This document contains lecture notes on three-phase induction motors. It discusses topics like torque equations, torque-speed characteristics, synchronous speed, and formulas for calculating starting torque, maximum torque, and full-load torque. It also contains two sample problems demonstrating calculations of slip at maximum torque and full-load speed. The document aims to help students understand torque characteristics and solve problems related to induction motors.

1. EE503.29 1
Name : A. Vidya Sagar
Designation : Lecturer
Branch : Electrical & Electronics Engg.
Institute : Government Polytechnic, Visakhapatnam
Year/Semester : V th Semester
Subject : A.C. Machines –II
Subject Code : EE- 503
Topic : Three Phase Induction Motors
Duration : 50 Mins.
Sub Topic : Problems on torque equation
Teaching Aids : Photos, diagrams, animations
DEPARTMENT OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
ANDHRA PRADESH

2. EE503.29 2
Recap
In the previous period, we have discussed
• Condition for torque under running conditions
of Induction motor.
• Torque-speed curve.
2
EE503.29

3. EE503.29 3
Objectives
On the completion of this period, you would be
able to know
• Solve problem on torque equation.
3

4. EE503.29 4
1) A 6pole, 50 hz, 3phase induction motor has rotor
resistance and stand still rotor reactance of 0.03
and0.1 per phase respectively. Calculate the
value of the external resistance to be connected in
the rotor circuit to obtain 80% of the maximum torque
at starting.




Solution:
Given data:
no of poles p=6
frequency, f=50 Hz
rotor resistance, R2 =0.03 /phase
stand still rotor reactance, X2=0.1 /phase
PROBLEMS

5. EE503.29 5
Tst =80% of Tmax
The ratio of starting to maximum torque is
Tst
0.8
Tmax

2
0.8
1 2
a
a

 2
2
max 1 2
Tst a
T a

 2

6. EE503.29 6
1+a2 =
a2 -2.5a+1=0
a=
a=2 or 0.5
Small value of ‘a’ must be selected.
a=0.5
2
0.8
a
2
( 2.5)
( 2.5) (4 1 1)
(2 1)
X X
X

   

7. EE503.29 7
Let ‘r’ be the external resistance then (R2 +r) will
be the total resistance
Ratio of rotor circuit stand still resistance.
a= =0.5
=0.5
r=(0.5x0.1)-0.03=0.02
2
2
( )
r
R
x

(0.03 )
0.1
r



8. EE503.29 8
Problem:2
A 4 pole 50 Hz,7.46 KW motor has at rated voltage and
frequency, a starting torque of 160 percent and a maximum
torque of 200percent of full load torque. Determine
(i) F.L speed
(ii) Speed at maximum torque.
Solution:
given data:
no of poles, P=4
frequency, f=50hz.
Tst =160% of F.L torque.

9. EE503.29 9
T max =200% of F.L torque
and
1.6
FL
Tst
T
 
max
2
FL
T
T
 
1.6
0.8
max 2
Tst
T
 

10. EE503.29 10
a=0.04
2
2
0.8
max 1
Tst a
T a
 

2
0.8 2 0.8 0
a a
  
2 2
2 1
max 2
fl f
f
T aS
T a S
 

2 2
2 0.04 1
(0.04) 2
f
f
S
S

 

0.01
f
S 

11. EE503.29 11
synchronous speed ;Ns=
F.L speed, N=Ns(1-Sf)=1500(1-0.01)
=1485rpm.
Slip at maximum torque;
speed at maximum torque, N=Ns(1-Sm)
1500(1-0.04)=1440rpm
 120 120 50
1500
4
f
rpm
p

 
2
2
0.04
m
R
S a
X
  



12. EE503.29 12
REVISION
EE503.29 12

13. EE503.29 13
ADVANTAGES OF 3-Ø I.M
• Very simple, extremely rugged and almost unbreakable
construction especially squirrel cage type
• Low cost and highly reliable
• Has sufficiently high efficiency
EE503.29 13

14. EE503.29 14
CONSTRUCTION OF 3-Ø I.M
An induction motor consists of essentially two parts
• A stationary part called Stator
• A rotating part called Rotor
EE503.29 14

15. EE503.29 15
• In a Rotating Magnetic Field.
• The Resultant Flux is of Constant Magnitude Equal to
1.5 times the maximum value of the flux due to any
phase in a three phase supply.
• The Resultant Flux Rotates around the stator at
synchronous speed given by Ns = 120f/P.
15
EE503.29

16. EE503.29 16
• It is understood that
a) For working of three phase induction motors, a three
phase revolving flux of constant magnitude and
synchronous speed is required.
b) This can be obtained by means of a three phase
supply given to stator conductors.
c) Further a rotor torque is setup by using Faradays laws
of electromagnetism, Flemings law and Lenz's law.
16
EE503.29

17. EE503.29 17
FORMULAE
• Tst = k2 (R2
2+X2
2) = k2 R2/Z2
2 where k2 is some
other constant..
• Tst = k2R2/(R2
2+X2
2)
 dTst/dR2 = [k2[1/ R2
2+X2
2 – R2(2R2/ (R2
2+X2
2 )2]
= 0
Or R2
2+X2
2 = 2R2
2  R2 = X2 , For
Maximum
Starting Torque.
17
EE503.29

18. EE503.29 18
• T = k1 S E2
2R2/R2
2 + (sX2)2
k1 = 3/2ΠNs
• T max = k1 (R2/X2).E2
2.R2 / R2
2+(R2/X2)2.X2
2 = k1
E2
2/2X2
k1 = 3/2ΠNs, T max =3/2ΠNs . E2
2/2X2 N-m
• T = Tb [ 2 / (sb/s)+(sb/s)]
18
EE503.29

19. EE503.29 19
• Tg = P2/2ΠNs = 3/2ΠNs x sE2
2R2 / R2
2 +(sX2)2 - in
terms of E2
Or = 3/2ΠNs x sK2E1
2R2 / R2
2 +(sX2)2
• Torque in synchronous watt
= rotor input = rotor Cu loss / s = gross output
power, Pm / (1-s)
19
EE503.29

20. EE503.29 20
• It is seen that although maximum torque does not
depend on R2,
yet the exact location of Tmax is dependent on it. Greater
the R2,
greater is the value of slip at which the maximum torque
occurs.
• T ∞ sV2
• In general, operating torque at any slip s / maximum
torque = 2 a s / a2 + s2
• Tst / Tmax = 2R2X2 / R2
2 +X2
2 = 2R2/X2 / 1 + (R2/X2)2 =
2a / 1+a2
20
EE503.29

21. EE503.29 21
Fig .1
T-slip curves 21
EE503.29

22. EE503.29 22
• rotor gross output Pm = (1-s) rotor input P2
Or rotor gross output, Pm / rotor input, P2 = 1-s
=N/Ns;
.
22
EE503.29

23. EE503.29 23
TORQUE / SPEED CHARACTERISTIC UNDER LOAD
As stated earlier, stable operation of an induction motor
lies over the linear portion of its torque/speed curve.
The slope of this straight line depends mainly on the rotor
resistance.
Higher the resistance, sharper the slope. This linear relationship
between torque and speed Fig 1. enables us to establish a very
simple equation between different parameters of an induction
motor.
23
EE503.29

24. EE503.29 24
Fig. 1.
24
EE503.29

25. EE503.29 25
Fig. 2.
25
EE503.29

26. EE503.29 26
SYNCHRONOUS WATT
It is clear from the above relations that torque is
proportional to rotor input. By defining a new unit
of torque instead of the force-at-radius unit), we
can say that the rotor torque equals rotor input
. The new unit is synchronous watt.
26
EE503.29

27. EE503.29 27
SUMMARY
We have discussed about
• Calculation of speed at max torque.
• Starting torque.
• Full load torque.

28. EE503.29 28
QUIZ
1). The efficiency and p.f. of a SCIM increase in
proportion to its
(a) Speed
(b) Mechanical load
(C) Voltage
(d) Rotor Torque

29. EE503.29 29
Frequently Asked Questions
1). Define Synchronous watt.
2). Explain Torque versus speed characteristic of
induction motor under load.
29
EE503.29

30. EE503.29 30
ASSIGNMENTS
a) A 3-phase, 400/200-V, Y-Y connected wound-rotor
induction motor has 0-06 Ω rotor resistance and 0.3 Ω
standstill reactance per phase. Find the additional
resistance required in the rotor circuit to make the staring
torque equal to the maximum torque of the motor.
b) A 746-kW, 3-phase, 50-Hz, 16-pole induction motor has a
rotor impedance of (0-02+j0.15) Ω at standstill. Full-load
torque is obtained at 360 rpm. Calculate (i) the ratio of
full-load torque (ii) the speed of maximum torque and (iii)
the rotor resistance to be added to get maximum starting
torque.
30
EE503.29