton Hospital. Thomas Harvey,
removed Einstein’s brain for
preservation without the permission of
his family, in the hope that the
neuroscience of the future would be
able to discover what made Einstein so
intelligent.
 Einstein's remains were cremated and
his ashes were scattered at an
undisclosed location.
 In his lecture at Einstein's memorial,
nuclear physicist Robert Oppenheimer
summarized his impression of him as a
person: “He was almost wholly without
sophistication and wholly without
worldliness ... There was always with
him a wonderful purity at once childlike
and profoundly stubborn”.
Picture 7: American newspaper announcing Einstein's death in 1955

2. Personal Life
 In 1903 he married his fellow student Mileva Maric, by which he had two
children, Hans Albert and Edward, and had acquired the same and a
daughter, Lizerl, that her fate is missing.
 In 1919, after his divorce with Mileva, he married his cousin, Elsa. It
should be noted that Albert Einstein had promised his first wife, Mileva
Maric ,that if she give him the divorce would give her the money would
ensure the Nobel Prize, to be used for this and for the upbringing of their
children.
Picture 8: Einstein with his first
wife Mileva and his first son
Picture 9: Einstein with his second wife, his cousin
Elsa

3. Political and Religious Believes
 Einstein's political view was in favor of socialism and critical of capitalism,
which he detailed in his essays such as “Why Socialism?”.
 Einstein offered to and was called on to give judgments and opinions on
matters often unrelated to theoretical physics or mathematics.
 Einstein's views about religious belief have been collected from
interviews and original writings.
 He called himself an agnostic, while disassociating himself from the label
atheist. He said he believed in the “pantheistic” God of Baruch Spinoza,
but not in a personal god, a belief he criticized.

4. Scientific Career
 Einstein always appeared to have a clear view of the problems of physics
and the determination to solve them. He had a strategy of his own and
was able to visualize the main stages on the way to his goal. He regarded
his major achievements as mere stepping-stones for the next advance.
 At the start of his scientific work, Einstein realized the inadequacies of
Newtonian mechanics and his special theory of relativity stemmed from
an attempt to reconcile the laws of mechanics with the laws of the
electromagnetic field. He dealt with classical problems of statistical
mechanics and problems in which they were merged with quantum
theory: this led to an explanation of the Brownian movement of
molecules. He investigated the thermal properties of light with a low
radiation density and his observations laid the foundation of the photon
theory of light.

 In his early days in Berlin, Einstein postulated that
the correct interpretation of the special theory of
relativity must also furnish a theory of gravitation
and in 1916 he published his paper on the general
theory of relativity. During this time he also
contributed to the problems of the theory of
radiation and statistical mechanics.
 In the 1920's, Einstein embarked on the
construction of unified field theories, although he
continued to work on the probabilistic
interpretation of quantum theory, and he
persevered with this work in America.
 He contributed to statistical mechanics by his
development of the quantum theory of a
monatomic gas and he has also accomplished
valuable work in connection with atomic transition
probabilities and relativistic cosmology.
Picture 10: Portrait taken in 1935 in Princeton

 After his retirement he continued to work
towards the unification of the basic concepts
of physics, taking the opposite approach,
geometrisation, to the majority of physicists.
 Particular was the relationship linking the
Greek mathematician Konstantinos
Caratheodory with Albert Einstein. The two
men he met in 1915 maintained a scientific
relationship grounded in mutual respect.
Picture 11: The 1927 Solvay Conference in Brussels, a
gathering of the world's top physicists - Einstein in the center
 Einstein's researches are, of course, well chronicled and his more
important works include Special Theory of Relativity (1905), Relativity
(English translations, 1920 and 1950), General Theory of Relativity
(1916), Investigations on Theory of Brownian Movement (1926), and The
Evolution of Physics (1938). Among his non-scientific works, About
Zionism (1930), Why War? (1933), My Philosophy (1934), and Out of My
Later Years (1950) are perhaps the most important.

5. Notable Awards
 Albert Einstein received honorary doctorate degrees in science, medicine and
philosophy from many European and American universities. During the 1920's
he lectured in Europe, America and the Far East, and he was awarded
Fellowships or Memberships of all the leading scientific academies throughout
the world. He gained numerous awards in recognition of his work, such as:
 Nobel Prize in Physics (1921)
 Matteucci Medal (1921)
 Copley Medal (1925)
 Max Planck Medal (1929)
 Franklin Medal (1935)
 Time Person of the Century (1999)

6. General Information
Birth Name : Albert Einstein
Born : March 14, 1879
Ulm, Wurttemberg, Germany
Died : April 18, 1955 (aged 76)
Princeton, New Jersey, U.S.A.
Spouses : Mileva Maric (1903-1919)
Elsa Einstein (1919-1936)
Children : Lieserl (1902-1903?)
Hans Albert Einstein (1904-1973)
Eduard Einstein (1910-1965)
Residence : Germany, Italy, Switzerland, Austria, Belgium,
United States

Citizenship : Kingdom of Württemberg (1879–1896)
Stateless (1896–1901)
Switzerland (1901–1955)
Austria–Hungary (1911–1912)
German Empire (1914–1918)
Weimar Republic (1919–1933)
United States (1940–1955)

Field : Physics
Institutions : Swiss Patent Office (Bern)
University of Zurich
Charles University in Prague
ETH Zurich
Caltech
Prussian Academy of Sciences
Kaiser Wilhelm Institute
University of Leiden
Institute for Advanced Study
Thesis : Folgerungen aus den Capillaritatserscheinungen
(1901)
Doctoral Advisor : Alfred Kleiner

Known for : General relativity and special relativity
Photoelectric effect
Mass-energy equivalence
Theory of relativity
Notable Awards :
Nobel Prize in Physics (1921)
Matteucci Medal (1921)
Copley Medal (1925)
Max Planck Medal (1929)
Franklin Medal (1935)
Time Person of the Century (1999)
Signature :

7. Albert Einstein’s Quotes
 Only two things are infinite, the universe and human stupidity, and I'm
not sure about the former.
 Insanity: doing the same thing over and over again and expecting
different results.
 The world is a dangerous place to live; not because of the people who are
evil, but because of the people who don't do anything about it.
 Learn from yesterday, live for today, hope for tomorrow. The important
thing is not to stop questioning.
 The difference between stupidity and genius is that genius has its limits.
 When you are courting a nice girl an hour seems like a second. When you
sit on a red-hot cinder a second seems like an hour. That's relativity.
 A person who never made a mistake never tried anything new.
 Gravitation is not responsible for people falling in love.
 Any man who can drive safely while kissing a pretty girl is simply not
giving the kiss the attention it deserves.

 Imagination is more important than knowledge.
 Education is what remains after one has forgotten what one has learned
in school.
 Any man who reads too much and uses his own brain too little falls into
lazy habits of thinking.
 Before God we are all equally wise - and equally foolish.
 If the facts don't fit the theory, change the facts.
 Anyone who has never made a mistake has never tried anything new.
 Logic will get you from A to B. Imagination will take you everywhere.
 Science without religion is lame, religion without science is blind.
 Look deep into nature, and then you will understand everything better.
 I have no special talent. I am only passionately curious.
 When the solution is simple, God is answering.

 Peace cannot be kept by force; it can only be achieved by
understanding.
 It is the supreme art of the teacher to awaken joy in creative expression
and knowledge.
 The only source of knowledge is experience.
 All religions, arts and sciences are branches of the same tree.
 A table, a chair, a bowl of fruit and a violin; what else does a man need
to be happy?
“If I were not a physicist, I would probably be a
musician. I often think in music. I live my
daydreams in music. I see my life in terms of
music... I get most joy in life out of music.”
Albert Einstein

SOURCES
•http://einstein.biz/index.php
•http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1921/einstein-bio.
html
•http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein
•http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/authors/a/albert_einstein.html
•http://physiclessons.blogspot.gr/2011/10/blog-post_2009.html
THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION
NICK MORAITIS
28/04/2014

Eργασία Aγγλικών Einstein-01

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