This document summarizes an experimental investigation into the effect of corner angle on the strength and behavior of reinforced concrete corners under opening bending moments. Twelve specimens with corner angles ranging from 60 to 180 degrees were tested under two different reinforcement details. The results showed that corner efficiency, defined as the ratio of failure moment of the corner to the moment capacity of adjoining members, was significantly affected by the corner angle and was lowest at 120 degrees. Finite element analysis confirmed this variation in diagonal tensile stress concentration with angle. In general, specimens behaved elastically until first cracking, then stiffness was reduced as angle increased from 60 to 120 degrees but increased from 120 to 180 degrees.
Design and Detailing of RC Deep beams as per IS 456-2000VVIETCIVIL
Visit : https://teacherinneed.wordpress.com/
1. DEEP BEAM DEFINITION - IS 456
2. DEEP BEAM APPLICATION
3. DEEP BEAM TYPES
4. BEHAVIOUR OF DEEP BEAMS
5. LEVER ARM
6. COMPRESSIVE FORCE PATH CONCEPT
7. ARCH AND TIE ACTION
8. DEEP BEAM BEHAVIOUR AT ULTIMATE LIMIT STATE
9. REBAR DETAILING
10. EXAMPLE 1 – SIMPLY SUPPORTED DEEP BEAM
11. EXAMPLE 2 – SIMPLY SUPPORTED DEEP BEAM; M20, FE415
12. EXAMPLE 3: FIXED ENDS AND CONTINUOUS DEEP BEAM
13. EXAMPLE 4 : FIXED ENDS AND CONTINUOUS DEEP BEAM
This document provides an overview of analysis and design methods for concrete slabs, including:
1. Elastic analysis methods like grillage analysis and finite element analysis can be used to determine moments and shear forces in slabs.
2. Yield line theory is an alternative plastic/ultimate limit state approach for determining the ultimate load capacity of ductile concrete slabs. It involves assuming yield line patterns that divide the slab into rigid regions and equating external and internal work.
3. Examples are provided to illustrate yield line analysis for one-way spanning slabs and rectangular two-way slabs. Conventions, assumptions, and calculation procedures are explained.
This document provides an overview of modeling a three-story L-shaped concrete building in ETABS. Key steps include generating grids, drawing wall objects to form bays, modeling an elevator core using fine grid snapping, assigning properties like slab thickness and loads, and performing both static and earthquake analysis according to UBC97 code. The example demonstrates ETABS capabilities for integrated object-based modeling of concrete structures with features like automatic load transfer, shear wall design, and modeling of floor diaphragms and cores.
This document discusses the design of reinforced concrete deep beams. It defines deep beams as having a span/depth ratio less than 2 or a continuous beam ratio less than 2.5. Deep beams behave differently than elementary beam theory due to non-linear stress distributions. Their behavior depends on loading type and cracking typically occurs between one-third to one-half of the ultimate load. Design considerations include checking for minimum thickness, flexural design, shear design, and anchorage of tension reinforcement.
Anchorage and lap splicing Detailing of slabs, columns, beams, footingskarthickcivic
This document discusses Eurocode 2 and provides details on anchorage and lap splicing of reinforcement in slabs, columns, beams and footings according to Eurocode 2. It covers general provisions for anchorage length, including tables of minimum anchorage lengths for different bar diameters. It also discusses lap splicing requirements, including tables of minimum lap splice lengths. The document is intended to provide guidance on reinforcement detailing according to Eurocode 2.
The document discusses bolted connections and provides specifications for bolt hole sizes, pitch, and spacing in bolted connections according to IS 800-2007. It covers various types of bolted joints including lap joints, butt joints, and their modes of failure. High strength friction grip bolts are described which provide rigid connections through clamping action and prevent slippage. The advantages of HSFG bolts include their ability to transmit load through friction eliminating stress concentrations in holes, while their drawbacks include higher cost and fabrication efforts compared to normal bolts.
This document discusses the design of compression members subjected to axial load and biaxial bending. It introduces the concept of biaxial eccentricities and explains that columns should be designed considering possible eccentricities in two axes. The document outlines the method suggested by IS 456-2000, which is based on Breslar's load contour approach. It relates the parameter αn to the ratio of Pu/Puz. Finally, it provides a step-by-step process for designing the column section, which involves determining uniaxial moment capacities, computing permissible moment values from charts, and revising the section if needed. It also briefly mentions the simplified method according to BS8110.
This document provides an overview of reinforced concrete design principles for civil engineers and construction managers. It discusses the aim of structural design according to BS 8110, describes the properties and composite action of reinforced concrete, explains limit state design methodology, and summarizes key elements like slabs, beams, columns, walls, and foundations. The document also covers material properties, stress-strain curves, failure modes, and general procedures for slab sizing and design.
Design and Detailing of RC Deep beams as per IS 456-2000VVIETCIVIL
Visit : https://teacherinneed.wordpress.com/
1. DEEP BEAM DEFINITION - IS 456
2. DEEP BEAM APPLICATION
3. DEEP BEAM TYPES
4. BEHAVIOUR OF DEEP BEAMS
5. LEVER ARM
6. COMPRESSIVE FORCE PATH CONCEPT
7. ARCH AND TIE ACTION
8. DEEP BEAM BEHAVIOUR AT ULTIMATE LIMIT STATE
9. REBAR DETAILING
10. EXAMPLE 1 – SIMPLY SUPPORTED DEEP BEAM
11. EXAMPLE 2 – SIMPLY SUPPORTED DEEP BEAM; M20, FE415
12. EXAMPLE 3: FIXED ENDS AND CONTINUOUS DEEP BEAM
13. EXAMPLE 4 : FIXED ENDS AND CONTINUOUS DEEP BEAM
This document provides an overview of analysis and design methods for concrete slabs, including:
1. Elastic analysis methods like grillage analysis and finite element analysis can be used to determine moments and shear forces in slabs.
2. Yield line theory is an alternative plastic/ultimate limit state approach for determining the ultimate load capacity of ductile concrete slabs. It involves assuming yield line patterns that divide the slab into rigid regions and equating external and internal work.
3. Examples are provided to illustrate yield line analysis for one-way spanning slabs and rectangular two-way slabs. Conventions, assumptions, and calculation procedures are explained.
This document provides an overview of modeling a three-story L-shaped concrete building in ETABS. Key steps include generating grids, drawing wall objects to form bays, modeling an elevator core using fine grid snapping, assigning properties like slab thickness and loads, and performing both static and earthquake analysis according to UBC97 code. The example demonstrates ETABS capabilities for integrated object-based modeling of concrete structures with features like automatic load transfer, shear wall design, and modeling of floor diaphragms and cores.
This document discusses the design of reinforced concrete deep beams. It defines deep beams as having a span/depth ratio less than 2 or a continuous beam ratio less than 2.5. Deep beams behave differently than elementary beam theory due to non-linear stress distributions. Their behavior depends on loading type and cracking typically occurs between one-third to one-half of the ultimate load. Design considerations include checking for minimum thickness, flexural design, shear design, and anchorage of tension reinforcement.
Anchorage and lap splicing Detailing of slabs, columns, beams, footingskarthickcivic
This document discusses Eurocode 2 and provides details on anchorage and lap splicing of reinforcement in slabs, columns, beams and footings according to Eurocode 2. It covers general provisions for anchorage length, including tables of minimum anchorage lengths for different bar diameters. It also discusses lap splicing requirements, including tables of minimum lap splice lengths. The document is intended to provide guidance on reinforcement detailing according to Eurocode 2.
The document discusses bolted connections and provides specifications for bolt hole sizes, pitch, and spacing in bolted connections according to IS 800-2007. It covers various types of bolted joints including lap joints, butt joints, and their modes of failure. High strength friction grip bolts are described which provide rigid connections through clamping action and prevent slippage. The advantages of HSFG bolts include their ability to transmit load through friction eliminating stress concentrations in holes, while their drawbacks include higher cost and fabrication efforts compared to normal bolts.
This document discusses the design of compression members subjected to axial load and biaxial bending. It introduces the concept of biaxial eccentricities and explains that columns should be designed considering possible eccentricities in two axes. The document outlines the method suggested by IS 456-2000, which is based on Breslar's load contour approach. It relates the parameter αn to the ratio of Pu/Puz. Finally, it provides a step-by-step process for designing the column section, which involves determining uniaxial moment capacities, computing permissible moment values from charts, and revising the section if needed. It also briefly mentions the simplified method according to BS8110.
This document provides an overview of reinforced concrete design principles for civil engineers and construction managers. It discusses the aim of structural design according to BS 8110, describes the properties and composite action of reinforced concrete, explains limit state design methodology, and summarizes key elements like slabs, beams, columns, walls, and foundations. The document also covers material properties, stress-strain curves, failure modes, and general procedures for slab sizing and design.
- Minimum reinforcement ratios and requirements for reducing ratios based on shear load are outlined. Wall thickness requirements vary from 8 inches minimum to 16 inches minimum depending on wall type.
- Slender and squat wall behavior is described in relation to their height-to-length aspect ratios. Ductile behavior is preferred to avoid shear failure.
- Design of the critical section and boundary element is discussed, including requirements for reinforcement and extending the boundary element.
- An iterative process is described for selecting reinforcement within the boundary element length to satisfy strength requirements.
Design of Reinforced Concrete Structure (IS 456:2000)MachenLink
This is the 1st Lecture Series on Design Reinforced Cement Concrete (IS 456 -2000).
In this video, you will learn about the objective of structural designing and then basic properties of concrete and steel.
Concrete properties like...
1. Grade of Concrete
2. Modulus of Elasticity
3. Characteristic Strength
4. Tensile Strength
5. Creep and Shrinkage
6. Durability
Reinforced Steel Properties....
1. Grade and types of steel
2. Yield Strength of Mild Steel and HYSD Bars
The document discusses buckling and its theories. It defines buckling as the failure of a slender structural member subjected to compressive loads. It provides examples of structures that can experience buckling. It explains Euler's theory of buckling which derived an equation for the critical buckling load of a long column based on its bending stress. The assumptions of Euler's theory are listed. Four cases of long column buckling based on end conditions are examined: both ends pinned, both ends fixed, one end fixed and one end pinned, one end fixed and one end free. Effective lengths are defined for each case and the corresponding critical buckling loads given. Limitations of Euler's theory are noted. Rankine's empirical formula for calculating ultimate
- Deep beams are defined as beams with a shear span to depth ratio of less than 2. They behave differently than ordinary beams due to two-dimensional loading and non-linear stress distributions.
- Deep beams transfer significant load through compression forces between the load and supports. Shear deformations are more prominent.
- Design of deep beams requires considering two-dimensional effects, non-linear stress distributions, and large shear deformations. Procedures include checking minimum thickness, designing for flexure and shear, and detailing reinforcement.
The document discusses the design of slender columns. It defines a slender column as having a slenderness ratio (length to least lateral dimension) greater than 12. Slender columns experience appreciable lateral deflection even under axial loads alone. The design of slender columns can be done using three methods - the strength reduction coefficient method, additional moment method, or moment magnification method. The document outlines the step-by-step procedure for designing a slender column using the additional moment method, which involves determining the effective length, initial moments, additional moments, total moments accounting for a reduction coefficient, and redesigning the column for combined axial load and bending.
This document provides an overview of shear and torsion behavior in reinforced concrete sections. It discusses several key topics:
1. There is no unified theory to describe shear and torsion behavior, which involves many interactions between forces. Current approaches include truss mechanisms, strut-and-tie models, and compression field theories.
2. Shear stresses are produced by shear forces, torsion, and combinations of these. The origin and distribution of shear stresses is explained.
3. Concrete alone cannot resist much shear or torsion due to its low tensile capacity. Reinforcement is needed to resist forces through truss action after cracking.
4. Design procedures from codes like ACI 318 are summarized
This document discusses reinforcement detailing of common reinforced concrete structural members. It provides guidelines on proper detailing practices and common mistakes to avoid. Key points covered include reinforcement requirements for slabs, beams, columns, and foundations. Specific details are given for elements like continuous beams, cantilever beams, beam-column joints, and seismic detailing. The document emphasizes the importance of reinforcement detailing for structural safety and highlights detailing aspects that are essential for execution and safety of reinforced concrete structures.
The document discusses the behavior and design of beam-columns, which are structural elements that experience both axial loads and bending moments. It covers topics such as moment connections for columns, eccentric loads on columns, interaction of axial and bending forces, and moment amplification due to axial loads. Design considerations discussed include checking for adequate strength, using interaction formulas, and verifying sufficient resistance to local buckling. The document appears to be lecture materials on structural steel beam-column design based on Canadian standards.
This document provides an overview of the design of steel structural members according to Eurocode standards, including columns, beams, and beam-columns. It discusses the main internal forces on members, the classification of cross-sections, and the approaches to checking the resistance of cross-sections and buckling resistance of members. It also provides an example calculation for the design of a steel column member under axial compression.
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF G+3 STOREY BUILDINGUSING STAAD PRO vi8 SoftwareAbhinav Verma
This document provides an overview of a summer internship project involving the analysis and design of a G+3 storey building using STAAD Pro v8i software. The project was conducted under the guidance of Dr. Pabitra Ranjan Maiti at IIT BHU over 6 weeks in June-July 2017. The project involved modeling the building in STAAD Pro, analyzing its structural components, and designing beams, columns, slabs, and footings according to the Indian code IS 456. The document outlines the process of structural analysis and design in STAAD Pro and summarizes the design considerations for typical structural elements.
Cold-Formed-Steel Design And Construction ( Steel Structure )Hossam Shafiq I
This document discusses the history and development of cold-formed steel structural shapes. It begins by describing how Henry Cort introduced sheet rolling mills in 1784, leading to the first use of corrugated steel sheets for building materials. Continuous hot-rolling mills developed by John Tytus in 1923 enabled the modern steel fabricating industry using coiled strip steel. The document then discusses how cold-formed steel shapes are made through bending sheet or strip steel using roll-forming machines, press brakes, or bending brakes. It provides examples of common cold-formed steel products like door and window frames. The key principles in designing with cold-formed steel include preventing local buckling in thin, wide elements and accounting for shear lag and
This document discusses ductile detailing of reinforced concrete (RC) frames according to Indian standards. It explains that detailing involves translating the structural design into the final structure through reinforcement drawings. Good detailing ensures reinforcement and concrete interact efficiently. Key aspects of ductile detailing covered include requirements for beams, columns, and beam-column joints to improve ductility and seismic performance. Specific provisions are presented for longitudinal and shear reinforcement in beams and columns, as well as confining reinforcement and lap splices. The importance of cover and stirrup spacing is also discussed.
The document discusses buckling of columns under axial compression. It describes:
1) Different buckling theories including elastic buckling, inelastic buckling using tangent modulus theory and reduced modulus theory. Shanley's theory accounts for the effect of transverse displacement.
2) Factors affecting buckling strength including end conditions, initial crookedness, and residual stresses. Effective length accounts for end restraint.
3) Local buckling of thin plate elements can reduce the column's strength before its calculated buckling strength is reached. Flange and web buckling must be prevented.
This document provides an overview of structural steel connections using bolting and welding. It discusses the benefits of structural steel construction and the unique aspects of steel erection. The two primary connection methods, bolting and welding, are explained. Structural bolting is covered in detail, including bolt types, sizes, parts of the assembly, and different bolted joint types such as bearing and slip-critical joints. Considerations for structural welding are also presented. The document aims to provide technical background knowledge for bolting and welding in structural steel construction.
This document summarizes the key aspects of box culvert design and analysis. Box culverts consist of horizontal and vertical slabs built monolithically, and are used for bridges with limited stream flows and high embankments up to spans of 4 meters. They are economical due to their rigidity and do not require separate foundations. Design loads include concentrated wheel loads, uniform loads from embankments and decks, sidewall weights, water pressure when full, earth pressures, and lateral loads. The culvert is analyzed for moments, shears, and thrusts using classical methods to determine force effects from these various loading conditions.
This document is a revision of the Zamil Steel Company Limited Pre-Engineered Buildings Division Design Manual. It presents changes made to standards for single skin and Tempcon panels, built-up sections, serviceability considerations, connections, and some results of technical studies. Designers are advised to read the entire manual, which includes revisions to clauses covering topics like expansion joints, bracing systems, purlins, anchors, and crane beams. Feedback on the manual is appreciated for continuous improvement.
The document summarizes the major changes between the 1997 and 1994 versions of the Uniform Building Code (UBC) related to earthquake resistant design. Key changes included expanding the soil profile types from 4 to 6 types dependent on seismic zone, introducing two new structural framing systems, basing seismic design on strength-level rather than service-level, and making the design base shear a function of both horizontal and vertical ground motion components. The 1997 UBC also included simplified methods for determining design base shear in shorter buildings, calculating displacements and drift, and distributing seismic forces.
information on types of beams, different methods to calculate beam stress, design for shear, analysis for SRB flexure, design for flexure, Design procedure for doubly reinforced beam,
This document summarizes research on developing a hysteretic model for stiffened steel shear panel dampers to be used as passive energy dissipating devices (PEDDs) in structures. Finite element analyses were conducted on steel shear panels with varying numbers of longitudinal and transverse stiffeners under cyclic loading. Key parameters investigated include web slenderness, the ratio of stiffener rigidity to optimum rigidity, aspect ratio, and the ratio of flange thickness to web thickness. Based on the results, a simplified bilinear hysteretic model and equation to estimate ultimate shear strength of stiffened shear panels are presented.
Parametric Study of Square Concrete Filled Steel Tube Columns Subjected To Co...IJERA Editor
The Concrete Filled Steel Tube (CFST) member has many advantages compared with the conventional concrete structural member. This study presents on the behaviour of concrete-filled steel tube (CFST) columns under axial load by changing parameters. The parameters are thickness of steel tube, Grade of concrete and length of column. The study was conducted using ANSYS 13 finite element software. All the columns are 60 X 60 mm in size. The thickness of the tube is taken as 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 mm for thickness variation. The grades of concrete infill are M25, M30, M40, M50, M60 and M70 used for grade variation. Lengths of columns are taken as 900, 1200, 1500, 1800, 2100, and 2400 mm for length variation. Buckling load is compared with Euro code 4 (1994).
- Minimum reinforcement ratios and requirements for reducing ratios based on shear load are outlined. Wall thickness requirements vary from 8 inches minimum to 16 inches minimum depending on wall type.
- Slender and squat wall behavior is described in relation to their height-to-length aspect ratios. Ductile behavior is preferred to avoid shear failure.
- Design of the critical section and boundary element is discussed, including requirements for reinforcement and extending the boundary element.
- An iterative process is described for selecting reinforcement within the boundary element length to satisfy strength requirements.
Design of Reinforced Concrete Structure (IS 456:2000)MachenLink
This is the 1st Lecture Series on Design Reinforced Cement Concrete (IS 456 -2000).
In this video, you will learn about the objective of structural designing and then basic properties of concrete and steel.
Concrete properties like...
1. Grade of Concrete
2. Modulus of Elasticity
3. Characteristic Strength
4. Tensile Strength
5. Creep and Shrinkage
6. Durability
Reinforced Steel Properties....
1. Grade and types of steel
2. Yield Strength of Mild Steel and HYSD Bars
The document discusses buckling and its theories. It defines buckling as the failure of a slender structural member subjected to compressive loads. It provides examples of structures that can experience buckling. It explains Euler's theory of buckling which derived an equation for the critical buckling load of a long column based on its bending stress. The assumptions of Euler's theory are listed. Four cases of long column buckling based on end conditions are examined: both ends pinned, both ends fixed, one end fixed and one end pinned, one end fixed and one end free. Effective lengths are defined for each case and the corresponding critical buckling loads given. Limitations of Euler's theory are noted. Rankine's empirical formula for calculating ultimate
- Deep beams are defined as beams with a shear span to depth ratio of less than 2. They behave differently than ordinary beams due to two-dimensional loading and non-linear stress distributions.
- Deep beams transfer significant load through compression forces between the load and supports. Shear deformations are more prominent.
- Design of deep beams requires considering two-dimensional effects, non-linear stress distributions, and large shear deformations. Procedures include checking minimum thickness, designing for flexure and shear, and detailing reinforcement.
The document discusses the design of slender columns. It defines a slender column as having a slenderness ratio (length to least lateral dimension) greater than 12. Slender columns experience appreciable lateral deflection even under axial loads alone. The design of slender columns can be done using three methods - the strength reduction coefficient method, additional moment method, or moment magnification method. The document outlines the step-by-step procedure for designing a slender column using the additional moment method, which involves determining the effective length, initial moments, additional moments, total moments accounting for a reduction coefficient, and redesigning the column for combined axial load and bending.
This document provides an overview of shear and torsion behavior in reinforced concrete sections. It discusses several key topics:
1. There is no unified theory to describe shear and torsion behavior, which involves many interactions between forces. Current approaches include truss mechanisms, strut-and-tie models, and compression field theories.
2. Shear stresses are produced by shear forces, torsion, and combinations of these. The origin and distribution of shear stresses is explained.
3. Concrete alone cannot resist much shear or torsion due to its low tensile capacity. Reinforcement is needed to resist forces through truss action after cracking.
4. Design procedures from codes like ACI 318 are summarized
This document discusses reinforcement detailing of common reinforced concrete structural members. It provides guidelines on proper detailing practices and common mistakes to avoid. Key points covered include reinforcement requirements for slabs, beams, columns, and foundations. Specific details are given for elements like continuous beams, cantilever beams, beam-column joints, and seismic detailing. The document emphasizes the importance of reinforcement detailing for structural safety and highlights detailing aspects that are essential for execution and safety of reinforced concrete structures.
The document discusses the behavior and design of beam-columns, which are structural elements that experience both axial loads and bending moments. It covers topics such as moment connections for columns, eccentric loads on columns, interaction of axial and bending forces, and moment amplification due to axial loads. Design considerations discussed include checking for adequate strength, using interaction formulas, and verifying sufficient resistance to local buckling. The document appears to be lecture materials on structural steel beam-column design based on Canadian standards.
This document provides an overview of the design of steel structural members according to Eurocode standards, including columns, beams, and beam-columns. It discusses the main internal forces on members, the classification of cross-sections, and the approaches to checking the resistance of cross-sections and buckling resistance of members. It also provides an example calculation for the design of a steel column member under axial compression.
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF G+3 STOREY BUILDINGUSING STAAD PRO vi8 SoftwareAbhinav Verma
This document provides an overview of a summer internship project involving the analysis and design of a G+3 storey building using STAAD Pro v8i software. The project was conducted under the guidance of Dr. Pabitra Ranjan Maiti at IIT BHU over 6 weeks in June-July 2017. The project involved modeling the building in STAAD Pro, analyzing its structural components, and designing beams, columns, slabs, and footings according to the Indian code IS 456. The document outlines the process of structural analysis and design in STAAD Pro and summarizes the design considerations for typical structural elements.
Cold-Formed-Steel Design And Construction ( Steel Structure )Hossam Shafiq I
This document discusses the history and development of cold-formed steel structural shapes. It begins by describing how Henry Cort introduced sheet rolling mills in 1784, leading to the first use of corrugated steel sheets for building materials. Continuous hot-rolling mills developed by John Tytus in 1923 enabled the modern steel fabricating industry using coiled strip steel. The document then discusses how cold-formed steel shapes are made through bending sheet or strip steel using roll-forming machines, press brakes, or bending brakes. It provides examples of common cold-formed steel products like door and window frames. The key principles in designing with cold-formed steel include preventing local buckling in thin, wide elements and accounting for shear lag and
This document discusses ductile detailing of reinforced concrete (RC) frames according to Indian standards. It explains that detailing involves translating the structural design into the final structure through reinforcement drawings. Good detailing ensures reinforcement and concrete interact efficiently. Key aspects of ductile detailing covered include requirements for beams, columns, and beam-column joints to improve ductility and seismic performance. Specific provisions are presented for longitudinal and shear reinforcement in beams and columns, as well as confining reinforcement and lap splices. The importance of cover and stirrup spacing is also discussed.
The document discusses buckling of columns under axial compression. It describes:
1) Different buckling theories including elastic buckling, inelastic buckling using tangent modulus theory and reduced modulus theory. Shanley's theory accounts for the effect of transverse displacement.
2) Factors affecting buckling strength including end conditions, initial crookedness, and residual stresses. Effective length accounts for end restraint.
3) Local buckling of thin plate elements can reduce the column's strength before its calculated buckling strength is reached. Flange and web buckling must be prevented.
This document provides an overview of structural steel connections using bolting and welding. It discusses the benefits of structural steel construction and the unique aspects of steel erection. The two primary connection methods, bolting and welding, are explained. Structural bolting is covered in detail, including bolt types, sizes, parts of the assembly, and different bolted joint types such as bearing and slip-critical joints. Considerations for structural welding are also presented. The document aims to provide technical background knowledge for bolting and welding in structural steel construction.
This document summarizes the key aspects of box culvert design and analysis. Box culverts consist of horizontal and vertical slabs built monolithically, and are used for bridges with limited stream flows and high embankments up to spans of 4 meters. They are economical due to their rigidity and do not require separate foundations. Design loads include concentrated wheel loads, uniform loads from embankments and decks, sidewall weights, water pressure when full, earth pressures, and lateral loads. The culvert is analyzed for moments, shears, and thrusts using classical methods to determine force effects from these various loading conditions.
This document is a revision of the Zamil Steel Company Limited Pre-Engineered Buildings Division Design Manual. It presents changes made to standards for single skin and Tempcon panels, built-up sections, serviceability considerations, connections, and some results of technical studies. Designers are advised to read the entire manual, which includes revisions to clauses covering topics like expansion joints, bracing systems, purlins, anchors, and crane beams. Feedback on the manual is appreciated for continuous improvement.
The document summarizes the major changes between the 1997 and 1994 versions of the Uniform Building Code (UBC) related to earthquake resistant design. Key changes included expanding the soil profile types from 4 to 6 types dependent on seismic zone, introducing two new structural framing systems, basing seismic design on strength-level rather than service-level, and making the design base shear a function of both horizontal and vertical ground motion components. The 1997 UBC also included simplified methods for determining design base shear in shorter buildings, calculating displacements and drift, and distributing seismic forces.
information on types of beams, different methods to calculate beam stress, design for shear, analysis for SRB flexure, design for flexure, Design procedure for doubly reinforced beam,
This document summarizes research on developing a hysteretic model for stiffened steel shear panel dampers to be used as passive energy dissipating devices (PEDDs) in structures. Finite element analyses were conducted on steel shear panels with varying numbers of longitudinal and transverse stiffeners under cyclic loading. Key parameters investigated include web slenderness, the ratio of stiffener rigidity to optimum rigidity, aspect ratio, and the ratio of flange thickness to web thickness. Based on the results, a simplified bilinear hysteretic model and equation to estimate ultimate shear strength of stiffened shear panels are presented.
Parametric Study of Square Concrete Filled Steel Tube Columns Subjected To Co...IJERA Editor
The Concrete Filled Steel Tube (CFST) member has many advantages compared with the conventional concrete structural member. This study presents on the behaviour of concrete-filled steel tube (CFST) columns under axial load by changing parameters. The parameters are thickness of steel tube, Grade of concrete and length of column. The study was conducted using ANSYS 13 finite element software. All the columns are 60 X 60 mm in size. The thickness of the tube is taken as 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 mm for thickness variation. The grades of concrete infill are M25, M30, M40, M50, M60 and M70 used for grade variation. Lengths of columns are taken as 900, 1200, 1500, 1800, 2100, and 2400 mm for length variation. Buckling load is compared with Euro code 4 (1994).
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON EFFECT OF ANGULAR SHEAR CONNECTOR IN COMPOSITE ...IAEME Publication
The use of cold-formed steel sections as major structural members is still limited. This is largely due to thinness of the sections. Exploitation of composite principles seems appropriate for promoting the use of the sections to a wider range of applications. A steel-concrete composite column is a compression member, comprising either a concrete encased hot-rolled steel section or a concrete filled tubular section of hot-rolled steel and is generally used as a load-bearing member in a composite framed structure and girders used as a beam sections.
IRJET- Behaviour of Cold Form Steel under Point Loading & Statically Defi...IRJET Journal
This document presents an analytical and experimental study on the behavior of cold-formed steel (CFS) channel sections under point loading. Finite element analysis was conducted using ANSYS to analyze CFS channel sections with various stiffener configurations. Experimental testing was also performed on CFS channel sections with and without stiffeners. The results found that CFS channel sections with rectangular stiffeners and lips had the highest load carrying capacity and lowest deformation compared to other section configurations based on both analytical and experimental analysis. In particular, the rectangular stiffened CFS channel section with a 30mm lip was found to have a load carrying capacity of 42.25kN and deformation of 3.06mm from experimental testing.
Evaluation of concrete spall repairs by pullout testfrank collins
This document summarizes a study that evaluated concrete spall repairs using pullout tests. Concrete specimens were damaged via an initial pullout test, repaired with epoxy mortar, and subjected to a second pullout test. The tests showed that:
1) Pullout force of repaired specimens was linearly correlated with concrete cylinder compressive strength up to around 45 kN/2.26 MPa, but diminished at higher strengths.
2) Pullout force/stress of repaired specimens increased similarly to concrete specimens as age increased up to 90 days, but was lower than unrepaired concrete.
3) Higher initial pullout damage forces resulted in higher pullout forces for repaired specimens, up to around 43
This document summarizes a master's thesis that experimentally and numerically studied the pull-out behavior of steel fibers in concrete. Experiments were conducted on straight and hooked steel fibers under various lateral pressures. The experiments showed large variations in results partly due to local crushing of the cement matrix. A numerical model was developed using an interface damage model and contact simulation to model fiber-concrete bonding. The model studies the influence of heterogeneous concrete properties on hooked fiber pull-out behavior by varying cement, aggregate, and interface strengths and toughnesses. Simulated results agreed with experiments, showing local concrete fracture influences pull-out behavior.
System shear connector jakarta digunakan sebagai aplikasi dalam konstruksi bangunan untuk menghasilkan kekuatan coran beton lebih kuat dan stabil sesuai dengan perhitungan engineering civil. Dalam hal ini ada 2 hal perhitungan kekuatan secara umum yaitu kekuatan kelengketan stud pada batang baja sesudah dilas. Dan yang kedua adalah kekuatan stud bolt yang digunakan.
Analytical Investigation on External Beam-Column Joint Using ANSYS By Varying...IJERA Editor
This document analyzes the effect of varying the diameter of longitudinal reinforcement in the beam on the strength, deformation, and ductility of exterior beam-column joints using finite element analysis software ANSYS. Six beam-column joint models were created with beam longitudinal reinforcement diameters of 8mm, 10mm, and 12mm. The results showed that as the diameter increased, the load carrying capacity and cracking load decreased. Ductility also decreased as the diameter increased, with ductility reducing by 12.8% from 8mm to 12mm reinforcement. Deflection at working load and ultimate deformation increased as the diameter increased. In conclusion, the diameter of beam longitudinal reinforcement plays a major role in the behavior and performance of beam-column joints.
Static and dynamic crushing of circular aluminium extrusions with aluminium f...NaVi207280
The document summarizes an experimental study on the axial crushing behavior of circular aluminum extrusions filled with aluminum foam under static and dynamic loading conditions. 96 total tests were conducted varying the extrusion wall thickness, extrusion material strength, and foam filler density. The tests measured the average crushing force, maximum force, and effective crushing distance. Aluminum foam materials with densities of 0.13, 0.25, and 0.35 g/cm3 were tested as filler. A power law relationship was fitted to compression test data relating foam plateau stress to density. The results provide data on the force-deformation response of foam-filled extrusions to help understand energy absorption capabilities.
The document experimentally investigates the flexural behavior of cold-formed steel sections with triangular web corrugations. Three beam specimens with varying web depths of 200mm, 250mm, and 300mm were tested under two-point loading. The results show that flexural capacity increases with web depth. All beams failed by crushing of the top flange and lateral torsional buckling. Finite element analysis using ANSYS software correlated well with experimental results. The triangular web corrugations improved flexural strength compared to flat webs and prevented failure in the web or shear zones.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Experimental study on strength and flexural behaviour of reinforced concrete ...IOSR Journals
Abstract: Strength and flexural behaviour of reinforced concrete beams using deflected structural steel
reinforcement and the conventional steel reinforcement are conducted in this study. The reinforcement quantity
of both categories was approximately equalised. Mild steel flats with minimum thickness and corresponding
width are deflected to possible extent in a parabolic shape and semi-circular shape are fabricated and used as
deflected structural steel reinforcement in one part, whereas the fabrication of ribbed tar steel circular bars as
conventional reinforcement on the another part of the experiment for comparison in the concrete beams. All the
beams had same dimensions and same proportions of designed mix concrete, were tested under two point
loading system. As the result of experiments, it is found that the inverted catenary flats and their ties, transfers
the load through arch action of steel from loading points towards the supports before reaching the bottom
fibre at the centre of the beam as intended earlier. Thereby the load carrying capacity and the ductility ratio
has being increased in deflected structural steel reinforced beams when compared with ribbed tar steel
reinforced concrete beams, it is also observed that the failure mode (collapse pattern)is safer.
Keywords --Arch profile, Conventional steel reinforcement, Cracks, Collapse, Deflected structural steel,
Ductility ratio.
The document summarizes an experimental study that evaluated lap splices between headed reinforcing bars and hooked reinforcing bars in reinforced concrete beams. Seven beam specimens with different bar diameters, lap lengths, and confinement were tested. The test results showed that specimens with shorter lap lengths relative to code design equations had maximum loads ranging from 56-94% of nominal strength and failed in bond splitting or prying near the lap splice. Confinement over the lap zone improved stiffness and strength. The study concluded that code design equations need to specify longer lap lengths between headed and hooked bars to ensure the splice reaches nominal strength.
Investigate the Use of Shear Walls in Concrete Structures, Considering the Ex...theijes
Buildings with cast-in-situ reinforced concrete shear walls are widespread in manyearthquake-prone countries and regions, such as Canada, Chile, Iran, Romania, Turkey, Colombia, the republics of the former Soviet Union, etc. This type of construction hasbeen practiced since the 1960s in urban regions for medium- to high-rise buildings(4 to 35 stories high). Shear wall buildings are usually regular in plan and in elevation.However, in some buildings, lower floors are used for commercial purposes and thebuildings are characterized with larger plan dimensions at those floors.In this paper, an overview of the various studies conducted on shear walls, Such asExperimental dynamic tests,finite element model, Rocking behavior and nonlinear modeling. So, in the future, the development of FE models of complete buildings will be studied. In the case of a building with several stories, the simplified model of shear wall should be able to account for the overturning phenomenon (the refined model already can). In the case of a single story structure, the main outlook of this work is obviously the development of a FE model and its confrontation to experimental data, which is currently ongoing research.
IRJET-Effect of Spiral Reinforcement in Beams and ColumnsIRJET Journal
The document discusses the effect of using spiral reinforcement instead of traditional vertical shear reinforcement in beams and columns. Some key points:
- Using spiral reinforcement in beams can increase bending moment, torsional moment, shear capacity, and ductility while reducing deflection compared to beams with vertical stirrups.
- Using spiral reinforcement as the main reinforcement in short columns improves earthquake performance over columns with longitudinal reinforcement and lateral ties.
- The document proposes experiments and mathematical modeling to analyze RCC beams and columns with spiral reinforcement and compare their strengths and behaviors to traditional designs. This could help improve understanding of using spiral reinforcement.
BEHAVIOR OF SLENDER COLUMN SUBJECTED TO ECCENTRIC LOADINGijiert bestjournal
This paper focuses on Behavior of slender column su bjected to eccentric loading. Six slender,reinforced concrete columns with slenderness ratio equals to 15;the compressive strength of the concrete were ranged from 60 to 100 MPa. Slender co lumn were subjected to eccentric axial load with load-eccentricity:depth ratio of 0.15. Three columns were reinforced with six bars having a nominal strength of 415 MPa and other three were re inforced with same number of bars having strength equals to 500 MPa with longitudinal steel ratio equals to 4%. The test results were compared with the values predicted using IS 456-200 0. These test,enabled the provision for slender columns in the code to be checked against e xperimental values,have indicated that IS 456-2000 are very safe and uneconomical design docu ment for HPC slender column.
Nonlinear fe modelling of anchorage bond in reinforced concreteeSAT Journals
Abstract The transfer of forces from the surrounding concrete to the reinforcing bars in reinforced concrete (RC) can be influenced by several parameters. In this paper an attempt has been made to study the influence of specimen geometry, bar diameter, strength of concrete, lateral confinement and embedment length on the bond properties of concrete. The embedment length of the bar was varied between 50mm and 400mm by varying the diameter of the bar, strength of concrete and lateral confinement. The different bar diameters of 16, 20 and 25mm were selected along with three different concrete strengths of 25, 40 and 65MPa. The specimens with the above parameters were modeled by using a nonlinear finite element analysis package. It has been found that for the same geometry, the specimens with small bond length exhibited high bond strength. With the range of bar diameters considered the bond strength of concrete decreases as the diameter of the bar increases. The splitting failure has been observed in unconfined concrete, while the pullout failure was predominant when the concrete laterally confined. In case of large embedment length, the post peak plateau is prolonged with small diameter bars when compared to the large diameter bars. The descending branch of the bond stress-slip response with large diameter bars has been found to be steep. Keywords: Bond Stress, FE Analysis, Embedment Length, Confinement, Bar Diameter, Pull-out Specimens.
This document provides an abstract for a master's thesis on numerical analysis of residual stress on plate girders. The abstract indicates that the thesis addresses the prediction of imperfections in plate girders using simulation tools and simplified engineering models. It evaluates the impact of these imperfections, with a special focus on the effect of residual welding stress. Different simplified stress distributions are compared to results from welding simulation to validate recommendations on implementing weld-induced imperfections.
This research devotes to conduct an investigation into the effects of lateral
reinforcement on the flexural behaviour of Straight Reinforced Concrete Beam
(SRCB). The amount of both longitudinal and lateral reinforcement, beam aspect ratio
(h/d) and shear span of concentrated load to depth ratio (a/d), are considered. The
experimental work includes casting and testing of fifteen SRCB of normal strength with
simple ends. The beams divided into three groups according to h/b ratio which taken
equal to (1.5, 2, and 2.5). The experimental results show that for SRCB with h/b equal
to 2 and under concentrated load at mid-span the ultimate load carrying capacity
increased by (30.8%, and 22.23%) when increasing the shear reinforcement by (50%,
and 100%) respectively. Also, the ultimate strength was increased by about 10.38%
and 16.53% with increment in shear reinforcement of 50%, and 100% respectively for
beams with h/b equal to 1.5 and under two-point load at third point. Finally, the results
appear not only increments in the capacity of ultimate load and decrement in the cracks
width when decreasing the shear reinforcement spacing but also the ductility of the
beams has increased observable.
Two different schemes called “ties and longitudinal stiffeners” were proposed for improving the performance of stainless steel square thin walled tubes. An analytical study using finite element models loaded axially has been conducted. Both geometric and material nonlinearities were considered. Those models were verified against the results obtained from previous researches. The analytical study compared between unstiffened, ties stiffened and longitudinally stiffened stainless steel square thin walled tubes. The studied parameters were square thin walled tube width-to-thickness ratio (W/t) and the axial spacing of stiffening along the length. It was observed that the axial load strength can be enhanced by proposed ties stiffening schemes.
Similar to Effect of corner angle on efficiency of reinforced concrete joints under opening bending moments (20)
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
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Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUE FOR COMMUNICATION SYSTEMHODECEDSIET
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) is a method of transmitting multiple signals over a single communication channel by dividing the signal into many segments, each having a very short duration of time. These time slots are then allocated to different data streams, allowing multiple signals to share the same transmission medium efficiently. TDM is widely used in telecommunications and data communication systems.
### How TDM Works
1. **Time Slots Allocation**: The core principle of TDM is to assign distinct time slots to each signal. During each time slot, the respective signal is transmitted, and then the process repeats cyclically. For example, if there are four signals to be transmitted, the TDM cycle will divide time into four slots, each assigned to one signal.
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4. **Multiplexer and Demultiplexer**: At the transmitting end, a multiplexer combines multiple input signals into a single composite signal by assigning each signal to a specific time slot. At the receiving end, a demultiplexer separates the composite signal back into individual signals based on their respective time slots.
### Types of TDM
1. **Synchronous TDM**: In synchronous TDM, time slots are pre-assigned to each signal, regardless of whether the signal has data to transmit or not. This can lead to inefficiencies if some time slots remain empty due to the absence of data.
2. **Asynchronous TDM (or Statistical TDM)**: Asynchronous TDM addresses the inefficiencies of synchronous TDM by allocating time slots dynamically based on the presence of data. Time slots are assigned only when there is data to transmit, which optimizes the use of the communication channel.
### Applications of TDM
- **Telecommunications**: TDM is extensively used in telecommunication systems, such as in T1 and E1 lines, where multiple telephone calls are transmitted over a single line by assigning each call to a specific time slot.
- **Digital Audio and Video Broadcasting**: TDM is used in broadcasting systems to transmit multiple audio or video streams over a single channel, ensuring efficient use of bandwidth.
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### Advantages of TDM
- **Efficient Use of Bandwidth**: TDM all
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...bijceesjournal
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
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Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapte...University of Maribor
Slides from talk presenting:
Aleš Zamuda: Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapter and Networking.
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IEEE Slovenia GRSS
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11TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC AND COMPUTING ENGINEERING
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Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
2. ACI Structural Journal/January-February 1999116
addition to the much-studied right angled or knee joint, a
wide range of obtuse and acute angled corner joints
frequently occurs in reinforced concrete structures such as
folded plates, bridge abutments, water tanks, staircases, and
pitched roof portal. In this experimental study, corner angles
were varied from 60 to 180 deg using two commonly used
reinforcement details. Theoretical analysis using FEM and
test results indicate that the efficiency of corners is signifi-
cantly affected by the corner angle, with corners of about 120
deg showing the least efficiency.
EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM
Test specimen dimensions and reinforcement details are
given in Fig. 1 and Table 2. A total of 12 full-scale corner
specimens were tested to failure under symmetrically
applied loads. They were divided into two groups, A and B,
each consisting of six specimens with the corner angle
varying from 60 to 180 deg. In Group A, only U-shaped rein-
forcement was used at the joint, [Fig. 1(b)]. In Group B,
inclined reinforcing bars (splays) were added to the bent
reinforcement, as shown in Fig. 1(b). The 180-deg speci-
mens had the same reinforcement as the rest of the speci-
mens and were included to complete the range and to be used
as a reference for comparisons. All specimens were 300 mm
wide and 150 mm in total depth, with three-10 mm diameter
bars as the main reinforcement, the steel ratio being p =
0.68%. Nominal transverse reinforcement of 10 mm diam-
eter bars at 300 mm centers was provided to hold the main
reinforcement. For Group B, three 10-mm diameter inclined
bars were also provided near the inner angle of the corner.
All steel used was of the deformed surface type with a yield
strength fy = 467 MPa (67.7 ksi) and ultimate tensile strength
fu = 700 MPa (101.5 ksi).
The concrete was made with ordinary portland cement
(Type I), washed sand with a maximum size of 10 mm, and
coarse aggregate with a maximum size of 19 mm (0.75 in.)
The mix proportions by weight were 1:1(1/2):3 of
cement:sand:coarse aggregate. The water/cement ratio was
0.5. A horizontal pan mixer was used, and the specimens
were cast with their sides laid horizontally, using a steel form.
Control specimens of 150 x 150 x 150 mm (5.91 x 5.91 x 5.91
in.) cubes, 150 mm (5.91 in.) diameter x 300 mm (11.82 in.)
cylinders, and 100 x 100 x 400 mm (3.94 x 3.94 x 15.76 in.)
prisms were also cast with each test specimen to determine
the compressive and tensile splitting strength, modulus of
rupture, and modulus of elasticity.
All specimens were tested at 28 days under pure positive
(opening) bending moments using the basic loading arrange-
ment shown in Fig. 1. The load was applied gradually by the
hydraulic ram system. Special concrete pedestals were incorpo-
rated in the specimens to facilitate the application of the loads
and care was taken to insure free horizontal movement at the
supports. Concrete surface strains at selected locations at the
corner were measured using mechanical strain gages 200 and
150 mm in length (7.9 and 5.9 in.), and dial gages were used to
measure the vertical and horizontal displacements of the spec-
imen, as shown in Fig. 1. The increase in corner angle under
bending was also measured in all specimens. For this purpose,
an inclinometer was used which was made up of a rigid steel
angle with two dial gages mounted 100 mm apart on one leg, the
second leg being fixed to the inside of one leg of the specimen
ACI member Hashim M. S. Abdul-Wahab is Honorary Research Fellow in the Civil
Engineering Department, University of Brighton, UK. He received his BSc in civil and
structural engineering from Birmingham University in 1962 and his MEng and PhD
degrees in concrete structures from Sheffield University in 1964 and 1967, respec-
tively. His research interests include joints and connections in concrete structures and
steel fiber reinforced concrete.
Shamil A. R. Salman is senior structural engineer at Al-Idrisi Center for Engineer-
ing, Baghdad, Iraq. He obtained his BSc in civil engineering from the University of
Baghdad in 1976 and his MEng in reinforced concrete structures from the University
of Technology, Baghdad, in 1988.
Fig. 1—Details of specimen and loading arrangement (1 in. =
25.4 mm).
Table 2—Summary of specimens, details, and
concrete properties
Specimen
Corner
angle, deg
Reinforcement
detail (Fig. 1b)
Concrete com-
pressive strength,
fc′ , MPa
Concrete ten-
sile strength,
ft, MPa
1 A1 60 U shaped,
detail (A) 33.40 4.00
2 A2 75 = 30.83 3.96
3 A3 90 = 30.83 4.10
4 A4 120 = 29.0 3.96
5 A5 150 = 32.75 3.54
6 A6 180 = 30.00 3.96
7 B1 60
U shaped +
splay, detail
(B)
30.00 4.03
8 B2 75 = 29.70 3.20
9 B3 90 = 30.85 4.10
10 B4 120 = 26.10 3.00
11 B5 150 = 30.60 3.40
12 B6 180 = 32.83 3.46
Average 30.83 3.72
1 ksi = 6.895 MPa.
3. ACI Structural Journal/January-February 1999 117
as close as possible to the corner. The dial gages used had a
minimum graduation of 0.002 mm.
As the test progressed, readings of the vertical and hori-
zontal displacements and strains were taken at each stage of
loading and the development and propagation of the cracks
were noted as well as the load at first crack and the mode of
failure. The control specimens were tested on the same day
as the corner specimens; only the results for the compressive
and tensile splitting strength are given in Table 2.
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
Behavior under load
Table 3 gives the observed initial cracking moment, failure
moment, and modes of failure as well as the calculated ultimate
moment capacity and efficiency of the specimen tested. The
ultimate moment of resistance of the adjoining members, and
hence the corner efficiency Mut/Muc were calculated using the
ACI 318-89 code12 method for reinforced concrete sections.
In general, at the early loading stages, the specimens
behaved in an elastic manner until the appearance of the first
crack. The crack usually started at the inner angle of the
corner and extended upwards, branching off around the bent
bars, then running in the diagonal direction parallel to the
inclined reinforcement towards the compression zones at the
upper surfaces of the members. Diagonal tension cracks
within the bent reinforcement zone also appeared in some
cases as well as some flexural cracks that appeared along the
members. One exception was Specimen B6, in which the
first crack appeared on one of the adjoining members and
spread upwards.
The strain variation in the joint parallel and perpendicular
to the corner diagonal followed the expected pattern
obtained from theoretical analysis and those reported by
earlier studies.1,8 Figure 2 shows typical strain variation with
applied moment for Specimen B4, and Fig. 3 shows the
variation of the strain profile with moment along the corner
diagonal for the same specimen.
The influence of corner angle on corner deformation is
illustrated by its effect on the vertical and horizontal
displacements as well as the angular alteration of the corner.
Figure 4 shows the variation of the vertical displacement at
the joint with the applied moment for all specimens tested
while Fig. 5 shows the variation in the average horizontal
displacement. The vertical displacement measurements give
the total deflection of the specimen at the joint contributed
by the bending of the two members, the increase in angle,
and the effect of the horizontal movement at the supports. It
is evident that the general stiffness of the corner specimens
after the appearance of the first crack is significantly reduced
as the corner angle is increased from 60 to 120 deg (A4, B4),
but the stiffness then increases as the angle increases up to
180 deg. On the other hand, horizontal displacements within
Table 3—Test results
Specimen
Corner angle,
deg
Cracking
moment, kNm
Failure moment
Mut, kNm
Calculated ultimate
moment Muc, kNm
Corner efficiency
Mut/Muc Type of failure
1 A1 60 2.00 9.24 11.94 77.4
Diagonal cracking and flexural yielding of bars
at joint
2 A2 75 2.00 7.53 11.88 63.4 Same as above
3 A3 90 2.24 7.47 11.88 62.8 Same as above
4 A4 120 3.00 5.80 11.83 49.0 Same as above
5 A5 150 3.30 7.60 11.92 63.7 Same as above
6 A6 180 0.54 10.04 11.86 84.6 Flexural yielding of bars at joint
7 B1 60 2.87 18.16 11.86 153.1 Diagonal cracking at joint
8 B2 75 2.13 12.93 11.85 109.1 Same as above
9 B3 90 2.30 11.58 11.88 97.5 Same as above
10 B4 120 3.15 9.00 11.74 76.6 Same as above
11 B5 150 3.30 15.90 11.87 134.0 Diagonal cracking at joint and flexural yielding
of bars outside joint
12 B6 180 3.78 19.79 11.93 165.9 Flexural yielding of bars outside joint
1 kip-in. = 0.113 kNm.
Fig. 2—Variation of strain with bending moment for
Specimen B4 (1 kip-in. = 0.113 kNm).
Fig. 3—Typical variation of strain profile along corner
diagonal (6-6) for Specimen B4 (1 kip-in. = 0.113 kNm).
4. 118 ACI Structural Journal/January-February 1999
the elastic range were generally similar for all specimens, but
at the postcracking stage, the displacements were consis-
tently reduced with the increase in angle from its highest
value for 60 deg (A1, B1) to its lowest value for 150 deg (A5,
B5), the value for 180 deg being assumed to be zero. The
effect of the corner angle on vertical and horizontal displace-
ment is further illustrated in Fig. 6 for an applied bending
moment of 5 kNm (44.2 kip-in.).
Figure 7 shows the measured increase in corner angle in
radians with the applied bending moment. The increase in
angle was also significantly affected by the corner angle at the
post-cracking stage, the 120-deg corner specimens exhibiting
the highest increase. Figure 8 shows the variation in the
increase in the corner angle for an applied bending moment
of 5 kNm (44.2 kip-in.) for the full range of angles tested. The
results further confirm that the corner stiffness is least when
the angle is about 120 deg.
With the exception of Specimen A6 and B6 (180 deg), all
specimens failed after the formation of diagonal tension
Fig. 4—Variation of central deflection with applied bending
moment for Groups A and B (1 in. = 25.4 mm; 1 kip-in. =
0.113 kNm).
Fig. 5—Variation of average horizontal displacement with
applied bending moment for Groups A and B (1 in. = 25.4 mm;
1 kip-in. = 0.113 kNm).
Fig. 6—Effect of corner angle on vertical and average hori-
zontal displacement under 5 kNm bending moment (1 in. =
25.4 mm; 1 kip-in. = 0.113 kNm).
Fig. 7—Increase in angle with applied bending moment for
Groups A and B (1 kip-in. = 0.113 kNm).
Fig. 8—Effect of corner angle on increase in angle under
5 kNm bending moment (1 kip-in. = 0.113 kNm).
5. ACI Structural Journal/January-February 1999 119
cracks that caused the upper portion to be pushed out,
coupled with the flexural yielding of the bars at the joint. In
the 180-deg specimens, A6 and B6, as would be expected,
failure was caused by flexural yielding of the bars either at
the joint or just outside the joint region, as indicated in
Table 3. It should also be noted that the inclusion of the
inclined bars in Group B helped to control and delay the
initial cracks on the inside of the corner and resist the sepa-
ration of the two members. Figure 9 shows typical crack and
failure patterns for the specimens of Group B.
Efficiency and ultimate strength
Table 3 gives the ultimate strength and efficiency of the
tested specimens. The results obtained for the efficiency of
corners with different angles are shown in Fig. 10. Also
shown on the same figure are some experimental results
obtained from tests reported by other investigators1,6-9 on
joints of 60, 90, 135, and 145 deg with similar reinforcement
details and the nearest comparable steel ratios, which are
summarized in Table 4. However, allowance should be made
for the variation in concrete strength, steel yield strength, and
geometry of the specimens tested by others researchers,
which have an important effect on the ultimate strength. For
example, the higher efficiency values for the 90-deg corners
reported by Nilsson are due to the fact that the adjacent
members had different dimensions, the thickness being 250
and 300 mm (9.8 and 11.8 in.). Tests have shown that the effi-
ciency is greatly improved when the thicknesses of the
adjoining members were not the same.8 Also, diagonal
tension failure, which was the common cause reported,
depends mainly on the quality and strength of the concrete.
As shown in Fig. 10, experimental results show that the
efficiency of the corner joint decreased with the increase of
the angle starting from 60 up to 120 deg, after which the effi-
ciency increased with the angle up to 180 deg. The efficiency
of specimens with inclined bars, Group B, was much higher
than that without the inclined bars, Group A, the ratio
varying from 1.55 for B3/A3 to 1.97 for B1/A1. However,
despite the significant improvement in efficiency due to the
added inclined bars in Group B, the variation in efficiency
followed the same pattern as for Group A and was below
100% when the angle was between 90 and 130 deg, the
lowest efficiency recorded being for the 120-deg corners. It
should be noted that the lower efficiency exhibited by the
120-deg corners may be due, in part, to the lower concrete
tensile splitting strength, as shown in Table 2, which precip-
itates the diagonal tension failure. The adjusted efficiency
values relative to the average concrete strength for each
group are also shown in Fig. 10.
While further tests may be necessary for corner angles in
the range of 90 to 140 deg to determine precisely the most
critical angle, it is evident that the design of such corners
should be made with special care, with attention being given
to the expected reduction in efficiency. The results also indi-
cate that interpolation for the reinforcement quantity
between 60, 90, and 135-deg corners as suggested by
Nilsson would lead to overestimating the strength of the
joints. There is no evidence of a linear relationship between
strength and corner angle to justify linear interpolation or
extrapolation.
THEORETICAL CONSIDERATION
To study the effect of varying the corner angle on the stress
distribution in the joint, a plane stress analysis by FEM was
used.13
The six cases considered in this study were analyzed
assuming the material to be linearly elastic with Poisson’s ratio
= 0.2 and the concrete strength values taken as measured. It
should be noted that the state of stress in corners calculated by
the theory of elasticity is valid only before cracking occurs.
Nevertheless, the results obtained help to indicate the likely
locations for the tensile stress and clarify the variation of the
stress concentration with the change in angle. Figure 11 shows
a typical example of the loading method and FEM mesh used
for 60-deg corners.
Variation of stress with corner angle
From experimental evidence, the most common cause of
failure in joints is due to diagonal tension cracks caused by the
tensile stress parallel to the corner diagonal. For this reason the
stress distribution obtained from the FEM analysis along
Fig. 9—Failure patterns for Group B.
Fig. 10—Efficiency versus corner angle.
6. 120 ACI Structural Journal/January-February 1999
various axes perpendicular to the corner diagonal and parallel
to the inclined reinforcement were considered. Fig. 12 shows
typical stress distribution for a 150-deg corner along two prin-
cipal axes. The top axis, a-a, is at the apex of the bent reinforce-
ment where the secondary diagonal tension cracks usually
appear and tend to cause the upper portion of the corner to be
pushed off. Axis b-b is taken at middepth of the corner diagonal
where most of the specimens exhibited primary diagonal
tension cracks leading to failure, as was shown in Fig. 9.
Figure 13 shows the variation in the maximum diagonal
tensile stresses along the two selected axes, a-a and b-b, with
the corner angle. The diagonal tensile stress increased with
the corner angle between 60 and 120 deg, after which the
stress gradually decreased down to zero at 180 deg. On the
same figure, the reduction in efficiency for the specimens
tested, taken relative to Specimens A6 and B6, as well as
some of those reported by others, is shown. The reduction in
efficiency appears to follow the same pattern as the increase
in the diagonal tensile stress with the corner angle.
It is recognized1,2
that the confining effect of the bent rein-
forcement tends to close the diagonal crack that may appear
inside the loop, thus contributing to the effective resistance of
the diagonal tensile stress. However, at a point just outside the
bent reinforcement along axis b-b, Fig. 12, the splitting
tensile stress is not affected by the confining action of the
bent bars and may be the point of a possible early formation
of diagonal cracks that may extend and hasten the final failure
of the joint. There may be no simple way to reinforce against
all tensile stresses that occur, and the ultimate strength of the
corner would, therefore, depend on the tensile strength of the
Table 4—Results of tests reported by other investigators
Source
Specimen
reference
Corner angle,
deg
Steel ratio r,
percent fcu, MPa fy, MPa
Efficiency,
percent Inclined bars provided
Nilsson1
V53 60 0.5 32.4 662.2 102 Yes with haunch
V54 60 0.48 30.7 684.2 103 Yes with haunch
UV5 90 0.75 32.9 422.3 114 Yes
UV6 90 0.75 28.6 412.5 115 Yes
UV7 90 0.75 33.25 415 123 Yes
U24 90 0.75 39 432.1 87 —
U51 90 0.76 34.5 656.8 104 Yes
U59 90 0.76 26.4 696.5 72 —
V2 135 1.0 32.7 402.2 88 —
V11 135 0.66 30.8 662.2 99 Yes
V13 135 0.7 39.2 665.1 110 Yes
Noor6
BD1 90 0.52 38 498 94 Yes
B1 90 0.59 53 433 91 —
Skettrup7
7702 90 0.66 17.4 573 77 Yes
7704 90 0.58 22.1 564 100 Yes
Wahab & Ali8
A3 145 0.65 36.6 470 102 —
A4 145 0.65 37.9 470 139 Yes
Jackson9
A10-6 90 0.62 32 487 92 —
A12-4 90 0.61 46 543 65 —
1 ksi = 6.895 MPa.
Fig. 11—Finite element mesh for 60-deg corner. Fig. 12—Distribution of calculated diagonal stresses along
Axes (a-a) and (b-b) for 150-deg corner under bending
moment of 2 kNm (1 in. = 25.4 mm; 1 ksi = 6.895 MPa).
7. ACI Structural Journal/January-February 1999 121
concrete. One possible solution that needs investigating is the
use of steel fiber reinforcement in the joint to enhance the
tensile resistance of concrete. The variation of the tensile
stress at this location with the corner angle and the reduction
in efficiency followed the same pattern as the maximum
stress shown in Fig. 13.
It is worth noting that in a recent study, Jackson9
suggested
that the primary cause of failure at a bending moment less than
that associated with yielding of the main reinforcement (i.e.,
reduced efficiency) is bond failure. For some reinforcement
layouts where anchorage is insufficient, this may be the case,
but in all the specimens tested in this study, as well as most of
those reported by others, the failure pattern was due to diagonal
tension cracking as previously discussed.
CONCLUSIONS
From the experimental investigation and the limited theoret-
ical analysis reported herein, the following conclusions can be
drawn for effect of the corner angle on the behavior of
reinforced concrete joints under opening bending moment.
1. The efficiency of corners is significantly affected by
the corner angle, with corners of 120 deg showing the least
efficiency.
2. The use of inclined bars greatly improves the corner effi-
ciency. For the steel content (p = 0.68%) and depth of members
(150 mm) used in this study, an increase in the range between 55
and 100% was observed, depending on the angle.
3. The variation in strength with the corner angle is not
linear, and interpolation for the amount of steel, as suggested
by Nilsson,1
is not applicable.
4. The results obtained using FEM analysis for diagonal
tension forces and stresses at critical sections and locations
in the corner zone give a plausible explanation for the varia-
tion in efficiency of joints with the corner angle as observed
in the experimental results.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The experimental work reported in this paper was conducted at the
Building and Construction Engineering Department, University of Tech-
nology, Baghdad. The authors gratefully acknowledge the facilities made
available and the valuable help and assistance of the technical staff of the
department.
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Mich., 1992, 347 pp.
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Academic Press, London, 1977.
Fig. 13—Variation of calculated maximum diagonal tensile stress with corner angle under
bending moment of 2 kNm in comparison with observed reduction in efficiency (1 ksi =
6.895 MPa).