The enhancement of sub-barrier fusion has been interpreted due to coupling between the relative motion and other degrees of freedom. The coupling gives rise to the distribution of fusion barriers and passage over the lowest barrier which is responsible for fusion enhancement at energies below the barrier. There are several orders of magnitude could be considered due to the tunneling through the barrier. The barrier height could be deduced from the measured cross section data for different energies, as well as using many empirical forms for incomplete and complete fusion of two massive nuclei. Firstly, we present a formula for barrier height (ODEFF) and check, over wide ranges of interacting pairs the percentage agreement with those calculated or measured values for all pairs within ZP ZT ≤ 3000. Secondly, the more recently measured excitation functions are studied using four models of nuclear forces, indicating that most of them can be used for wide energy range while the others failed to do so .We refer this notice to the theory deducing the model . For this, the 14 undertaken pairs recover the range18 ≤ ZP ZT ≤ 1320
Plasmon-Polaritons And Their Use In Optical Sub-Wavelength. Event Of Copper A...ijrap
The work undertaken in this article concerns the description of the propagation modes of an incident
electromagnetic wave of wavelength λ (the visible spectrum) to its interaction with a structure typical metal
/ dielectric. The study of this interaction process is the measurement of features that are four parameters
associated with longitudinal modes propagating interface. A comparative study between two structures
silver and copper has been established. The characteristic parameters whose behavior is studied in the
visible spectrum are the propagation length, and the length of penetration in rural and dielectric material.
The typical structure of Kretschmann-Raether being used for the diagnosis of structure, analytical study
shows that copper can be used as a guide for photonic transmission. The direction of propagation, the
electromagnetic field associated with the interface modes present evanescent spatial coherence with which
the behavior is justified by a study of the near field. For this, we have given some results on the density of
states of plasmonic modes on a copper-air interface.
Plasmon-Polaritons And Their Use In Optical Sub-Wavelength. Event Of Copper A...ijrap
The work undertaken in this article concerns the description of the propagation modes of an incident
electromagnetic wave of wavelength λ (the visible spectrum) to its interaction with a structure typical metal
/ dielectric. The study of this interaction process is the measurement of features that are four parameters
associated with longitudinal modes propagating interface. A comparative study between two structures
silver and copper has been established. The characteristic parameters whose behavior is studied in the
visible spectrum are the propagation length, and the length of penetration in rural and dielectric material.
The typical structure of Kretschmann-Raether being used for the diagnosis of structure, analytical study
shows that copper can be used as a guide for photonic transmission. The direction of propagation, the
electromagnetic field associated with the interface modes present evanescent spatial coherence with which
the behavior is justified by a study of the near field. For this, we have given some results on the density of
states of plasmonic modes on a copper-air interface.
The electronic band parameters calculated by the Triangular potential model f...IOSR Journals
This work reports on theoretical investigation of superlattices based on Cd1-xZnxS quantum dots
embedded in an insulating material. This system, assumed to a series of flattened cylindrical quantum dots with
a finite barrier at the boundary, is studied using the triangular potential. The electronic states and the effective
mass of 1 Γ miniband have been computed as a function of inter-quantum dot separation for different zinc
compositions. Calculations have been made for electrons, heavy holes and light holes. Results are discussed and
compared with those of the Kronig-Penney and sinusoidal potentials
PARAMETRIC STUDY OF MICROWAVE ABSORPTION IN LOSSY DIELECTRIC SLABSjmicro
This paper presents a thorough study of the behaviour of microwave absorption occurring in lossy
dielectric slabs as used for microwave absorbers. The influence of the various parameters governing
absorption is demonstrated : dielectric constant, conductivity, thickness of slab and frequency. It is
shown that for several combinations of values for these parameters absorption can be maximized to up
to unity, i.e. all the incident power is absorbed.
The Effect of Bottom Sediment Transport on Wave Set-Upijceronline
In this paper we augment the wave-averaged mean field equations commonly used to describe wave set-up and wave-induced mean currents in the near-shore zone, with an empirical sediment flux law depending only on the wave-induced mean current and mean total depth. This model allows the bottom to evolve slowly in time, and is used to examine how sediment transport affects wave set-up in the surf zone. We show that the mean bottom depth in the surf zone evolves according to a simple wave equation, whose solution predicts that the mean bottom depth decreases and the beach is replenished. Further, we show that if the sediment flux law also allows for a diffusive dependence on the beach slope then the simple wave equation is replaced by a nonlinear diffusion equation which allows a steady-state solution, the equilibrium beach profile
Ultrasonic guided wave techniques have great potential for structural health monitoring applications. Appropriate mode and frequency selection is the basis for achieving optimised damage monitoring performance.
In this paper, several important guided wave mode attributes are
introduced in addition to the commonly used phase velocity and group velocity dispersion curves while using the general corrosion problem as an example. We first derive a simple and generic wave excitability function based on the theory of normal mode expansion and the reciprocity theorem. A sensitivity dispersion curve is formulated based on the group velocity dispersion curve. Both excitability and sensitivity dispersion curves are verified with finite element simulations. Finally, a
goodness dispersion curve concept is introduced to evaluate the tradeoffs between multiple mode selection objectives based on the wave velocity, excitability and sensitivity.
MAGNETIZED PLASMA WITH FERROMAGNETIC GRAINS AS A VIABLE NEGATIVE REFRACTIVE I...ijrap
The propagation of electromagnetic waves in a cold magnetized plasma with ferromagnetic grains (MPFG)
in the high frequency domain is studied theoretically. The dispersion of MPFG which is controlled by the
simultaneous characterization of the permittivity and permeability tensors. is investigated theoretically and
numerically near the resonance frequency. It is found that MPFG becomes transparent for the waves that
cannot propagate in conventional magnetized electron-ion plasma. The refractive index of the waves
propagating parallel to the applied magnetic field is found to be negative for the extraordinary wave in
certain frequency domain. The results obtained show that in a narrow band of the super-high-frequency
range near the electron cyclotron frequency, MPFG possess all the known characteristics of negative
refractive index media, which would make it as a viable alternative medium to demonstrate the known and
predicted peculiar properties of media having negative index of refraction.
Wind from the_black_hole_accretion_disk_driving_a_molecular_outflow_in_an_act...Sérgio Sacani
Artigo descreve estudo inédito que mostra que os ventos gerados pelos buracos negros nos centros das galáxias pode acabar com o processo de formação de estrelas nas galáxias hospedeiras.
The electronic band parameters calculated by the Triangular potential model f...IOSR Journals
This work reports on theoretical investigation of superlattices based on Cd1-xZnxS quantum dots
embedded in an insulating material. This system, assumed to a series of flattened cylindrical quantum dots with
a finite barrier at the boundary, is studied using the triangular potential. The electronic states and the effective
mass of 1 Γ miniband have been computed as a function of inter-quantum dot separation for different zinc
compositions. Calculations have been made for electrons, heavy holes and light holes. Results are discussed and
compared with those of the Kronig-Penney and sinusoidal potentials
PARAMETRIC STUDY OF MICROWAVE ABSORPTION IN LOSSY DIELECTRIC SLABSjmicro
This paper presents a thorough study of the behaviour of microwave absorption occurring in lossy
dielectric slabs as used for microwave absorbers. The influence of the various parameters governing
absorption is demonstrated : dielectric constant, conductivity, thickness of slab and frequency. It is
shown that for several combinations of values for these parameters absorption can be maximized to up
to unity, i.e. all the incident power is absorbed.
The Effect of Bottom Sediment Transport on Wave Set-Upijceronline
In this paper we augment the wave-averaged mean field equations commonly used to describe wave set-up and wave-induced mean currents in the near-shore zone, with an empirical sediment flux law depending only on the wave-induced mean current and mean total depth. This model allows the bottom to evolve slowly in time, and is used to examine how sediment transport affects wave set-up in the surf zone. We show that the mean bottom depth in the surf zone evolves according to a simple wave equation, whose solution predicts that the mean bottom depth decreases and the beach is replenished. Further, we show that if the sediment flux law also allows for a diffusive dependence on the beach slope then the simple wave equation is replaced by a nonlinear diffusion equation which allows a steady-state solution, the equilibrium beach profile
Ultrasonic guided wave techniques have great potential for structural health monitoring applications. Appropriate mode and frequency selection is the basis for achieving optimised damage monitoring performance.
In this paper, several important guided wave mode attributes are
introduced in addition to the commonly used phase velocity and group velocity dispersion curves while using the general corrosion problem as an example. We first derive a simple and generic wave excitability function based on the theory of normal mode expansion and the reciprocity theorem. A sensitivity dispersion curve is formulated based on the group velocity dispersion curve. Both excitability and sensitivity dispersion curves are verified with finite element simulations. Finally, a
goodness dispersion curve concept is introduced to evaluate the tradeoffs between multiple mode selection objectives based on the wave velocity, excitability and sensitivity.
MAGNETIZED PLASMA WITH FERROMAGNETIC GRAINS AS A VIABLE NEGATIVE REFRACTIVE I...ijrap
The propagation of electromagnetic waves in a cold magnetized plasma with ferromagnetic grains (MPFG)
in the high frequency domain is studied theoretically. The dispersion of MPFG which is controlled by the
simultaneous characterization of the permittivity and permeability tensors. is investigated theoretically and
numerically near the resonance frequency. It is found that MPFG becomes transparent for the waves that
cannot propagate in conventional magnetized electron-ion plasma. The refractive index of the waves
propagating parallel to the applied magnetic field is found to be negative for the extraordinary wave in
certain frequency domain. The results obtained show that in a narrow band of the super-high-frequency
range near the electron cyclotron frequency, MPFG possess all the known characteristics of negative
refractive index media, which would make it as a viable alternative medium to demonstrate the known and
predicted peculiar properties of media having negative index of refraction.
Wind from the_black_hole_accretion_disk_driving_a_molecular_outflow_in_an_act...Sérgio Sacani
Artigo descreve estudo inédito que mostra que os ventos gerados pelos buracos negros nos centros das galáxias pode acabar com o processo de formação de estrelas nas galáxias hospedeiras.
IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of physics and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in applied physics. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Electronic bands structure and gap in mid-infrared detector InAs/GaSb type II...IJERA Editor
We present here theoretical study of the electronic bands structure E (d1) of InAs (d1=25 Å)/GaSb (d2=25 Å) type
II superlattice at 4.2 K performed in the envelope function formalism. We study the effect of d1 and the offset ,
between heavy holes bands edges of InAs and GaSb, on the band gap Eg (), at the center of the first Brillouin
zone, and the semiconductor-to-semimetal transition. Eg (, T) decreases from 288.7 meV at 4.2 K to 230 meV
at 300K. In the investigated temperature range, the cut-off wavelength 4.3 m ≤ c ≤ 5.4 m situates this sample
as mid-wavelength infrared detector (MWIR). Our results are in good agreement with the experimental data
realized by C. Cervera et al.
Directional Spreading Effect on a Wave Energy ConverterElliot Song
The results demonstrate the importance of tuning the WEC system for specific wave environments to harvest most energy and to avoid potential capsize due to hurricanes etc.
A generalized linear theory of the discrete electron–wave interaction in slow...Victor Solntsev
A linear theory of the discrete interaction of electron flows and electromagnetic waves in slow-wave structures (SWSs) is developed. The theory is based on the finite-difference equations of SWS excitation. The local coupling impedance entering these equations characterizes the field intensity excited by the electron flow in interaction gaps and has a finite value at SWS cutoff frequencies. The theory uniformly describes the electron–wave interaction in SWS passbands and stopbands without using equivalent circuits, a circumstance that allows considering the processes in the vicinity of cutoff frequencies and switching from the Cerenkov mechanism of interaction in a traveling-wave tube to the klystron mechanism when passing to SWS stopbands. The features of the equations of the discrete electron–wave interaction in pseudoperiodic SWSs are analyzed.
Comparative Study of Evolutionary Algorithms for the Optimum Design Of Thin B...jmicro
With the increasing levels of Electromagnetic pollution almost exponentially in this modern age of
Electronics reported and highlighted by numerous studies carried out by scientists from all over the world,
inspire engineers to concentrate their research for the optimum design of multilayer microwave absorber
considering various parameters which are inherently conflicting in nature. In this paper we mainly focus
on the comparative study of different Evolutionary algorithms for the optimum design of thin broadband (2-
20GHz) multilayer microwave absorber for oblique incidence (300
) considering arbitrary polarization of
the electromagnetic waves. Different models are presented and synthesized using various Evolutionary
algorithm namely Firefly algorithm (FA), Particle swarm optimization (PSO), Artificial bee colony
optimization (ABC) and the best simulated results are tabulated and compared with each others.
ON APPROACH OF OPTIMIZATION OF FORMATION OF INHOMOGENOUS DISTRIBUTIONS OF DOP...ijcsa
We introduce an approach of manufacturing of a field-effect heterotransistor with inhomogenous doping of channel. The inhomogenous distribution of concentration of dopant gives a possibility to change speed of transport of charge carriers and to decrease length of channel.
General Relativity and gravitational waves: a primerJoseph Fernandez
A short introduction to the one of the nicest bits of physical reasoning ever, which led to Albert Einstein's General Relativity, gravitational waves and our research on gravitational wave sources.
Designed by Joseph John Fernandez for LJMU FET Research Week.
Nonclassical Properties of Even and Odd Semi-Coherent StatesIOSRJAP
Even and odd semi-coherent states have been introduced. Some of the nonclasscial properties of the states are studied in terms of the quadrature squeezing as well as sub-Poissonian photon statistics. The Husimi– Kano Q-function and the phase distribution in the framework of Pegg and Barnett formalism, are also discussed.
Spherical and Cylindrical Ion Acoustic Solitary Waves in Electron-Positron-Io...IOSRJAP
The propagation of cylindrical and spherical ion acoustic solitary waves in a plasma system consisting of ions, electrons and positrons are investigated. The electrons and positrons are assumed to be following the nonextensive distribution popularly known as Tsallis distribution. The standard nonlinear equation i.e. Korteweg de-Vries (KdV) equation has been solved numerically using suitable mathematical transformations. The effect of nonextensivity (q) and nonplanar geometry on the amplitudes and width of ion acoustic potential structures have been studied numerically. A transition from negative to positive potential structures have been observed for the planar as well as nonplanar geometries for lower values of q in the range −1 < 푞 < 0. Soliton amplitude is maximum for spherical waves and is minimum and for planar waves while it lies in between the two for cylindrical waves. The present investigation may help us in understanding the study of cylindrical and spherical solitary waves in astrophysical plasmas.
Nuclear Material Verification Based on MCNP and ISOCSTM Techniques for Safegu...IOSRJAP
Recently, Mathematical techniques such as Monte Carlo and ISOCSTM software are being increasingly employed in the absolute efficiency calibration of gamma ray detector. Monte Carlo simulations and Canberra ISOCSTM software bring the possibility to establish absolute efficiency curve for desired energy range based on numerical simulation, with use of known or guessed geometry and chemical composition, of measured item. Broad-energy germanium (BEGe) detector was employed to perform the NDA measurements to five standard reference nuclear material (NBS, SNM-969). MC calculations were performed to calculate some factors (attenuation, geometry and efficiency) which affect the uranium isotope mass estimation. 235U and 238U masses are calculated based on MCNPX modeling calibration and also upon spectra analysis using ISOCSTM Calibration Software. The obtained results from the two different efficiency calibration methods were compared with each other and with the declared value for each sample. The obtained results are in agreements with the declared values within the estimated relative accuracy (ranges between -2.81 to 1.83%). The obtained results indicate that the techniques could be applied for the purposes of NM verification and characterization where closely matching NM standards are not available.
Growth, characterization, and antibacterial studies of L-Lysine single crysta...IOSRJAP
Single crystals of L-lysine added Potassium Bromide were grown by slow evaporation technique at room temperature. The crystalline nature of the grown crystal wasconfirmed using powder X-ray diffraction technique. Single crystal X-ray diffraction patterns were recorded for the structural conformation and it was found to be cubic. The UV –VIS- NIR Spectrum of the grown crystals shows less optical absorption and good transmittance in the entire visible region enabling its use in optical applications. Vickers micro hardness test was carried out to analyze the mechanical property of the grown L- lysine potassium Bromide single crystal. Thermo gravimetric analysis proved that the crystal is stable up to 600ºC. The frequency and temperature dependence of dielectric constant (εr), dielectric loss (tan δ) were also measured. The grown crystal was evaluated for its biological efficacy and found to exhibit anti bacterial activities against some select bacterial strains.
Controlled Quantum Teleportation via Four Particle Asymmetric Entangled State IOSRJAP
A general scheme for controlled teleportation of an arbitrary single-qubit state with four-qubit asymmetric state is proposed. In this scheme, the sender performs Bell measurement on his particle, the two controllers and the receiver perform joint unitary operation on the rest particles. Finally, the receiver can reconstruct the single particle by introducing an auxiliary particle, he first does unitary transformation on his particle and the auxiliary particle, then performs a Von Neumann measurement on the auxiliary particle. Thus the scheme can be realized in certain probability.
Low Cost Synthesis of Single Walled Carbon Nanotubes from Coal Tar Using Arc ...IOSRJAP
There are various methods such as arc discharge, laser ablation, chemical vapour deposition (CVD), template-directed synthesis for the growth of CNTs in the presence of catalyst particles. The production of carbon nanotubes in large quantities is possible with inexpensive coal as the starting carbon source by the arc discharge technique. It is found that a large amount of carbon nanotubes of good quality can be obtained in the cathode deposits in which carbon nanotubes are present in nest-like bundles. For more than two decades, now, there has been extensive research on the production of carbon nanotubes (CNT) and optimization of its manufacture for the industrial applications. It is believed that they are the strong enough but most flexible materials known to mankind. They have potential to take part in new nanofabricated materials. It is known that, carbon nanotubes could behave as the ultimate one-dimensional material with remarkable mechanical properties. Moreover, carbon nanotubes exhibit strong electrical and thermal conducting properties. This paper primarily concentrates on the optimising such parameters related to the mass production of the product. It has been shown through Simplex process that based on the cost of the SWNT obtained by the arc discharge technique, the voltage and the current should lie in the range of 30 - 42 V and 49 - 66 A respectively. Any combination above the given values will lead to a power consumption cost beyond the final product cost, in turn leading to infeasibility of the process. Strong expectations exist for future use of carbon nanotubes as composite materials in a large number of industries. Production cost and control of the purity and properties of such materials will influence the impacts nanotubes on the chemical, computer and construction industries. Coal properties in this case are also important. Weak bonds and mineral matter in the coal play an important role in the formation of the nanotubes
Pion Form Factor Contribution in Vacuum Polarization corrections for 1s energ...IOSRJAP
The 1푠 energy level vacuum polarization correctionsof pionic hydrogen atom induced by a potential including form factor are compared with those obtained by using pion point potential. Without form factor of nucleus and pion the correction increases very slowly for low Z atoms and increases fastly for higher Z. The finite size of the nucleus increases the correction with Z in case of exponential distribution, while in case of Gaussian distribution the increase is lower. For Fermi distribution there is a fast increase at low values of Z and faslty decreases with higher values of Z. The effect of form factor of pion on the correction is very clear for low Z nuclei and then becomes nearly constant for higher values Z.
To the Issue of Reconciling Quantum Mechanics and General RelativityIOSRJAP
The notion of gravitational radiation as a radiation of the same level as the electromagnetic radiation is based on theoretically proved and experimentally confirmed fact of existence of stationary states of an electron in its gravitational field characterized by the gravitational constant K = 1042G (G is the Newtonian gravitational constant) and unrecoverable space-time curvature Λ. If the numerical values of K 5.11031 Nm2 kg-2 and =4.41029 m -2 , there is a spectrum of stationary states of the electron in its own gravitational field (0.511 MeV ... 0.681 MeV).Adjusting according to the known mechanisms of broadening does not disclose the broadening of the registered portion of the emission spectrum of the micropinch. It indicates the presence of an additional mechanism of broadening the registered portion of the spectrum of the characteristic radiation due to the contribution of the excited states of electrons in their own gravitational field. The energy spectrum of the electron in its own gravitational field and the energy spectra of multielectron atoms are such that there is a resonance of these spectra. As obvious, the consequence of such resonant interaction is appearance, including new lines, of electromagnetic transitions not associated with atomic transitions. The manuscript is the review of previously published papers cited in the references.
Study Of Structural, Morphological And Optical Properties Of Pure CdO And Ag:...IOSRJAP
Pure and Ag doped CdO thin films were prepared by sol-gel technique with spin coating method on glass substrates, Ag:CdO doped with relatively high concentration Ag (2.5%, 5%, 10% and 15%) to obtain changes in structural, Optical And Morphological properties of Ag:CdO doped thin films at fixed annealing temperature (300◦ C), the results Shows changes in structural properties at (111) plane due to fixed annealing temperature, and decreasing in direct energy gap, and show changes in roughness average.
Equivalent Thicknesses of Lead and Fly ash Geopolymer with Addition of Barium...IOSRJAP
This study aims to fabricate radiation protection shields using fly ash with barium Sulphate. Different thickness of fly ash geopolymer with 15% of barium sulphate was constructed, and different energies of X-ray ranged from 80 kVp - 120 kVp were used to assessment the attenuation ability of Lead and fly ash geopolymer with barium Sulphate shields. Different thicknesses of fly ash based shields are investigated to determine the equivalent thicknesses of fly ash geopolymer with barium sulphate which provide the same attenuation by Lead shields. The results exhibited that 5 cm of fly ash geopolymer with barium Sulphate equivalent 1 mm of Lead in attenuating of incident X-ray. Whereas 1 cm of fly ash geopolymer with barium sulphate equivalent 0.25 mm of Lead shield at various X-ray energy (80 kVp -120 kVp).
Energy Release Rate for Fiber Reinforced Polymer CompositeIOSRJAP
An experimental investigation using drag-out tensile test to calculate the interfacial shear strength for different embedded lengths and radius of Kevlar -49, carbon and ultra high polyethylene fibers reinforced epoxy matrix , the energy release rate calculated by using Nairn model . The energy release rate increase as the embedded fiber length increase and also for fiber radius for perfect adhesion , for specimens with bubbles at interface which seems to reduce the fracture toughness the energy release rate be less than specimens with perfect adhesion , the thermal stress and friction forces were included in the energy release rate in Kevlar-49 and carbon reinforced epoxy the interfacial shear force due to friction part decrease while in solid ultra high polyethylene the interfacial shear force due to friction part increase.
Disaggregation of Annual to daily Streamflows: A lineardeterministic methodIOSRJAP
In this study, a linear deterministic methodis applied to disaggregate streamflow from annual to daily data inunregulated stations located on the Kızılırmak river in Turkey. To disaggregate annual streamflows to the daily flow at the target station (TS), annual counterparts at the source station (SS) were identified depending on the minimum error criteria that is estimated based on the volume of three-year time window. Then, daily streamflow indexes at SS were calculated to disaggregate annual to daily streamflow at TS through the process. The same steps are replicated to disaggregate monthly streamflow to the daily flow for the purpose of comparison between the two methods. The results are well represents daily streamflow at two methods inquiry comparing to observe data, and also maintain the time series statistical characteristics and mass equilibrium. The comparative results suggest that the monthly to daily disaggregation method perform better than annual to the daily disaggregation method. The daily streamflow generated in this study can be used in the future research for water resources planning and management.
Studies of Dielectric Constant, Dielectric Loss, Loss Tangent and Dielectric ...IOSRJAP
The arrangement of waves or radiation in order of increasing frequencies is called electromagnetic spectrum. Frequency of microwave region is 300MHz to 300GHz. Corresponding wavelength is in between 1mm to 100cm. Here by using a microwave bench dielectric properties such as dielectric constant, dielectric loss, loss tangent and dielectric relaxationtime of Dichlorobenzene, Bromobenzene and Nitrobenzene in different temperatures at X band frequrency are measured. Gopalakrishnan method is used for determination of relaxation time. Here real (€/ ) and imaginary (€")parts of complex dielectric constant( €*) were determined in the 3cm microwave region for different concentration of Dichlorobenzene, Bromobenzene and Nitrobenzene in Cyclohaxene at temperatures 240C, 330C and 410C .The measurement were made at a frequency of 9.98GHz. From the study of relaxation time polarity of above three compounds are studied. From the structural point of view the most interesting Dielectric Relaxation is that involving orientation polarization which depends on the internal structure of molecules and on the molecular arrangement or structure of the dielectric. Dielectric relaxation is the lag in dipole orientation behind an alternating electric field. From the study it is found that relaxation time of these solute is more in Cyclohexane then in Benzene. This behavour can be explained from the fact that Cyclohexane has more internal friction than Benzene.
Development of Ni-doped Yttria stabilized Zirconia composite for SOFC applica...IOSRJAP
Ni-doped Yttria stabilized Zirconia (NiO/YSZ) has been synthesized using low cost combustion process from an aqueous solution containing ZrO(NO3)2.6H2O, Y(NO3)3.6H2O, Ni(NO3)2.6H2O and urea. Pellets were sintered at 13500C for 5 hours and its sintered density is estimated to be of 95%. Sintered pellets were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) & X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) techniques. From the XRD analysis, as grown powder of NiO/YSZ showed nano-crystalline behavior with homogeneous mixture of YSZ and NiO phases. However sintered powder showed µ-size dense grain growth. Temperature and frequency dependent dielectric properties are corroborated with the conduction mechanism. Both dielectric constant (K) and loss (tan δ) are increased sharply at high temperature region, which is expected to be the onset of dipolar relaxation phenomena due to the presence of oxygen vacancies. A mixed conductivity involving ionic conduction in the high temperature range and electronic conduction in the low temperature range was observed. The decrease in K and tan δ with increase in frequency at a given temperature suggests the dynamic interaction of oxygen vacancies & oxide ion pairs.
A relationship between mass as a geometric concept and motion associated with a closed curve in spacetime (a notion taken from differential geometry) is investigated. We show that the 4-dimensional exterior Schwarzschild solution of the General Theory of Relativity can be mapped to a 4-dimensional Euclidean spacetime manifold. As a consequence of this mapping, the quantity M in the exterior Schwarzschild solution which is usually attributed to a massive central object is shown to correspond to a geometric property of spacetime. An additional outcome of this analysis is the discovery that, because M is a property of spacetime geometry, an anisotropy with respect to its spacetime components measured in a Minkowski tangent space defined with respect to a spacetime event P by an observer O who is stationary with respect to the spacetime event P, may be a sensitive measure of an anisotropic cosmic accelerated expansion. The presence of anisotropy in the cosmic accelerated expansion may contribute to the reason that there are currently two prevailing measured estimates of this quantity
Evaluation of the mass attenuation coefficient and Effective Atomic Number of...IOSRJAP
The potential of the Eremurus spp. root as a binder in Rhizophora-Eremurus spp. particleboard mammography phantom had been approved. In this study, the potential of Eremurus spp. as a phantom material has been investigated. The effective atomic number of the Eremurus spp. was calculated as an important parameter in the low energy range. Also, the mass attenuation coefficient of the Eremurus spp. root was measured in the 16.63 keV – 25.30 keV photon energy as a mammography range. Although, the effective atomic number of the Eremurus spp. was near to that of tissue, the mass attenuation of the Eremurus spp. root was not found close to those of breast tissue and water phantom. The results show that the Eremurus spp. root can be used just as a binder in phantom and it cannot be as a main phantom material.
Structural Stability of Nano-Crystalline Aluminum-Glass CompositesIOSRJAP
Effects of particle size of the material in nanometer on solid state, structural properties AluminumGlass based samples are reported in this study. The particle size of 25µm was used for both Aluminum and Glass powders respectively. The samples were prepared in powdered form of various Al-Glass proportions. The weight of Aluminum ranges between 20 – 60 percent in the composites. Results showed from X-ray diffraction analyses that Aluminum addition and the determined particle size greatly influence the structural stability of the samples. It was revealed that samples were structurally stable in the range of Aluminum composition and the observed size of crystals, measured Width at Middle of Maximum Height and structural parameters were found in nanometers. The Al-Glass materials were noted to crystallize with FCC and BCC lattice structures.
Higher-Order Squeezing of a Generic Quadratically-Coupled Optomechanical SystemIOSRJAP
Using short-time dynamics and analytical solution of Heisenberg equation of motion for the Hamiltonian of quadratically-coupled optomechanical system for different field modes, we have investigated the existence of higher-order single mode squeezing, sum squeezing and difference squeezing in absence of driving and dissipation. Depth of squeezing increases with order number for higher-order single mode squeezing. Squeezing factor exhibits a series of revival-collapse phenomena for single mode, which becomes more pronounced as order number increases. In case of sum squeezing amounts of squeezing is greater than single mode higher-order squeezing (n = 2). It is also greater than from difference squeezing for same set of interaction parameters. Sum squeezing is prominently better for extracting information regarding squeezing.
Correlation between the Interface Width and the Adhesion Strength of Copper F...IOSRJAP
The present study has been conducted in order to determine the influence of negative bias voltage applied to substrate on adhesion of copper films deposited on carbon steel substrates. The adhesion strength has been evaluated by the scratch test. Coatings were deposited by a DC magnetron sputtering system. The substrates were firstly mechanically polished and then ion-etched by argon ions prior to deposition. Adhesion was found to increase with the bias voltage. The critical load had a value of 9.5 g for an unbiased substrate and reached 18.5 g for a bias voltage of 600 V. Equally important, the interface width, measured using Auger electron spectroscopy, increased as a function of the bias voltage. The width of the interface is related to the time of ion milling in the Auger spectrometer. The size of this width is obtained from the Auger elemental depth profiles through measuring the depth of the interface coating/substrate. The width had a value of 335 min with a bias of 600 V whereas it didn't exceed 180 min when the substrate was unbiased. Therefore, the effect of the bias voltage was to expand the interface because of the diffusion phenomenon and physical mixing of materials at the interface. Moreover, the critical load increased with the increase of the interface width.
Dielectric, Electric and Thermal Behavior of La3+ doped Co-Zn NanoferriteIOSRJAP
Dielectric, Electric and Thermal properties of rare earth La3+ material doped in Co0.5Zn0.5 Lax Fe(2- x)O4 (where x=0.025, 0.050, 0.075, 0.100, 0.125) reaction nanocrystalline ferrites were synthesized by sol-gel auto combustion method. The electric, dielectric constant and Thermal properties were investigated. The dielectric constants and dielectric loss of the samples was observed between the 100Hz and 5 MHz. The resistivities of the prepared samples were measured from 0 Volt to 550 Volts at the constant temperature 2000C using the Two Probe method. The Thermal properties were characterized by Thermo Gravimetric and Differential Thermal Analysis (TGDTA).
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
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Effect of Barrier Height on Nuclear Fusion
1. IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP)
e-ISSN: 2278-4861.Volume 9, Issue 1 Ver. I (Jan. – Feb. 2017), PP 08-16
www.iosrjournals.org
DOI: 10.9790/4861-0901010816 www.iosrjournals.org 8 | Page
Effect of Barrier Height on Nuclear Fusion
G. S. Hassan1
, A. Abd-EL-Daiem, and A. M. Mahmoud
1
physics Department, Assiut University, Assiut , Egypt
2
Physics Department, Sohag University, Sohag , Egypt
Abstract: The enhancement of sub-barrier fusion has been interpreted due to coupling between the relative
motion and other degrees of freedom. The coupling gives rise to the distribution of fusion barriers and passage
over the lowest barrier which is responsible for fusion enhancement at energies below the barrier. There are
several orders of magnitude could be considered due to the tunneling through the barrier. The barrier height
could be deduced from the measured cross section data for different energies, as well as using many empirical
forms for incomplete and complete fusion of two massive nuclei. Firstly, we present a formula for barrier height
(ODEFF) and check, over wide ranges of interacting pairs the percentage agreement with those calculated or
measured values for all pairs within ZPZT ≤ 3000. Secondly, the more recently measured excitation functions
are studied using four models of nuclear forces, indicating that most of them can be used for wide energy
range while the others failed to do so .We refer this notice to the theory deducing the model . For this, the 14
undertaken pairs recover the range18 ≤ ZPZT ≤ 1320
Keywords: fusion barrier, ODEFF function , excitation, nuclear potential, WKB approximation
PACS: 25.60.Pj ; 25.70.Gh ; 25.70.Jj
I. Introduction
The sub-barrier fusion provides a method to test the nuclear potential on the inner side of the
interaction barrier and to gain information on the influence of nuclear structure upon the behavior of nuclear
matter and dynamics of nuclear reactions, specially for energies where penetrability effects are considered. The
sub-barrier fusion cross section presents an unexpected enhancement, as compared with conventional models of
tunneling through a one-dimensional penetration model, which successfully describes fusion above the Coulomb
barrier.
For sub-barrier fusion of two massive nuclei, it was discovered that there was several orders of
magnitude more than sub-barrier, could be accounted in terms of quantal tunneling through the fusion barrier.
The quantum mechanical barrier penetration effects play a central role in near- and sub-barrier fusion reactions,
where the fusion cross section has been vanished suddenly as the bombarding energy becomes less than the
interaction barrier.
1.1 Fusion Barrier
The probability of fusion of two heavy ions at energies below their mutual interaction barrier, is
defined by a barrier radius given due to different reasonable forms [1,2]as:
)( 3/13/1
Tpifus AArR where ri is referring to the height and extension of the barrier, and
has a critical value [3] as rc =1.3 . The total energy VT required for a specified reaction channel [3,4,5,6] is
related to barrier height VB by:
VT ( Rfus , L ) = VB+ VL = VC + VN + VL (1)
where Vc , Vn and VL are the Coulomb, nuclear and centrifugal forces respectively. The motion of the binary
system is then described by Schrödinger equation:
2 2
2
( ) ( ) 0
2
d
V R E R
dR
(2)
2. Effect of Barrier Height on Nuclear Fusion
DOI: 10.9790/4861-0901010816 www.iosrjournals.org 9 | Page
where E is the excitation energy in the center of mass system. In order for fusion reactions to occur, the barrier
height VB created by the strong cancellation between the repulsive Coulomb force VC and the attractive nuclear
interaction Vn has to be overcome. The nuclear force may be used in different forms and also based on different
interpretations for the attraction between nuclei. Four forms of them are in high range of usage, namely:
1-The proximity potential which is based [4] upon the liquid drop model:
b
ccr
ccr
ccbc
rV
Tp
TP
sTP
n
)(
)(
)( 2
0
'
(3)
2-The unified model, which is based [4] on the collective model:
aSPT
n e
r
R
a
s
FDrV /
)()(
(4)
3- Woods – Saxon form represents [5] that force as
)/)exp(1/(16)( 0 aRrRarV dn (5)
Rd,R0 are the reduced and half density radius , a is the diffusivity and
is the average value of both the projectile and target surface tension .
4- R. Bass potential[6], presented in terms of the liquid drop model as :
P T
n fus
P T
R R -S
V ( R ) 4 d exp
R R d
1/3 1/3 fus PT
S P T
PT
R Rd
a A A exp ,
R d
(6)
With d = 1.35 and δ are the diffusivity and the specific surface energy and PT P TR R R is
the sum of the half-maximum density radii. Both of these potentials are actively used for various ranges of ion
masses and excitation energies. The many degrees of freedom quantum tunneling which is often called
macroscopic quantum tunneling was firstly treated by Dasso and ,Broglia [7,8], in which the tunneling degree of
freedom ( the elastic or entrance channel ) couples to the internal degrees of freedom ( the transfer and inelastic
channels ). The concept of the distribution of barriers can be easy visualized classically when one of the
interacting nuclei is deformed; this results in a dependence of the fusion barrier height on the orientation of the
deformed nucleus and leads to a continuous distribution of potential barriers which extends below and above the
conventional coulomb barrier
1.2 Fusion Cross Section
The reaction cross section through a definite channel of an energy E has been given by WKB approximation as a
summation over all penetrating partial waves [9].
0
2
)()()12(
l
llrec EPETl (7)
where , Tl (E) and Pl (E) are reduced De Broglie wave length of the incident ion, the transmission
coefficient and the probability of penetration respectively . For fusion we assume rec = fus and 1lP . The
upper limit in the last equation becomes maxl ,[ 1] and σfus reads
3. Effect of Barrier Height on Nuclear Fusion
DOI: 10.9790/4861-0901010816 www.iosrjournals.org 10 | Page
max
0
2
)(2
exp1
)12(l
l cm
fus
EV
l
(8.a)
Where is the harmonic oscillator frequency or curvature parameter. A logarithmic form is given by Wong as
:
fus(E) = ( ћ R
2
/ 2E ) lin { 1+ exp[( 2 / ћ )( E – VB(r) )] } (8.b)
A sharp cut-off approximation assumes that relative angular momentum l smaller than a particular critical
angular momentum lcr contribute to complete fusion, while higher values of lfus are associated with direct
(peripheral) process [10]
2
2
)1(
2
fus
cm
fus l
E
(9)
Heavy-ion-induced fusion reactions can be treated classically and the cross sections are decomposed into partial
ones corresponding to orbital angular momentum. This approximation gives the fusion cross section [10] similar
to that given by equation(8) replacing lmax by lfus as shown in equation (9 ). When applying the form on the
measured data from more recent references we can deduce the critical lcr values as :
2
2
)1(
2
cr
cm
fus l
E
(10)
1.3 Angular Momentum Limits
The formed composite nucleus by the complete fusion will decay either by fission or by evaporation. The
evaporation residues cross section will represent :
2
2
)1(
2
er
CM
ER l
E
(11)
Where as, ERer ll for ERll max , or maxller for ERll max , ERl is the specific angular
momentum at which the partial level width for fission is equal to that for evaporation . For l › maxl the real
potential no longer has a pocket, and so the cross section formula, eq. (12) in Sharp Cut-Off approximation
tends to be
fus
= 10 R2
fus
(1-vB /Ecm) = g (1-vB /Ecm)
fus
/ g = - vB (1/Ecm) + 1 (12)
The linear relation (fus , 1/Ecm ) leads to extraction of fusion radius as the maximum distance at which fusion
can take place. This form has been used for a long time to predict the compound nucleus formation cross-section
and it is also commonly used for the heavy- ion fusion reaction (figs. 1.a,1.b).
II. One Dimension Empirical Formula for Fusion (ODEFF)
Many years ago, using an empirical model called elastic model given by Scalia, we tried to make check
and extension[11] on the study of fusion excitation functions for wider range of energies as well as wider range
of interacting pairs and found that it is more significant and simpler for use. Similarly, it is well known that the
barrier height could be deduced, using recently measured data, as the slope of the linear plot of eq.(12) . When
applying this method for some recently measured data we calculate [12] for Li
6
+ Sm
144
a slope = 0.99 and v
b
= 21.4 Mev and [13] for Ca
40
+ Sn
124
a slope = 0.99 and v
b
= 111.1 Mev (see figs.(1.a,1.b). In addition,
many empirical forms were introduced to calculate the barrier height of sub-barrier fusion of two massive
nuclei. A recently deduced empirical form for fusion barrier was given by Kumari and Puri [14] depending on
two dimensions ( Z and A of the interacting pair) as :
V
B
(x) = α x
2
+ β x + γ (13)
Where X= 1.44 z /( A
P
1/3
+ A
T
1/3
) , Z = ZPZT, α = 4.53 x 10
-4
, β= 0.93 , γ = -1.01
Our new form for barrier height is deduced by applying the least square method on wide range of measured data
to give a function of one parameter Z only:
4. Effect of Barrier Height on Nuclear Fusion
DOI: 10.9790/4861-0901010816 www.iosrjournals.org 11 | Page
V
B
(Z) = a Z
3
+ b Z
2
+ c Z + d (14.a)
With Z = ZPZT and a = 2.926 x 10
-8
,b = 2.479 x 10
-8
, C = 0.0641 , d = 9.706 .
Firstly, fig.(2.a,2.b), indicates that the two curves calculated by eq.(14.a) are similar to those calculated
using b = 0, which means that the second term could be neglected without any variation on the curve smoothing
and equation (14.a) can be reduced to the form
V
B
(Z) = a Z
3
+ c Z + d (14.b)
for the range Z ≤ 800, while using (a =b=0. ), the form
V
B
(Z) = c Z + d (14.c)
is the more applicable for the range 800 ‹ Z ≤ 3000 as we will check in the next section. We make the
required comparisons using either the calculated or measured data. Three sets of data are taken in consideration
for comparisons, the recently calculated barriers using both of unified or proximity nuclear forms, those
calculated using Kumari and Puri empirical[14] form eq.(13 ),and those given by Ishiwara Dutt and R. K. Puri
[15].
III. Results and Discussion
In this work, we deduce a new empirical function ( ODEFF function ) and make checks and normalization to
be:
V
B
(Z) = a Z
3
+ b Z
2
+ c Z + d
where ( Z = ZPZT ) , a = 2.926 x 10
-8
,b = 2.479 x 10
-8
, C = 0.0641 , d = 9.706 . For Z ≤ 800 and a = b
= 0 , C = 0.0641 , d = 9.706 for 800 ‹ Z ≤ 3000
In the table(1), we defined 14 studied pairs in addition to the corresponding lmax values, while in
figs.(1.a and 1.b) we make use for equation ( 12 ) to deduce the barrier height from excitation functions of the
pairs taken from the corresponding references. The relations appear some agreement for the straight shape. The
check of our deduced form with three sets of data are given in figs.(3.a,3.b) when comparing with those given
by authors using both unified and R. Bass nuclear form but in figs.(4.a,4.b) it is clear that a higher agreement is
found with calculated data using the two dimensional empirical form eq.(13). The final agreement and the best
is that shown on figs.( 5.a,5.b ) with those calculated by R. Bass model [15].
At energies near and above the Coulomb barriers, using four nucleus-nucleus interaction potentials, and
three different forms for fus are employed eqs.(8.a,8.b,9) in order to fit available measured fusion cross
sections as shown in Table(1). It is found enhanced values in comparison with the 1D BPM predictions. It is
found also that the degree of enhancement strongly depends on the type of the target nucleus; spherical or
deformed. We found also, that the unified and R. Bass nuclear formula are the joker for fitting measured
excitation functions near the barrier or even when exceeding up to twice its value. The unified potential points
out successful predictions of data for the intermediate ion reactions through both formulas. On the other hand,
the success of the proximity potential comes next to that of R. Bass and unified models under the same
circumstances and poor fits with data are obtained by it. Also we found that when the charge product ZPZT has a
large value (heavy nuclei reactions), the smooth cut-off approximation (8.a,8.b) is the best to successfully
predict the experimental data. For light nuclei systems (relatively low charge product ZPZT), both of the smooth
cut-off approximation and Wong formulas produce reasonable predictions using either unified or R. Bass. On
the other hand, the proximity potential through the smooth cut-off approximation successfully reproduces the
experimental data. Predictions of the Bass potential reveal reasonable agreement with data. This result may
resemble the significant difference in depth between this potential and the others and the low level agreement
for some pairs may be interpreted as results of nature and strength of the couplings. Thus lies in the distribution
of fusion barrier and the experimental determination of this distribution, which are major steps for
understanding heavy-ion fusion. The results of fitting are shown on figs.(6.1-6.14). The last note will be the
main point of interest for research in the preceding work to interpret the effect of barrier distribution on fusion
excitation functions.
IV. Conclusion
The ODEFF function has been checked and normalized to give the final form (14.a and 14.c ), is a
simple and easier form. Also it is a very high accurate form predicting the barrier height of fusion for any X + Y
interacting pair. The cross sections at low energies then result from passage over the lower barriers rather than
penetration through the single barrier. Information on the nature and strength of the couplings thus lies in the
5. Effect of Barrier Height on Nuclear Fusion
DOI: 10.9790/4861-0901010816 www.iosrjournals.org 12 | Page
distribution of fusion barrier and the experimental determination of this distribution is a major step towards
understanding heavy-ion fusion. The last note will be the main point of interest for research in the preceding
work to interpret the effect of barrier distribution on the excitation functions for fusion.
References
[1]. L C Vaz, et al, Phys. Rep., 69, 373, 1981
[2]. L C Vaz and J. M. Alexander, Phys. Rev. ,C 18 ,2152, 1978
[3]. R Bass , Nucl.Phys. ,A231 ,45, 1974
[4]. H J Krappe, et al , Phys .Rev. , C 20, 992, 1979
[5]. H Esbensen et al., Phys. Rev. , C 40 ,2046, 1989
[6]. R Bass , Phys. Rev. Lett. , 30, 265, 1977
[7]. C H Dasso et al , Nucl. Phys. , A405 381 , 1983 and C H Dasso et al Nucl. Phys. , A407, 221, 1983
[8]. R A Broglia et al , Phys. Rev. C27, 233 , 1983
[9]. M Hugi, et al, Nucl. Phys. , A368, 173, 1981
[10]. A M Stefanini , et al, Nucl. Phys. , A548 453,1992
[11]. G S Hassan , et al , Acta Phys. Pol. , B31(8),1799,2000
[12]. P K Rath et al , phys. Rev. , C79 , 51610,2009
[13]. J J Kolata, et al , phys. Rev. , C85 , 054603,2012
[14]. R Kumari and R. Puri , Nucl. Phys. , A993,135, 2015
[15]. Ishiwara Dutt and R K Puri, ,(http://arxiv.org/abs/1005.5213),2010
[16]. P A De Young,et al, Phys. Rev. , C28,692,1983
[17]. L C Dennis, et al, Phys. Rev. , C26,981,1982
[18]. D G Kovar,et al, Phys. Rev. , C20,1305,1979
[19]. Y D Chan,et al, Nucl. Phys. , A303,500,1978
[20]. R M Anjos,et al, Phys. Rev. , C42,354 ,1990
[21]. P A DeYoung ,et al, Phys. Rev. , C26,1482,1982
[22]. V K C Cheng , et al, Nucl. Phys. , A322 168,1979
[23]. S Gary, et al, Phys. Rev. , C25,1877,1982
[24]. W Scobel, et al, Phys. Rev. , C14,1808,1976
[25]. M Hugi, et al, Nucl. Phys. , A368, 173,1981
[26]. C R Morton, et al, Phys. Rev. Lett. , 72, 4074, 1994
[27]. N Knyazheva et al, Phys. Rev. , C75 064602,2007
[28]. J Khuyagbaatar et al. Phys.Rev. C86 (2012) 064602
Table(I) Barrier radius Rfus (fm) and heights VB(Mev) and maximum angular momentum of the concerned
interacting pairs. In the three columns it is given the nuclear model used to fit, fig. number and reference for
measured data.
Pair ZPZT Rfus
(fm)
VB
Proximity
VB W-S VB
Unified
VB
R. Bass
l
max
Model
used
Fig. Ref
10
B+14
N 35 7.60 6.15 5.69 5.78 6.55 12 R.Bass 6.1 16
6
Li+12
C 18 7.12 3.29 3.02 3.03 3.59 9 R.Bass 6.2 17
12
C+12
C 36 7.61 6.31 5.84 5.99 6.73 12 R.Bass 6.3 18
12
C+16
O 48 7.84 8.23 7.65 7.80 8.71 13 Unified 6.4 19
12
C+19
F 54 8.03 9.08 8.46 8.63 9.58 14 R.Bass 6.5 20
14
N+14
N 49 7.85 8.40 7.80 7.66 8.88 13 R.Bass 6.6 21
16
O+16
O 64 8.07 10.74 10.01 10.24 11.30 15 Unified 6.7 22
24
Mg+24
Mg 144 8.75 22.53 21.14 21.76 32.47 20 Unified 6.8 23
27
Al+35
Cl 221 9.23 32.86 35.07 31.89 34.14 25 Unified 6.9 24
28
Si+9
Be 56 8.26 9.18 8.61 8.76 9.66 14 R.Bass 6.10 25
16
O+144
Sm 496 10.76 63.54 60.33 62.31 65.81 29 R.Bass 6.11 26
64
Ni+96
Zr 1120 11.17 135.34 349.27 133.67 142.33 44 R.Bass 6.12 10
48
Ca+154
Sm 1240 11.61 143.70 664.90 142.61 151.50 43 Unified 6.13 27
36
S+206
Pb 1312 11.83 149.27 621.23 147.86 157.41 39 Unified 6.14 28
8. Effect of Barrier Height on Nuclear Fusion
DOI: 10.9790/4861-0901010816 www.iosrjournals.org 15 | Page
9.576 11.176 12.776 14.376 15.976 17.576 19.176
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
20.994 22.594 24.194 25.794 27.394 28.994 30.594
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
(6.7) (6.8)
58.175 59.775 61.375 62.975 64.575 66.175 67.775
0
100
200
300
400
127.386 128.986 130.586 132.186 133.786 135.386 136.986
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
(6.11) (6.12)
136.1 142.1 148.1 154.1 160.1 166.1 172.1 178.1 184.1 190.1
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
140.8 151.8 162.8 173.8 184.8
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
(6.13) (6.14)
Figure Caption
Fig(1) linear representation (1/E
CM
, σ
Fus
/σ
G
) : (a) for Li
6
+ Sm
144
with slope = 0.99 and v
b
= 21.4 Mev , the
data are taken from [12]
(b) for Ca
40
+ Sn
124
With slope = 0.99 and v
b
= 111.1 Mev , the data are taken from [13]
9. Effect of Barrier Height on Nuclear Fusion
DOI: 10.9790/4861-0901010816 www.iosrjournals.org 16 | Page
Fig (2) The one dimensional empirical formula for fusion ODEFF function for ( 0 ‹ Z ‹ 3000 ) : (a) is the form
(14.a) in comparison with those calculated by eq.(14.c) (b) is the form (14.b) in comparison with those
calculated by eq.(14.c)
Fig (3) Barrier height by ODEFF function, in comparison with those calculated using unified nuclear potential
or proximity nuclear form (a) eq.(14.a) for Z ≤ 800 and (b) eq.(14.c) for 800 ‹ Z ≤ 3000
Fig (4) Barrier height by ODEFF function in comparison with those calculated using the empirical [14] form,
eq.(13) given by R. Kumari and R. Puri, (a) eq.(14.a) for Z ≤ 800 and (b) eq.(14.c)for 800 ‹ Z ≤ 3000
Fig (5) Barrier height by ODEFF function in comparison with those calculated by Dutt and Puri using Bass80
[15] form eq.( 1, 3 ) (a) eq.(14.a) for Z ≤ 800 and (b) eq.(14.c)for 800 ‹ Z ≤ 3000
Figs (6.1-6.14) Calculated excitation functions for undertaken pairs in comparison with measured data (Table
1). The unified and R. Bass nuclear formula are the joker for fit near and above up to twice the barrier. When
ZPZT has a large value, the smooth cut-off approximation is the best for successful predictions. For low charge
product ZPZT, both of the smooth cut-off approximation and Wong formulas produce reasonable predictions. On
the other hand, the proximity potential and smooth cut-off approximation, fits successfully the experimental
data. The low level agreement for some pairs may be interpreted as results of nature and strength of the
couplings.